*********************************************************** * This demo was originally an absolute-address, stomp-on-system, * go-out-of-our-way-to-break-the-rules, sort of demo. I went through * it and took out all of the clears to custom chip regs, optimized it a * bit, and fixed his startup code. * * This uses my TakeSystem and ResotreSystem routines that I now use * in all my demos. I am spreading them in hopes to get rid of the * crapy coding pracitces that people have had since the C64 days. * I'd like to thank Comrade J for his excelent "howtocode" files. * A lot of the stuff here is based on his words of wisdom. :^). Anyway, * these routines, as of version 3.0, handle the following: * Getting the VBR. * Saving DMACON. * Saving and reseting WB view modes. * Owning/Disowning the blitter. * Pal/Ntsc/AGA modes. * Killing multitasking. * Killing interrupts. * * If you have any questions/comments/suggestions, PLEASE contact me at * either: * idr@rigel.cs.pdx.edu (internet) * - or - * Epsilon * P.O.B. 1914 * Beaverton, OR 97075-1914 * U.S.A. * * Many of you may not like the fact that I use includes and system calls, * I know I don't :), but it is the ONLY SAFE WAY TO TAKE THE SYSTEM! To * insure that your demo will work on any system, it's what you have to do. * *********************************************************** * Includes *********************************************************** incdir 'df1:StartupCode/' include 'custom.i' incdir "DevpacAm:include/" include "exec/exec_lib.i" include "exec/execbase.i" include "graphics/gfxbase.i" include "graphics/graphics_lib.i" *********************************************************** * Other Macros *********************************************************** CALL MACRO jsr _LVO\1(a6) ENDM WaitVblank MACRO .\@: move.l $4-2(a5),d0 andi.l #$3ff00,d0 cmpi.l #$0f400,d0 bne.b .\@ ENDM *********************************************************** * Other Equates *********************************************************** IFND gb_ActiView gb_ActiView EQU 32 ENDIF IFND gb_CopInit gb_CopInit EQU 36 ENDIF *********************************************************** BEGINish: movem.l d0-d7/a0-a6,-(a7) bsr.b TakeSystem bsr.w FixSineList bsr.w Copperinit lea screen,a0 move.w #$d00,d0 bsr blitclear move.l #copper,$80-2(a5) TestButton: WaitBlit bsr.w copperfuck bsr.w Texta bsr.w Bitch btst.b #6,$bfe001 bne.b TestButton bsr.w RestoreSystem movem.l (a7)+,d0-d7/a0-a6 rts *********************************************************** TakeSystem: movea.l 4.w,a6 ; exec base lea $dff002,a5 ; custom chip base + 2 lea GraphicsName,a1 ; "graphics.library" moveq #0,d0 ; any version CALL OpenLibrary ; open it. move.l d0,gfx_base ; save pointer to gfx base beq.b .exit ; if we got a NULL, then exit move.l d0,a6 ; for later callls... move.l gb_ActiView(a6),OldView ; save old view move.w #0,a1 ; clears full long-word CALL LoadView ; Open a NULL view (resets display ; on any Amiga) CALL WaitTOF ; Wait twice so that an interlace CALL WaitTOF ; display