@database AmiForge @master AmiForge.guide @$VER: AmiForge Documentation 1.00 (19.06.1997) @author "Redaelli Paolo" @(c) "Copyright © GNU 1996/1997 " @index INDEXNODE @node "MAIN" "Table of contents" @{b}@{u}AmiForge@{ub}@{uu} Fractal forgery of landscapes and textures Version 1.01 March 26 1997 Original Un*x version by: John Beale Amiga Porter: Redaelli Paolo This program is GNU: more than Freeware! The program @{" Introduction " link "Introduction" 0} - What is AmiForge? @{" Amiforge is GNU and DonateWare" link "Donations" 0} - Amiforge is GNU but READ THIS, please! @{" Requirements " link "Requirements" 0} - Was is required to run the program? @{"Beta Version!!!!!" link "Beta" 0} - IT'S A BETA!!! FINALE COMING IN SEPTEMBER!! @{" Math " link "Math" 0} - What kind of math does it use? @{" Installation " link "Installation"0} - Where to put it to? @{" QuickStart" link "QuickStart" 0} - How to obtain steady results? @{" Options" link "Options"0} - What do this buttons & gadgets mean? @{" Bugs" link "Bugs" 0} - Hope you will not see any of them! @{" SeeAlso" link "SeeAlso" 0} - Where to find more info? Important additional information @{"Author" link "Author"0} - Who created the original program (Gforge) ! @{"Porter" link "Porter" 0} - Who make the port... (@{"Port" link "Port" 0}an easy port!) @{" COPYRIGHT" link "COPYRIGHT" 0} - GNU Licence please, read it! @endnode @node "Introduction" "Introduction" @{u}Introduction - Desciption@{uu} AmiForge generates a landscape texture by "random fractal forgery," the term coined by Richard F. Voss of the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center for seemingly realistic pictures of natural objects generated by simple algorithms embodying randomness and fractal self-similarity. The techniques used by AmiForge are essentially those given by Voss[1], par- ticularly the technique of spectral synthesis explained in more detail by Dietmar Saupe[2]. The source code (and this man page) was mostly tak- en from the "ppmforge" module[3] in the PBMPLUS package of graphics utilities. The gforge "crater" option was contributed by Heiko Eissfeldt heiko@colossus.escape.de>. This Amiga port uses MUI Magic User Interface. Please see the file Readme.mui" for further details. This guide comes stright forth Un*x readme by John P. Beale, who wrote the original program. His email is: beale@best.com @endnode @node "Donations" "Donations" @{u} Gnu, Shareware and Donations @{uu} I hope you'll find this program useful, especially for ray-tracing graphics and demo. The core of this program come stright from Un*x version by John Beale. I have developed only the Amiga Gui. Nevertheless I've spent some time to make it stable and well designed. I hope it has not any big bug, or lacks of any sort. At least, I've tested it for almost 2 weeks and never had a crash, obtaing always what I intended to get. Therefore I've decided to make it "RewardWare". It's a term I invented to say: "Okey, the program is GNU, i.e.: more than free. But I have no source of monetary incoming, yet. Therefore I'll accept warmly a little reward for my humble work. I assure you I'll use these small sums to improve my machine (i.e.: PowerPc versions, multiprocessor version ecc.) and to continue develop of AmiForge. A small sum about $5 will be sufficient and greatly appreciated, but keep in mind that I'm obliging no one. For those who will be so gentle toward me, I'll assure also: - personal version, compiled and prepared to fit the needs of the user. - constant email support for ANY problem. - avalaibility on phone, email, IRC - various supports such as: tips & technics, tutorial on my web site." And this is exactly what I'll do! For donations, plese send money enclosed in an envelope to: Redaelli Paolo via Garibaldi, 6 20033 Desio Milano Italy I accept any mayor cash, Usa dollars, Deutch (DM), english pound, Italian Lire ecc. Send what you can, as any sum will be accepted, and you'll get assistance! But please don't waste a stamp for a sum not deserving it! If you decide to send me a donation, it would be better if it'a above 4 american dollars. Thank you in advance and don't forget to put your e-mail and comments on a sheet! I'll read and apply them! You can even ask me to solve your problem on-line within an Irc session. ____________________________________________________________________________ / Redaelli Paolo EMail: redaelli@mi2.flashnet.it | Known as Tybor on #Amiga, \ | | #AmIrc and #AmigaIta | \____________________________________________________________________________/ @endnode @node "Requirements" "Requirements" @{u}Requirements@{uu} Requirements: This program comes in a variety of flavours: - 68000 plain, - 68030 + fpu, - 68040 Please consider to use the fittest version, since this program does HEAVY math operations, with MANY transcendent, so a Floating Point Unit (FPU) is very useful, and almost necessary. It takes almost 3 minutes to render a 512*512 pixel picture on my 68060-50 mhz.... 8-/ This Amiga port uses MUI Magic User Interface. Please see the file Readme.mui" for further details. The more great the image you want to produce the more ram you need. You will need moreor less 4 Mb of free memory unfragmented to generate a 512 pixel square image. If you want to get a big file to use as Height-Field in ray tracing programs such as Persist of Vision, you'll end up trying to render 1024 square pictures. Keep in mind that such an image needs 8 Mb of free unfragmented memory, not counting program and Mui necessities. If you have not plenty of Ram, use Virtual Memory (I use VMM 3.3a from Aminet and run smoothly on my 68060) or buy more ram... The program need ixemul.library, which is included into the archive. I included the most fitting version, so 68040 & 060 owners will get version "040+fpu", 68030 & 68881-2 owners will get version "020+fpu" and the plainer version comes with a plain 68000 version @endnode @node "Math" "Math" @{u}What kind of math does it use?@{uu} The generation of a landscape begins with the preparation of an array of random data in the frequency domain. The size of this array, the "mesh size," can be set with the Mesh gadget; the larger the mesh the more realistic the pictures but the calculation time and memory requirement increases as the square of the mesh size. The degree of roughness, which you can specify with the dimension gadget, determines whether the resulting terrain is rolling hills or jagged mountins. As the dimension value is increased, more high frequency components are added into the random mesh. (Note that this number does NOT directly correspond to a conventional 'fractal' dimension, eg. a Hausdorff- Besicovich dimension. All gforge surfaces have a 'fractal dimension' near 2.0.) You may apply a band-pass and/or band-reject filter to the frequency data, specifying the normalized [0..1] center frequency and Q (sharpness) of each filter. Lowpass and highpass filters are also available. Then an inverse Fourier transform is performed upon it, which converts the original random frequency domain data into spatial amplitudes. We scale the real components that result from the Fourier transform into numbers from 0 to 1 associated with each point on the mesh. You can further modify this number by applying a "power law scale" to it with the -power option. Unity scale leaves the numbers unmodified; a power scale of 0.5 takes the square root of the numbers in the mesh, while a power scale of 3 replaces the numbers in the mesh with their cubes. Powers less than 1 yield landscapes with vertical scarps that look like glacially-carved valleys (with -limit -1.0 1.0); powers greater than one make fairy-castle spires (which require large mesh sizes for best results). Craters, if that option is selected, are added at this point. After these calculations, we have an array of the specified size containing numbers that range from 0 to 1. Six output formats are available as described below. @endnode @node "Installation" "Installation" @{u}1.4 Installation @{uu} Simply drag the drawer of this program where do you want to have it. @endnode @node "QuickStart" "QuickStart" @{u}QuickStart: how to obatin steady results@{uu} When you lanuch AmiForge the options are setted to generate a file called "output.tga" in Ram Disk which looks like a somewhat bumpy hillside (in POV any-way... being a special format, it will look like green speckled noise in a standard viewer). To get an image of sand use: Power: 1.00 Dimension: 4.00 File Name "Ram:Sand.png" Type Png then click "Render" button. You'll get a window where the original Un*x will print out what's going on. In this beta version the rendering blocks the gui, i.e.: when you resize window, the contents will not be updated. Soon after my vacations I'll release a full multi-threading version, permitting to start multiple renders, and a PowerPc version (so when you'll buy your double 604 PowerPc you'll boast it at its fullest!) To obtain a mountain range to render with Pov you can set options this way: power 1.8, dimension 2.4, mesh size 400 Getting your landscape to look just