1923- . Polish general, communist leader from
1981, president from 1985. He imposed martial
law for the first year of his rule,
suppressed the opposition, and banned trade
union activity, but later released many
political prisoners. In 1989, elections in
favour of the free trade union Solidarity
forced Jaruzelski to speed up democratic
reforms, overseeing a transition to a new
form of `socialist pluralist' democracy.
Jaruzelski, who served with the Soviet army
1939-43, was defence minister 1968-83 and
entered the Politburo 1971. At the height of
the crisis of 1980-81 he assumed power as
prime minister and PUWP first secretary; in
1985 he resigned as prime minister to become
president, but remained the dominant
political figure in Poland. His attempts to
solve Poland's economic problems were
unsuccessful.

Jarvik 7
The first successful artificial heart
intended for permanent implantation in a
human being. Made from polyurethane plastic
and aluminium, it is powered by compressed
air. Barney Clark became the first person to
receive a Jarvik 7, in Salt Lake City, Utah,
USA, in Dec 1982; it kept him alive for 112
days. In 1986 a similar heart was implanted
temporarily in a British patient waiting for
a human heart transplant. Recently the US
Food and Drug Administration withdrew
approval for artificial heart transplants
owing to evidence of adverse reactions.
Recently the US Food and Drug Administration
withdrew approval for artificial heart
transplants owing to evidence of adverse
reactions.