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"Delta Hotel" A dead hit, a perfect score. towards it. Phenomenal accuracy is possible - missing the target spot by distance. at the aircraft position again, but this time watching it recede into the Spectator view again as the aircraft passes, the view point will be frozen Throttle OPEN, Reheat ON FULL Wheelbrakes OFF (at 100% RPM and Max Reheat) Pull back (at 140+ knots) Lift can also be varied more directly by changing the angle at which the wings meet the airflow (the Angle of Attack, aka Alpha angle). Diagram 7.17 shows how this angle is defined. Suppose your aircraft is flying Now that you know what to do to keep your turns level, let`s look at why. You don`t need and you quite probably don`t want an aerodynamics degree your speed down to about 250 knots - let your speed decay naturally from airspeed will drop but you may want to use the Airbrakes carefully to bring that point. You should see that as the speed drops, the autopilot what orders the autopilot is trying to carry out. So how is it doing? are not telling you the current state of the aircraft - they`re telling you Look up at the Head Up Display (HUD) - diagram 7.1. At the top left you can see the Indicated Air Speed figure - it should show 400 (knots). At the top right is the Altitude figure - this should read 6000 (feet). Across the bottom of the HUD is a strip of figures above a scale marked in dots, and under both is a short vertical line, which should be directly level at the top then you`ve reversed your course in the quickest way of them are more useful than a straight loop. If you roll the aircraft possible. Try making a low fast pass over some point on the ground, approach a little faster than usual, with manoeuvre or mid flap settings You must disengage the Thrust Reversers before your speed drops below about Semi-automatic Approach:- ILS and Autothrottle (feet) (knots) (knots) NUMBER TAS IAS Another way of gauging the correct approach speed is to watch the Alpha (Angle of Attack) meter - either the HUD display or the mechanical guage next to it. If you`re in the right speed range for an approach at your One of the options open to you is to cut a corner. This might run you straight into a new hazard, but it could be your only chance to make the Stores Management Display (SMD), bottom centre in the rear panel, where The content and status of any weapon Packages loaded can be seen on the each of the top three lines can describe a single package. Suppose that beyond that point you experience negative G:- you, the pilot, find yourself with planned times-of-arrival. When the aircraft is flying towards a quite mechanical. Overrunning an 8000' runway takes some doing, but being amount of lift generated by your wings depends largely on the speed and back or push forward on the control stick), or when the bank angle approaches 90 and it just isnt possible to keep the nose up any longer by hurricane-force wind blowing at 150 knots, it would be hovering over a straight and level at an Airspeed of 150 knots directly into a point on the ground. The Airspeed Indicator shows your speed through the represents the acceleration due to gravity, times the weight of the process works: 1. Speed correct, but BELOW the glideslope You respond by throttling up to raise the engine RPM figure one or two per cent. Now watch your airspeed. As soon as this starts rising above the target figure, raise the nose slightly to bring the speed back on target. linkages and actuators strong enough to operate over the entire speed range but most fighters are faster than this at these altitudes. The obvious Flap / Sweep Compatability Step 2. Release the Wheelbrakes, watching the indicator to make sure it goes out. The aircraft will start rolling. Step 3. Watch the HUD Airspeed Indicator, and stand by with the Control Stick. When the speed reaches 140 knots, pull the stick back and hold it Losses you`ve followed the directions exactly. 4 At the top of the loop the aircraft is inverted, peep pulling, though if your airspeed is dangerously low you might let the stick come forward a little way. Remember that the harder you pull, the bigger the drag. 5 As the nose passes the horizontal on the way down and the aircraft starts goes into this subject in more detail. Operational Conditions The Mission Planning software will always insist that a flight plan must include an Approach Point. located in a runway`s ILS beam, and will ensure that you arrive at this point flying in the general direction of the Available at all times, and covered in detail below. Users of slower computers may want to use this display only from the Back cockpit since it requires heavy processing and may have a visible effect on the frame update rate. The impact is much less when the map is zoomed in to show smaller areas. 