can reset. CALL OwnBlitter ; take over the blitter and... CALL WaitBlit ; wait for it to finish so we ; safely use it as we please. movea.l 4.w,a6 ; exec base CALL Forbid ; kill multitasking CALL Disable ; kill interrupts so that we can ; safely install our own. cmpi.b #50,VblankFrequency(a6) ; is vblank rate pal? beq.b .pal ; yup. st ntsc ; set NTSC flag. .pal: move.w $7c-2(a5),d0 ; AGA register... cmpi.b #$f8,d0 ; are we AGA? bne.b .not_aga ; nope. st AGA ; set the AGA flag. .not_aga: bsr.b GetVBR ; get the vector base pointer move.l d0,VectorBase ; save it for later. move.w dmaconr-2(a5),d0 ; old DMACON bits ori.w #$8000,d0 ; or it set bit for restore move.w d0,OldDMACon ; save it .exit: rts *********************************************************** RestoreSystem: lea $dff002,a5 ; custom chip base + 2 move.w OldDMACon,dmacon-2(a5) ; restore old dma bits move.l OldView,a1 ; old Work Bench view move.l gfx_base,a6 ; gfx base CALL LoadView ; Restore the view CALL DisOwnBlitter ; give blitter back to the system. move.l gb_CopInit(a6),$80-2(a5) ; restore system clist move.l a6,a1 movea.l 4.w,a6 ; exec base CALL CloseLibrary movea.l 4.w,a6 ; exec base CALL Enable ; restore ints. CALL Permit ; restart multitasking rts *********************************************************** * This function provides a method of obtaining a pointer to the base of the * interrupt vector table on all Amigas. After getting this pointer, use * the vector address as an offset. For example, to install a level three * interrupt you would do the following: * * bsr _GetVBR * move.l d0,a0 * move.l $6c(a0),OldIntSave * move.l #MyIntCode,$6c(a0) * *********************************************************** * Inputs: none * Output: d0 contains vbr. GetVBR: move.l a5,-(sp) ; save it. moveq #0,d0 ; clear movea.l 4.w,a6 ; exec base btst.b #AFB_68010,AttnFlags+1(a6); are we at least a 68010? beq.b .1 ; nope. lea.l vbr_exception(pc),a5 ; addr of function to get VBR jsr _LVOSuperVisor(a6) ; supervisor state .1: move.l (sp)+,a5 ; restore it. rts ; return vbr_exception: ; movec vbr,Xn is a priv. instr. You must be supervisor to execute! ; movec vbr,d0 ; many assemblers don't know the VBR, if yours doesn't, then use this ; line instead. dc.w $4e7a,$0801 rte ; back to user state code *********************************************************** Bitch: lea Screen+[141*40]+34,a0 lea intVector,a1 move.l (a1)+,(a0) move.l (a1)+,40(a0) move.l (a1)+,80(a0) move.l (a1)+,120(a0) move.l (a1)+,160(a0) rts ;--------------------------------------------------------------- clear: clr.b (a0)+ cmp.l a0,a1 bne.s clear rts ;--------------------------------------------------------------- blitclear: WaitBlit move.l a0,$54-2(a5) move.w #$100,$40-2(a5) move.w #0,$42-2(a5) move.l #0,$44-2(a5) move.l #-1,$64-2(a5) move.w d0,$58-2(a5) rts ;--------------------------------------------------------------- TEXTA: cmp.w #1,Wait bne.s Noclear lea screen,a0 move.w #$b00,d0 bsr blitclear Noclear: tst.w Wait beq.s NoHalt subq.w #1,Wait