|Effects of Drugs on the Brain All drugs that affect conciousness, behavior and/or mood are known as Psychoactive. This covers not only Cocaine, E, LSD, cannbis but also Alchohol, caffiene and proprietory stimulants and depressants. Depressants are drugs which as the name implies, depress the central nervous system, these include the minor tranquilisers, barbiturates ( sleeping pills) and ethyl alchohol ( booze). |Alchohol. In small quantities, alchohol appears to increase energy and make them more lively and sociable. In reality it is a central nervous system depressane and not a stimulant. The initial stimulating effect is believed to occur because the inhibitory synapses in the brain are depressed slightly earlier than the excitatory ones leaving an imbalance on the side of excitation since the brains neurons maintain a close balance between excitation and inhibition. However the excitatory synapses are soon overridden (depending on dosage and frequency of alchohol intake) causing drowsiness and slowed sensory and motor functions. Alchohol probably produces both positive and negative reinforcemants. Positive reinforcement is caused by the presence of an appetitive stimulus, related to the release of dopamines. Negative reinforcement is caused by termination of an aversive stimulus, eg an animal can be trained to press a lever to switch off a loud noise. Negative reinforcement in drinkers is provided by the anxiolytic effect of alchohol. If a person feels anxious and uncomfortable, alchohol will provide temporary relief. The brain does attemp to compensate for this dopamine effect and therefore more alchohol is needed to achieve the same result. This leads to physiological effects such as cirrosis of the liver, cancer of the stomach, liver, mouth and throat and brain deterioration as the balance of fluids in the membranes is permanently de-stablised. |Opiates Opium and it's derivatives are collectively known as opiates, they are drugs that diminish physical sensation and supress the central nervous system. These drugs are sometimes known as narcotics but are correctly called opiates since narcotics also covers synthetic drugs. Opiates are derived from the air dried juice of the opium poppy and contain a number of chemicals including Morphine and Codeine. Codiene is a common prescription drug and is included in small amounts in painkillers and cough supressants. Morphine and it's derivative heroin are much more potent nd because of it's concentration, heroin is the most popular because it is easier to smuggle, handle and disguise. Opiates act on very specific receptor sites in the brain, they are similar in molecular construction to the brains own chemical endorphins which supress pain and increase a feeling of well being in larger doses. As this unnatural brain chemical binds with the brains receptors in larger quantities than was designed for in noramal daily life the brain shuts down it's own production of endorphins and specifically enkophalin, leading to a down felling and the need for another larger fix to generate the effect of the combined amount of endorphins both natural and introduced by opiate ingestion. Larger and frequent doses exemplified by addiction cause many physiological effects. The central nervous system can become so depressed that the autonomous inhaling reflex is supressed leading to suffocation and the heart can also suffer an infarction ( heart attack), continued use which is almost inevitable unless one undergoes detoxification can result in permanent brain disfunction caused by alteration of the cell membranes and neurons, although this is sometimes caused much earlier by the additives to the pure opiate used to "cut" it. |Cocaine & Amphetamines In contrast to depressants and opiates stimulants increase arousal. Amphetamines are powerful stimulants sold under names such as Methadrine, Benzedrine, Dexadrine etc. The immediate effects are an increase in alertness and a decrease in fatigue and boredom. As with other drugs the ability to alter mood and increase self confidence is a reason for their use. Most prescription weight loss medications contain amphetamines, even though they only temporarily decrease the appetite for three or four weeks usually. Both Cocaine and Amphetamines have similar behavioural effects. Both act as dopamine antagonists by blocking it's reuptake after it is released by the terminal buttons in the neurons on the brain, therefore a larger concentration of dopamine is present giving the mood reinforcement and changes. In addition amphetamnes directly stimulate the release of dopamines increasing the effect. Crack is a potent form of cocaine because it is smoked and reaches the brain quickly in higher concentrations. Whilst cocaine causes a high of hours, a crack high last at most 25 minutes. Regular use of cocaine and amphetamines produces psychotic behaviour, hallucinations, delusions of persecution, mood disturbances and repetitive behaviour ( eg hand washing and ritualisitic behaviour)as well as frequent movement of heads, hands and limbs in general. These symptoms so closely resemble schizophrenia that mental health professionals are sometimes fooled if they do not know of the patients drug use. Indeed research into amphetamine and cocaine abuse has helped research into schizophrenia where research has shown that dopamine overactivity caused by use of antagonists is one of the causes of schizophrenia. If a person stops taking the drug withdrawl will occur but not as severe as opiates as the brain regains it's normal chemical balance. However exposure to the drug appears to have long term effects that make the person much more likely to exhibit psychotic effects if they return to drug use later. |NicOtine & Caffeine A pair of innocuous seeming drugs in comparision to the above but they both have addictive potential. Caffeine is failry mild, few people take enough to produce behavioral effects. Nicotine however usually is combined with other substances in cigarette smoke which is carcinogenic and leads to cancer of the mouth, lungs, throat and easophagus, some of these are metastasic and give rise to cancers in other parts of the body notably the brain. Although nicotine os less potent than sy cocaine, more who try it go on to become addicts and will stay addicts even in the face of very severe health problems. It is known for patients undergoing