1. Nickname `red beard' given to the
Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, and also to
two brothers, Horuk and Khair-ed-Din, who
were Barbary pirates. Horuk was killed by the
Spaniards 1518; Khair-ed- Din took Tunis 1534
and died in Constantinople 1546.

2. Operation German code name for the
plans to invade the USSR during World War
II in 1941.