rts NoHalt: move.l TextP,a0 tst.b (a0) bne.s NoEndLine move.w #0,Xpos addq.w #1,Ypos addq.l #1,TextP rts NoEndLine: cmp.b #$1,(a0) bne.s NoEnd move.w #0,Xpos move.w #0,Ypos move.w #400,Wait addq.l #1,Textp move.l textp,a0 cmp.b #2,(a0) bne.s MorePages move.l #text,TextP MorePages: rts NoEnd: moveq #0,d0 moveq #0,d1 move.b (a0),d0 sub.b #32,d0 lsl.w #1,d0 move.w d0,d1 divu #40,d0 mulu #11*40,d0 add.l d0,d1 lea font,a0 lea (a0,d1.w),a0 lea Screen,a1 move.w Xpos,d0 lea (a1,d0.w),a1 move.w Ypos,d0 mulu #12*40,d0 lea (a1,d0.w),a1 moveq #11,d7 CopyChar: move.w (a0),(a1) lea 40(a0),a0 lea 40(a1),a1 dbf d7,Copychar addq.l #1,TextP add.w #2,Xpos rts ;--------------------------------------------------------------- CopLines=126 CopInst=48 copperfuck: cmp.l #sineEnd,SinePos blt.s MoreList sub.l #sinesize/2,sinepos MoreList: cmp.l #colsEnd,ColsPos blt.s Morecollist sub.l #collistsize,colspos MoreColList: lea CopperBlock+6,a0 move.l ColsPos,a1 move.l SinePos,a2 move.w #copLines-1,d7 DoDisplay: move.w (a2)+,d1 lea (a1,d1.w),a3 WaitCrap: WaitBlit move.l a3,$50-2(a5) move.l a0,$54-2(a5) move.l #$09f00000,$40-2(a5) move.l #$00000002,$64-2(a5) move.l #-1,$44-2(a5) move.w #(copinst-2)*64+1,$58-2(a5) add.l #(copinst-2)*2,a3 ; addq.l #2,a1 lea CopInst*4(a0),a0 dbf d7,DoDisplay tst.w ChangeWait beq.s NextPattern move.l sineadd,d0 move.l colsadd,d1 add.l d0,SinePos add.l d1,ColsPos subq.w #1,changewait rts NextPattern: move.l ChangeAdr,a0 cmp.b #-1,(a0) bne.L Morechg tst.w Op1 beq.s NoAdd addq.l #2,a1 Noadd: move.l #changelist,Changeadr bra.s NextPattern Morechg: moveq #0,d0 moveq #0,d1 moveq #0,d2 move.b (a0)+,d0 move.b (a0)+,d1 move.b (a0)+,d2 move.w d2,Op1 move.l d0,sineadd move.l d1,colsadd move.w #300,Changewait addq.l #3,changeadr rts ;--------------------------------------------------------------- copperinit: lea CopperBlock,a0 move.w #copLines-1,d7 move.w #$772f,d0 DoDisplay2: move.w d0,(a0)+ move.w #$fffe,(a0)+ moveq #Copinst-3,d6 DoLine2: move.l #$01800000,(a0)+ dbf d6,DoLine2 add.w #$0100,d0 move.l #$01800000,(a0)+ dbf d7,DoDisplay2 lea bmapptrs+2,a0 move.l #Logo,d0 move.w d0,4(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,(a0) move.l #Logo+$be0,d0 move.w d0,12(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,8(a0) move.l #Logo+(2*$be0),d0 move.w d0,20(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,16(a0) move.l #Logo+(3*$be0),d0 move.w d0,28(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,24(a0) move.l #Logo+(4*$be0),d0 move.w d0,36(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,32(a0) lea textptrs+2,a0 move.l #screen+$190,d0 move.w d0,4(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,(a0) move.l #screen+$190+$28,d0 move.w d0,12(a0) swap d0 move.w d0,8(a0) rts ;---------------------------------------------------------------- FixSineList: lea SineList,a0 move.w #sineSize/2-1,d7 FixPos: moveq #0,d0 move.w (a0),d0 sub.b #$69,d0 lsl.w #1,d0 move.w d0,(a0)+ dbf d7,FixPos rts *********************************************************** section