cancer tratment in hospital to sneak out for a smoke. Nicotine stimulates the dopamine system which would make it nore difficult for a smoker to stop use of heroin or cocaine type drugs. |Hallucinogens. These include LSD, PCP, Ecstasy, Mescaline, Psilocybin and a newer designer drug DOM, all if not most are alkaloids. All halluginogenic drugs cause perception changes. Some are natural, Mescaline from cactus and psilocybin from mushrooms( eaten in Mexico and known as Gods Flesh. Others are manufactured in laboratories such as, LSD, PCP, E, DOM. LSD or acid is a colourless, odourless tasteless substance that produces hallucinations in low doses. Some users have nystical trips, others frightening or bad trips. Another adverse reaction is flashbacks which can occur weeks or months afterwards when the user experiences similar hallucinations to the experienced when actually using the drug. Since LSD is almost completely eliminated from the body 24hrs after the useage it is likely these are a restoration of memories. Most threatening to the user is the loss of reality where the user looses orientation and fells that they cannot control what the body is doing. LSD use has declined since the '70s due to widespread adverse reports and possible genetic damage to users and their children. PCP, also known as angel dust, Shermans or super acid is sold as a hallucinogen but is more accurately a dissociative anesthetic. It may cause hallucinations but it also causes the user to fell disassociated or apart from the environment. It was first synthesized in 1956 as an anesthetic but its use ws discontinued when doctors found it produced hallucinations and schizophrenic like behavior. Because the ingredients are cheap and it is easily manufactured, PCP is widely sold as a adulterant of more expensive street drugs. In low doses PCP produces insensitivity to pain and experiences similar to mild intoxication, users also have hightened sensory awareness and can often feel overloaded or bombarded with stimuli when being talked to whilst under the influence. PCP users are not often violent but the sensation of being touched or arrested can cause the user to flail around to escape the hightened sensations. ECSTASY or E refers to two closely related compounds MDA and MDMA which are chemically similar to mescaline and amphetamines and is the psychoactive agent in Nutmeg. It was first synthesized in 1910 but its use as a conciousness expanding drug was not noted until the '60s. Users report increased awareness of music art etc, better imnterpersonal relationships whicls taking the drug and elevated mood. It also can cause rapid movement, a breakdown of the bodies temperature regulating system, anxiety, depression and confusion. The United States DEa considers it a serious threat to health. MESCALINE & PSILOCYBIN. Derived from cactus and mushroom and have been known and used by Mexicans in religious rites for hundreds of years,as a part of the plant which produces them. They were isolated in 1896. Effects are similar to amphetamines but can produce psychosis and schizophrenia like effects with effects lasting 90 minutes or so. the problem being that there is no standard doses for either drug and effects vary widely. DOM(STP). Another amphetamine type, closely related to Mescaline but with 100 times the potency and about 1/30th the effect of LSD weight for weight. As in other hallucinogenic druge heavy use can cause severe physiological effects whilst taking it, although how the drugs work is not well known their chemical compositions are. |Cannabis Or Marijuana, Hash etc is the leaves and flowering tops of the Hemp plant. Marijuana is popular because of it's pleasurable effects, similar to alchohol but without the hangover. People report feeling good, relaxed, as if time were drawn out, and enhanced perceptions. Small doses have the above effect, larger doses contibute to loss of memory, mood changes, dulled attention whilst exptremely heavy doses have LSD like effects. Doses are difficult to judge because the effect lags half an hour or more behind the taking. The major active ingredient in Marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC) but the marijuana also contains more than 400 other substances, some of which are thought to have psychological effects. Some studies tentatively suggest that marijuan may lower sperm counts, decreasing fertility. Aside from the effects mentioned earlier, marijuana increases heart rate which can be a risk in users with a less than perfect heart, this of course raises blood pressure with its attendant efects. Because of the holding of smoke in the lungs the tobacco content of a mariuana cigarette can cause cancer more quickly. Research has shown that smoking one marijuana caigarette is the equivalent of sixteen normal cigarettes in terms of carcinogenic substance retention in the lungs. Withdrawl symptoms of loss of appetite, irritability develop if a user ceases. Marijuana increases the effect of other drugs, eg Amphetamines, Alchohol, Barbiturates.etc, so it's use must be carefully judged. The Stepping Stone theory of drug dependance sought to show that users of Marijuana were more likely to try other harder drugs like Heroin. This is because they are often supplied from the same scource and according to an American survey, of people who used Marijuana 24% said they had or would try a harder drug. It must be remembered that persons who take drugs of any sort from caffiene to Heroin, can if they want to give them up. If they are prepared to suffer the after effects and withdrawl symptoms. It must also be stressed that very rarely do users go through the TV cold turkey of week long shivers, sweats and hallucinations and pain. When most users give up they find they can give up permanently, the most potent reasin to return to drug use is "secondary reinforcement" where an ex user finds themselves in a situation where drug use is expected, like an ex drinker going out oto the pub with his mated, it would be very difficult to refuse a drink. Indeed Alchoholics Anonymous have been critisised by Psychologists because of this. They teach total abstinence and not control explaining the high rate of their clients who return to alchohol in times of stress. I hope you all find this interesting and that it's given you some information on drugs, how they work and the after effects. |*** Tone ***