GREP(1) USER COMMANDS GREP(1) NAME grep, egrep - print lines matching a regular expression SYNOPSIS grep [ -CVbchilnsvwx ] [ -›4mnum›24m ] [ -AB ›4mnum›24m ] [ [ -e ] ›4mexpr›24m | -f ›4mfile›24m ] [ ›4mfiles›24m ... ] DESCRIPTION ›4mGrep›24m searches the files listed in the arguments (or standard input if no files are given) for all lines that contain a match for the given ›4mexpr›24m. If any lines match, they are printed. Also, if any matches were found, ›4mgrep›24m exits with a status of 0, but if no matches were found it exits with a status of 1. This is useful for building shell scripts that use ›4mgrep›24m as a condition for, for example, the ›4mif›24m statement. When invoked as ›4megrep›24m the syntax of the ›4mexpr›24m is slightly different; See below. REGULAR EXPRESSIONS (grep) (egrep) (explanation) ›4mc›24m ›4mc›24m a single (non-meta) character matches itself. . . matches any single character except newline. \? ? postfix operator; preceeding item is optional. * * postfix operator; preceeding item 0 or more times. \+ + postfix operator; preceeding item 1 or more times. \| | infix operator; matches either argument. ^ ^ matches the empty string at the beginning of a line. $ $ matches the empty string at the end of a line. \< \< matches the empty string at the beginning of a word. \> \> matches the empty string at the end GNU Project Last change: 1988 December 13 1 GREP(1) USER COMMANDS GREP(1) of a word. [›4mchars›24m] [›4mchars›24m] match any character in the given class; if the first character after [ is ^, match any character not in the given class; a range of charac- ters may be specified by ›4mfirst›24m-›4mlast›24m; for example, \W (below) is equivalent to the class [^A-Za-z0-9] \( \) ( ) parentheses are used to override operator precedence. \›4mdigit›24m \›4mdigit›24m \›4mn›24m matches a repeat of the text matched earlier in the regexp by the subexpression inside the nth opening parenthesis. \ \ any special character may be pre- ceded by a backslash to match it literally. (the following are for compatibility with GNU Emacs) \b \b matches the empty string at the edge of a word. \B \B matches the empty string if not at the edge of a word. \w \w matches word-constituent characters (letters & digits). \W \W matches characters that are not word-constituent. Operator precedence is (highest to lowest) ?, *, and +, con- catenation, and finally |. All other constructs are syntac- tically identical to normal characters. For the truly interested, the file dfa.c describes (and implements) the exact grammar understood by the parser. OPTIONS -A ›4mnum›24m print lines of context after every matching line -B ›4mnum›24m print ›4mnum›24m lines of context before every matching line -C print 2 lines of context on each side of every match GNU Project Last change: 1988 December 13 2 GREP(1) USER COMMANDS GREP(1) -›4mnum›24m print ›4mnum›24m lines of context on each side of every match -V print the version number on the diagnostic output -b print every match preceded by its byte offset -c print a total count of matching lines only -e ›4mexpr›24m search for ›4mexpr›24m; useful if ›4mexpr›24m begins with - -f ›4mfile›24m search for the expression contained in ›4mfile›24m -h don't display filenames on matches -i ignore case difference when comparing strings -l list files containing matches only -n print each match preceded by its line number -s run silently producing no output except error messages -v print only lines that contain no matches for the -w print only lines where the match is a complete word -x print only lines where the match is a whole line SEE ALSO emacs(1), ed(1), sh(1), ›4mGNU›24m ›4mEmacs›24m ›4mManual›24m INCOMPATIBILITIES The following incompatibilities with UNIX ›4mgrep›24m exist: The context-dependent meaning of * is not quite the same (grep only). -b prints a byte offset instead of a block offset. The {›4mm›24m,›4mn›24m} construct of System V grep is not imple- mented. BUGS GNU ›4me›24m?›4mgrep›24m has been thoroughly debugged and tested over a period of several years; we think it's a reliable beast or we wouldn't distribute it. If by some fluke of the universe you discover a bug, send a detailed description (including options, regular expressions, and a copy of an input file that can reproduce it) to mike@ai.mit.edu. GNU Project Last change: 1988 December 13 3 GREP(1) USER COMMANDS GREP(1) AUTHORS Mike Haertel wrote the deterministic regexp code and the bulk of the program. James A. Woods is responsible for the hybridized search strategy of using Boyer-Moore-Gosper fixed-string search as a filter before calling the general regexp matcher. Arthur David Olson contributed code that finds fixed strings for the aforementioned BMG search for a large class of regexps. Richard Stallman wrote the backtracking regexp matcher that is used for \›4mdigit›24m backreferences, as well as the GNU getopt. The backtracking matcher was originally written for GNU Emacs. D. A. Gwyn wrote the C alloca emulation that is provided so System V machines can run this program. (Alloca is used only by RMS' backtracking matcher, and then only rarely, so there is no loss if your machine doesn't have a "real" alloca.) Scott Anderson and Henry Spencer designed the regression tests used in the "regress" script. Paul Placeway wrote the original version of this manual page. GNU Project Last change: 1988 December 13 4