4. Forward-Looking Camera below normal flying speeds. One of the first signs that the recovery feet or less. When you`ve done this, engage TF mode and the system should reduce the stalling speed! The second difference weight makes is in how hard you can hit the runway without collapsing the gear. At light weight, with a nearly empty aircraft, the absolute limit is 20 feet per second, which is easy to achieve. Even though anything above 10 feet per second counts as a heavy the centre WITH the aircraft on the runway heading. The throttles will The aircraft will start manoeuvering to put the large cross on the HUD in also be adjusted as the autothrottle seeks the correct approach speed for Ending or Aborting your Flight your approach. or to explain. faster the aircraft flies, the more difficult it is to follow the ground you can avoid it. There are two good reasons for this: a) you can`t see certainly be damaged and may be destroyed. When you first see this display it will show the aircraft`s position at the (MACH NUMBER) (0.73) (0.88) (2.2+) Speed figure as its target speed. When you switch from Autothrottle to speeds, and roll further before stopping. At maximum weight, even with and decelerating at the last minute, don`t try it until you really know Full Flap, but the whole reason you want to lower Full Flap is to try to configuration (i.e with the wings swept back as far as they will go), the Introduction offer this display if you cycle through its options. Similarly, you can operational problems. aileron control surfaces on the wings for roll control, which IS provided the moment they`re doing nothing because the aircraft is flying straight Losses of aircraft and vehicles during your flight will be tabulated for throttle controls (which normally vary the engine RPM manually) are used (F7), and watch the aircraft turn and flytowards T. This is literally point-and-click navigation, a boon for the lazy the confused or the preoccupied! ahead of the aircraft, and an enemy with the right kind of receiver (like assistance of the AFDS. We`ll look more closely at the uses of flaps and through simple manoeuvres, and you can take off and land with the functions of the major controls and instruments, you can fly the aircraft This chapter assumes that you are reasonably confident that you know the we`re going to do now is use Track mode to fly the aircraft automatically options for any of the three displays, you will only be offered display shared with the central MFD. To save you time in cycling through the modes which are not already shown on another screen, e.g. if you select reference) slopes down. You cannot track the glideslope centreline unless During all of the following exercises feel free to use the P key to pause while you catch up, read ahead or try to work out what`s going wrong. Hitting P again will restart the simulation. If you end up in a situation you can`t handle, quit the simulator by holding down Ctrl and Q simultaneously, then restart. TIALD stands for Thermal Imaging And Laser Designation, and this mode is is always straight up the screen. the stick relax forward to level off. Note your altitude and speed and of the stored flightplan waypoints. If you create a ToO waypoint using the record. If you died, went missing or were captured in the course of the not already visible, and hit the Skip Waypoint key (probably N) to advance Track mode. used to designate targets of opportunity, and is covered in detail in the Flap Limiting Speeds with a minimum of automatic help or (s)he will have no choice but to eject G-meter reads 0. This manoeuvre can be important when you need to run away it is possible to improve your acceleration by pushing forward till the two results: While this increased drag and loss of speed is usually a severe nuisance in in the Weapons Conversion chapter. 7 Display Unavailable/MFD damaged and you`ll see that the hold altitude carries over despite the switch of Because the retarder hit is a cheap and simple fitting for a cheap and simple bomb, they are usually in good supply. Gear UP (at 10+ feet) Flaps UP (at 215 knots) Reheat), which may be done fastest by using Slam Open, releasing the throttle control (stick or key), and then Using Slam Open again. Just Tornado both flaps and slats extend and retract together in response to When the aircraft reaches the currently selected waypoint while in AFDS Track mode, the next waypoint in the flightplan is automatically selected and the aircraft turns towards it. If it`s a target, you`ll need to hit Take special note that whenever the approach is from anything like an rate of descent or climb by pointing the nose up or down. At the low case both HUD and MFD are unserviceable for a foul-weather landing. time of arrival and attack should be planned to the second in order to cause maximum confusion and embarassment to the target defences - and to . Whatever the sweep angle, the Alpha Meter is a more consistent indicator of an approaching stall than the Airspeed Indicator GP bombs, retarded bombs, BL.755 and laser-guided bombs (unguided) can all JP.233 will make a really impressive mess of any runway if used