right will require playing around with the dimension and power specs. @endnode @node "Options" "Options" @{u}Options@{uu} Mesh The size of the (n x n) IFFT (inverse fast-fourier transform) ma- trix. To prevent the IFFT from becoming a slow fourier transform, it is suggested that the mesh size be a power of two, but you can choose any number you want. If it happens to have a large prime factor, or be itself a prime number, the IFFT calcula- tion will be considerably slowed. The default meshsize is 128. Note that a mesh size of 1024 will require just over 8 megabytes of memory. Dimension Sets the dimension to the specified dim, which may be any floating point value between 0 and 3. Higher dimensions create more chaotic'' images, which require higher resolution output and a larger FFT mesh size to look good. If no dimension is specified, 2.15 is used. To be precise, the initial mesh is filled with gaus- sian noise of amplitude (1/f)^(4 - dim). Accordingly, dim=4 would give you pure white noise. Additional Noises Button & Additional Noises Window With this window, Adds an additional component of noise in the frequency domain with the dimension ad and amplitude (scaled relative to the first speci- fied dimension) of ascale. You can add up to nine additional di- mensions, although one or two is almost certainly enough. Often you don't need any at all. An example might be to have large rolling hills of dim 1.7, with a touch of higher frequencies for a rougher texture: Dimension 1.7 One Additional Dimension 2.0 Amplitude 0.1 Power 1.8 Power exponent Raise the elevation powers to the specified exponent, giving a non- linear scaling effect, useful for some purposes. Filters window: Band Pass and Band Reject Filters Apply a band-pass and/or band-reject to the frequency data before the inverse FFT. To use them, click on the gadget "Use it". Center-frequency should be between 0.0 and 1.0. A band-pass filter at f=0 is just a low-pass filter, and at f=1.0 it is a high-pass filter. Q ("quality factor") 0.5 is a broad filter, Q=20 is narrow. Try these options to see their effects. Low Pass and High Pass Filters Apply a low-pass or high-pass filter to the frequency data. Cutoff-frequency, between 0 and 1, is the frequency at which the response drops by half. Order may be any positive value; 1 is a soft filter, 1000 is a brick-wall filter. Limit Window Only relevant if a -power exponent other than 1.0 is selected. Scales terrain to the range Min - Max ] prior to raising to a power. Default is [0.0 - 1.0]. Crater Window Add craters to the landscape. The optional density parameter controls how many there are. The default 1.0 gives you moderate cratering, but you can specify any positive value. Crater height defaults to 1.0, for what I felt were reasonable looking craters. This is the vertical crater height relative to the underlying landscape scale, and will need to be changed depending on how you scale the vertical axis of your heightfield when you render it. As height goes to zero, the craters dwindle in height and disappear. Crater radius follows a power law distribution. The WrapOff Gadget turn off the default wraparound of craters. The underlying landscape is always tilable, but with this option it will become farther and farther from being tilable as more craters are added. I'm not sure if this is actually useful. Note: cannot be used with the "peak" option, but the Gui will switch these options for you. Peak Window You can specify the location of the largest value (highest peak) in the image as a fraction of the image height and width. For example, rendering a file with Dimension 1.5, Power 3 Peak x=0.5 Peak y=0.5, Name lonelymountain.tga puts the highest peak in the center of the image. This is most useful for lower values of dim where there is only one or a few broad maxima; at -dim 2 or above it tends to make less difference. If you don't specify it, it's somewhere random. Seed seed You can give it a random number seed, otherwise it chooses one based on the current time from the system clock. If you use the same seed, you get the same image every time. P.s.: the default number shown in this gadget is my birth date. Type Six options, default is TGA. TGA and PGM are 16-bit formats, and PG8 is just PGM 8-bit binary format. PG8 , will produce a standard PGM file suitable for viewing in a standard graphic viewer to check out what the options are doing to your landscape. OCT produces an ascii file compatible with Octave v1.1.1, a matrix-math package similar in function to Matlab. MAT