spam,data GraphicsName: dc.b "graphics.library",0 even Wait: dc.w 1 ChangeAdr: dc.l Changelist ChangeList: dc.b 2,2,0,4,2,0,6,2,0,8,2,0 dc.b 2,4,0,4,4,0,6,4,0,8,4,0 dc.b 2,2,1,4,2,1,6,2,1,8,2,1 dc.b 2,4,1,4,4,1,6,4,1,8,4,1 dc.b -1 even SinePos: dc.l SineList SineList: dc.w $69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$6a,$6a,$6a,$6b,$6b,$6b,$6c,$6c dc.w $6d,$6d,$6e,$6e,$6f,$70,$70,$71,$71,$72,$73,$74,$74,$75,$76,$77 dc.w $77,$78,$79,$7a,$7b,$7c,$7c,$7d,$7e,$7f,$80,$81,$82,$82,$83,$84 dc.w $85,$86,$86,$87,$88,$89,$8a,$8b,$8b,$8c,$8d,$8e,$8f,$8f,$90,$91 dc.w $92,$92,$93,$94,$94,$95,$96,$96,$97,$97,$98,$98,$99,$99,$9a,$9a dc.w $9a,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9b dc.w $9b,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9a,$9a,$9a,$99,$99,$98,$98,$97,$97,$96,$96,$95 dc.w $94,$94,$93,$92,$92,$91,$90,$8f,$8f,$8e,$8d,$8c,$8b,$8b,$8a,$89 dc.w $88,$87,$86,$86,$85,$84,$83,$82,$82,$81,$80,$7f,$7e,$7d,$7c,$7c dc.w $7b,$7a,$79,$78,$77,$77,$76,$75,$74,$74,$73,$72,$71,$71,$70,$70 dc.w $6f,$6e,$6e,$6d,$6d,$6c,$6c,$6b,$6b,$6b,$6a,$6a,$6a,$69,$69,$69 dc.w $69,$69,$69,$69,$69 SineEnd: dc.w $69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$69,$6a,$6a,$6a,$6b,$6b,$6b,$6c,$6c dc.w $6d,$6d,$6e,$6e,$6f,$70,$70,$71,$71,$72,$73,$74,$74,$75,$76,$77 dc.w $77,$78,$79,$7a,$7b,$7c,$7c,$7d,$7e,$7f,$80,$81,$82,$82,$83,$84 dc.w $85,$86,$86,$87,$88,$89,$8a,$8b,$8b,$8c,$8d,$8e,$8f,$8f,$90,$91 dc.w $92,$92,$93,$94,$94,$95,$96,$96,$97,$97,$98,$98,$99,$99,$9a,$9a dc.w $9a,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9c,$9b dc.w $9b,$9b,$9b,$9b,$9a,$9a,$9a,$99,$99,$98,$98,$97,$97,$96,$96,$95 dc.w $94,$94,$93,$92,$92,$91,$90,$8f,$8f,$8e,$8d,$8c,$8b,$8b,$8a,$89 dc.w $88,$87,$86,$86,$85,$84,$83,$82,$82,$81,$80,$7f,$7e,$7d,$7c,$7c dc.w $7b,$7a,$79,$78,$77,$77,$76,$75,$74,$74,$73,$72,$71,$71,$70,$70 dc.w $6f,$6e,$6e,$6d,$6d,$6c,$6c,$6b,$6b,$6b,$6a,$6a,$6a,$69,$69,$69 dc.w $69,$69,$69,$69,$69 xxx: SineSize=xxx-SineList textp: dc.l text IntVector: dc.l $0739e791,$08451451,$087d144a dc.l $08451444,$0745e784 ;--------------------------------------------------------------- ;- EACH LINE MUST END WITH A ZERO, PAGE ENDS WITH 1,0 ;- END OF TEXT ENDS WITH 1,2 - EACH LINE CAN BE ANYLENGTH... ;- PAGES ARE 10 LINES LONG Text: dc.b 0 dc.b "** M A S T E R S **",0 dc.b 0 dc.b 0 dc.b " ARE HERE WITH",0 dc.b 0 dc.b " ANOTHER RELEASE",0 dc.b 0 dc.b 0 dc.b 0 dc.b "FIRST WITH THE BEST",1,0 dc.b " CALL THESE BOARDS ",0 dc.b " ----------------- ",0 dc.b "MASTER'S WHQ ",0 dc.b " XXXXXXXX",0,0 dc.b "CRYPTIC DEAD ",0 dc.b " BLA BLA",0,0 dc.b "TEMPEST BBS: ",0 dc.b " -----------",1,0 dc.b "OPTICAL ILLUSION",0 dc.b " DEPARTED ",0,0 dc.b "PRIME TIME",0 dc.b " ----------",0,0 dc.b "CHERNOBYL BBS",0 dc.b " +++++++++++++",0 dc.b " ",0 dc.b " ALL BOARDS R 9600+ ",1,0 dc.b " MINI CREDITS: ",0 dc.b " ------------- ",0 dc.b " CODING- CADDY ",0 dc.b " ",0 dc.b " LOGO- METALLIKAT ",0 dc.b " ",0 dc.b " FONT- DIGIT/PNS ",0 dc.b " ",0 dc.b " MUSIC- DIGIT/PNS ",0 dc.b " SAY GOODNIGHT BILL",1,2 