properly. Its main disadvantage is the fact that the delivering aircraft has to overfly the target at low level holding a straight course for the four seconds needed to dispense the whole load - manoeuvering strews the things all over the place! It is also a Heavy, draggy load for the aircraft, though the pods jettison automatically when empty. ALARM (Air Launched Anti-Radiation Missile) We`ve already introduced you to most of the uses of this display in the sections above, but let`s sum up the details now and complete the description. The PLN display shows all waypoints and the stored flightplan, plus your current position (as a small circle). It will change scale and re centre itself automatically to keep all this data on the screen as the aircraft moves or ToO waypoints are created; but if the gauge needle will spin clockwise and jam itself against the stop. The will stay on 100%, but both Reheat Indicators will light, and the Fuel Flow aircraft is now at absolute maximum power, held only by the brakes - you Assuming that you`re back in control, set an altitude of 8000, and lets try something a little different. Make sure that your speed is less than 500 knots and steady. Now look in the Control Summary for the Wing Sweep controls W and S on most machines) and find the Wing Sweep Position Indicator (lower left on the Panel). The indicator should show that the Because there is a limit to how long the Lift Vector can become, there is also a limit to how far you can bank and still hold the nose up see the panel instruments without the HUD is difficult but possible, and an you can turn off the HUD, the MFD or the back-seat Tab displays. Flying on excellent way to put some excitement back into the job of landing if you`re Bearing to the airfield (to runway midpoint). Range to the airfield in chance of surviving, let alone winning is not good unless you dump as much aircraft will stop flying and stall not far below this speed. We`ll look take off will make very little difference to a heavy and powerful aircraft pointing in that general direction) waypoint for navigation. AFDS Track Mode The green Jettison light illuminates to confirm separation engine RPM gauges rise from idle thrust and reach a steady value. You Over longer distances navigation becomes the biggest problem, but the message are possible: joystick plugged in, that`s what we would recommend. As with all these back If the aircraft is lightly loaded the nose will immediately start to rise, if its heavy this won`t happen until you have more speed. Hold the the top line reads: has time to notice. When the flight control system is working, it constantly senses the aircrafts nose (represented bythe circle-and-two-lines symbol in the centre If you look at the Pitch Ladder, you can see that it`s showing that the shows 150 knots and you can rotate to lift off. If you started with a to approach it. We`ll deal with the classical method of using the throttle changes with wing-sweep setting; second, it is unlike most other aircraft about 480 knots and watch carefully as the aircraft accelerates. Before Once you realise that the aircraft is spinning: the screen, you should be able to tell at a glance what sort of angle you`ll need to turn through in order to line up. control system. In simple aircraft the pilot`s controls are directly carried on accelerating without sweeping the wings back, the effect would terrain follow or hold altitude as laid down in the flightplan. In the that a letter T has appeared below the digital altitude figure, which is If you're taking part in a multi aircraft attack, then every aircraft`s This is a simple "point and shoot" system intended for snap attacks on Human intervention is only required for takeoff, setting autothrottle and wing sweep, arming and committing weapon release, pulling up if it's a loft delivery landing and bringing the aircraft to a halt. Later on, we`ll look at the normal use of Track mode to follow a complete flightplan. What to the Target of-Opportunity waypoint, T. the Tornado`s own Radar Warning Receiver) can pick it up from a distance. The Tornado has no pretensions to passive Stealthiness - if the enemy can nose a little to recover the speed. 3 ON the glideslope, but speed LOW (Afterburners), by fully opening the throttle again. The Engine RPM gauges more lift means more drag, less lift means less drag, and presumably zero and the AFDS in Track mode will get you there if necessary. We`ll look at have become active, titled TEL TEL (Time Early / Late) Displays minimise the chances of one aircraft being damaged by the blast of over the place in response to the flurry of rapidly changing steering Obviously there will be side the nose will usually reduce your rate of descent as well as your airspeed, and so on, but these side effects are actually easier to deal with using the reversed convention of airspeed, pitch and rate of-descent: thrust. Let`s give some examples of how the oriented North-up, like the map in the Mission Planner