produces a 32-bit floatingpoint file in the Matlab binary format. PNG generates 16-bit PNG portable network graphics) greyscale, which at the time of this writing is a very new format, but gaining in support. @endnode @node "Bugs" "Bugs" @{u}BUGS@{uu} tiling 'feature' Because the FFT operates on periodic functions, the opposite edges of the image will always match up. If it turns out you want to cover a large area by tiling these textures together, this is just what you want (ie, it's a FEATURE... in fact one way to generate useful tilable textures is by taking the FFT of any interesting picture, filtering a bit, and doing the inverse transform.) If you don't want periodicity, just generate a larger image than you need and use some smaller fraction of it. The "Wrapoff" option applies only to craters crossing the page edge. The "Peak" and "Wrapoff" options cannot be used simultaneously, but the gui will prevent you from doing so. Fixed output sizes The output is always a square grid. If you want a different aspect ratio, you should use another image processing package to crop or rescale as appropriate. Unfortunately most of them don't support 16 bits of precision. John Cristy's ImageMagick 3.6.5 can be compiled to support 16-bit PNG, and POV-Ray 3.01 supports PNG input, output, imagemaps, and heightfields: http://www.wizards.dupont.com/cristy/ImageMagick.html http://www-mddsp.enel.ucalgary.ca/People/adilger/povray/pngpov.html @endnode @node "SeeAlso" "SeeAlso" SEE ALSO ppmforge(1), ppm(5), POV-Ray docs 1] Voss, Richard F., ``Random Fractal Forgeries,'' in Earnshaw et. al., Fundamental Algorithms for Computer Graphics, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985. 2] Peitgen, H.-O., and Saupe, D. eds., The Science Of Fractal Images, New York: Springer Verlag, 1988. 3] Walker, John, "ppmforge.c" in Jef Poskanzer's PBMPLUS raster toolk- it, 1991. @endnode @node "Author" "Author" @{u}Author@{uu} John Beale Heiko Eissfeldt P.O. Box 8188 Stanford, CA 94309-8188 USA --------------------------- beale@jumpjibe.stanford.edu http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~beale @endnode @node "Porter" "Porter" @{u}I'm the one who made the Amiga port: @{uu} Redaelli Paolo redaelli@mi2.flashnet.it I had permission from John Beale - the author of the original program - to make @{"this port" link "Port" 0} an easy one indeed @endnode @node "COPYRIGHT" "COPYRIGHT" @{u}Copyright@{uu} GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. 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We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 1. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) 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Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 2. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 3. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. 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For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 12. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 13. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does. CopyrightC) 19yy name of author This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modifyit under the terms of the GNU General Public License as publishedby the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the Licenseor (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, butWITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITYor FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General PublicLicense for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License alongwith this program; if not, write to the Free Software FoundationInc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovisioncomes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show wThis is free software, and you are welcome to redistributeit under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interestin the program `Gnomovision' (which makespasses at compilers) written by James Hacker. signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 TyCoon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. @endnode @node "Port" "Port" @{u}Port@{uu} @endnode @node "Beta" "Beta" @{u}Beta Version!@{uu} IT'S A BETA VERSION!! IT HAS ALL THE FUNTIONALITIES OF THE ORIGINAL GFORGE, PLUS THE MUI, USER FRIENDLY INTERFACE. IT HAS SOME PARTS NOT WORKING: ALL THE MENUS EXCEPT RENDER AND QUIT. RENDER MENU IS EQUAL TO THE GADGET, QUIT OPTION IS QUITE OBVIOUS! THE OTHER FUNCTIONALITIES WILL ARRIVE ON SEPTEMBER WHEN I'LL RETURN FROM VACATIONS! @endnode