Newcomb

Simon Newcomb


Born: 12 March 1835 in Wallace, Nova Scotia, Canada
Died: 11 July 1909 in Washington, D.C., USA

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Newcomb had no formal education but, in about 1854 after he joined his father who had moved to Maryland USA, he began to study mathematics in the libraries at Washington.

He obtained a job (1857) in the American Nautical Almanac Office (in Cambridge, Mass. at that time). He studied at Harvard graduating in 1858. In 1861 Newcomb was appointed to the Naval Observatory at Washington. He spent the next10 years determining the positions of celestial objects using various telescopes including a 26-inch refractor telescope which had just been built.

In 1877 Newcomb became director of the American Nautical Almanac Office (by this time in Washington). He then started his most important work which, in his own words, gave

... a systematic determination of the constants of astronomy from the best existing data, a reinvestigation of the theories of the celestial motions, and the preparation of tables, formulae, and precepts for the construction of ephemerides, and for other applications of the same results.

The reason he undertook this work was because of the

... confusion which pervaded the whole system of exact astronomy, arising from the diversity of the fundamental data made use of by the astronomers of foreign countries and various institutions in their work.

Newcomb was professor of mathematics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins (1884-1893). He was an editor of the American Journal of Mathematics for many years. He was also a founding member and first president (1899-1905) of the American Astronomical Society.

References elsewhere in this archive:

Tell me about Newcomb's work on orbits and gravitation

Other Web sites:

University of Chicago, USA

References:

  1. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. S Newcomb, The Reminiscences of an Astronomer (London, 1903).
  3. R C Archibald, Simon Newcomb, 1835-1909: Bibliography of His Life and Work, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 17 (1924), 19-69.
  4. A E Moyer, A scientist's voice in American culture : Simon Newcomb and the rhetoric of scientific method (Berkeley, 1992).

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JOC/EFR April 1996