1875-1938. Islamic poet and thinker. His
literary works, in Urdu and Persian, were
mostly verse in the classical style, suitable
for public recitation. He sought through his
writings to arouse Muslims to take their
place in the modern world. His most
celebrated work, the Persian Asra-e
khudi/Secrets of the Self 1915, put forward a
theory of the self that was opposite to the
traditional abnegation found in Islam. He was
an influence on the movement that led to the
creation of Pakistan.