even *********************************************************** section gfx,data_c ;---------------------------------------------------------------- ; dc.w 000,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,0a0,0b0,0c0,0d0,0e0,0f0 ; dc.w 0f0,1f0,2f0,3f0,4f0,5f0,6f0,7f0,8f0,9f0,af0,bf0,cf0,df0,ef0,ff0 ; dc.w ff0,fe1,fd2,fc3,fb4,fa5,f96,f87,f78,f69,f5a,f4b,f3c,f2d,f1e,f0f ; dc.w f0f,e0e,d0d,c0c,b0b,a0a,909,808,707,606,505,404,303,202,101,000 ;---------------------------------------------------------------- ColsPos: dc.l CopperCols CopperCols: dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 xxxx: CollistSize=xxxx-coppercols ColsEnd: dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 dc.w $ff0,$fe1,$fd2,$fc3,$fb4,$fa5,$f96,$f87,$f78,$f69,$f5a,$f4b,$f3c,$f2d,$f1e,$f0f dc.w $f0f,$f1e,$f2d,$f3c,$f4b,$f5a,$f69,$f78,$f87,$f96,$fa5,$fb4,$fc3,$fd2,$fe1,$ff0 copper: dc.l $00960020 ; kill sprites dc.l $01440000,$01460000,$014c0000,$014e0000,$01540000 dc.l $01560000,$015c0000,$015e0000,$01640000,$01660000 dc.l $016c0000,$016e0000,$01740000,$01760000,$017c0000 dc.l $017e0000 dc.l $008e2071,$009030c8 dc.l $00920038,$009400d0 dc.l $01020000,$01800000,$01040003 dc.l $01080000,$010a0000,$01000000 bmapptrs: dc.l $00e00000,$00e20000 dc.l $00e40000,$00e60000 dc.l $00e80000,$00ea0000 dc.l $00ec0000,$00ee0000 dc.l $00f00000,$00f20000 dc.w $0180,$0000,$0182,$0fff,$0184,$0fc6,$0186,$0e94 dc.w $0188,$0d96,$018a,$0fca,$018c,$0fea,$018e,$0731 dc.w $0190,$0a36,$0192,$0814,$0194,$0c05,$0196,$0c26 dc.w $0198,$0d48,$019a,$0d79,$019c,$0e9b,$019e,$0a15 dc.w $01a0,$0620,$01a2,$0e52,$01a4,$0a52,$01a6,$0a53 dc.w $01a8,$000d,$01aa,$011d,$01ac,$023d,$01ae,$044d dc.w $01b0,$0226,$01b2,$066e,$01b4,$088e,$01b6,$099e dc.w $01b8,$0aae,$01ba,$0ccf,$01bc,$0ddf,$01be,$044b dc.l $260ffffe,$01005000,$720ffffe,$01000000 textptrs: dc.l $00e00000,$00e20000,$00e40000,$00e60000 dc.l $01820000,$01840fff,$01860fff dc.l $730ffffe,$01800000,$740ffffe,$01800099 dc.l $750ffffe,$018000cc,$760ffffe,$018000ff dc.l $770ffffe,$01002000,$01020089,$01800000 CopperBlock: blk.l Coplines*copInst,-1 endblock: dc.l $f50ffffe,$018000ff,$f60ffffe,$018000cc dc.l $f70ffffe,$01800099,$f80ffffe,$01800000,$01001000 dc.l $fa0ffffe,$01820fff,$fb0ffffe,$01820eee dc.l $fc0ffffe,$01820ddd,$fd0ffffe,$01820ccc dc.l $fe0ffffe,$01820bbb,$ff0ffffe,$01000000 dc.l $fffffffe,$fffffffe ; some revs of the copper ; skip the first end. incdir '' Logo: incbin "df1:masters/katlogo.b" Font: incbin "df1:masters/digfont.b" *********************************************************** section textscreen,bss_c screen: ds.b $5000 *********************************************************** section OldPointers_and_such,bss gfx_base ds.l 1 ; pointer to graphics base OldView ds.l 1 ; old Work Bench view addr. VectorBase: ds.l 1 ; pointer to the Vector Base OldDMACon: ds.w 1 ; old dmacon bits ntsc: ds.b 1 ; 0 = pal, 1 = ntsc AGA: ds.b 1 ; 0 = ESC/standard, 1 = AGA SineAdd: ds.l 1 Colsadd: ds.l 1 Op1: ds.w 1 Xpos: ds.w 1 Ypos: ds.w 1 ChangeWait: ds.w 1