which is used to the numeric keypad or the key. automatically selected the nearest Ride Height (200 feet) and found that it If you`re really ambitious, you might try a standard military curved circuit approach. Lining up on the runway from the final 180o turn is more the right of the target. Note that you must make your attack run flying Extra protection is often built into such a system to enable the pilot to manoeuvre the aircraft aggressively and confidently right up to the extreme limits of its performance (as in air combat), while the automatics keep the G load within the structural limits and monitor the angle of attack. If the next package down the list, or skip from the last to the first. the weapons in the package. Hitting the K key will select and highlight Hitting the L key will cycle through the available delivery modes for the The two ILS needles on the HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) instrument are minute and hard to read; we only provide them as a last-ditch backup in closer you get to it, the smaller your corrections should be. to try a wheels up landing? Simple! Just leave the gear up. It is You can practice various emergencies quite easily in the Simulator. Want possible, but you must touch down very lightly. Lighten the aircraft as difficult than in real life because of the restricted and inflexlible views Now that you have some idea of how to fly, and what to do about stalls, lets try something a little more challenging - landing. You may override both the assignment of packages and the delivery modes, attacking any target with any package, using any delivery mode suitable for currently selected package. You cannot do either of these things when the narrow escapes indeed in the process of discovering that some enormous at the reasons for this behaviour (stalling) later below the figure 27. This is the Heading Strip, and it`s telling you that the aircraft`s compass heading is 270o all the figures on the heading strip represent TENS of degrees. These are the actual readings telling you how fast, how high and in which direction the aircraft is currently flying. If you haven`t changed anything, they should confirm that the AFDS is working At the end of your flight, you must use the key combination Ctrl Q to leave the cockpit. For any flight outside the Simulator or the 2-player option, command from the front seat if you wish, but it`s easier to see what`s the currently selected waypoint to the next in sequence. You can use this going on if you watch the PLN display. giving it the ability to glide further than a standard bomb. LGB are used The solution proposed for the Tornado GR4 is based on digital mapping. For maintains the set altitude. In order to do so it raises the nose more and you what the warning was about. To cancel the Warning, hit the * key on above ground) rather than a barometric altitude (height above sea - or flat a simple Direct mode, allowing ALARM to be used like any other anti radar missile. In the other mode (Indirect) ALARM can be launched at distant You can use the track adjust controls to rotate a Spectator view, and once kind of manoeuvering situations, though very few can roll faster. Using Manoruvre Flap can help 1000 lb. Laser Guided Bombs (LGB) only one force acting on the aircraft, and it`s acting straight down. Now In this situation, the aircraft will obviously fall straight down. There`s If you haven`t done so already, start the program according to the instructions on the separate Technical Supplement. Once the Main Screen is aborting your mission, but it will always improve the performance of the ejection and spin recovery drill. Jettisoning weight will usually mean aircraft if you still have control. Ejection is always the right response Don`t be Hypnotised by the Instruments available from the cockpit - something which we can`t do much about until look after itself while we show you around. down to try and keep you lying at the same speed. The aircraft will now must hit "Cancel Arm" first. close to the target speed and then lower it a fraction to stabilise at the and the gear up. This means that you can drop the gear and the flaps at the last minute as extra airbrakes, rather than hang about on the edge of the stall point. Use the Angle of Attack to judge your approach speed. Virtual Reality style helmet mounted displays become commonplace. on a nearby road. EMERGENCIES screen The text on these buttons will change according to the situation, prefixed by the letter R to show that this is a radar altitude (height then pull back until the target is in the centre of the HUD Cancel, will always return you to the Mission Planner and set the clock you shorten the Lift Vector, and then if you keep on pushing, you reverse ridge, or can dive to take advantage of a valley. dive attacks or shallow lofts perfectly well in this mode. aircraft moves too far outside the current map it will give up the attempt to keep it on screen. The PLN display does not rotate and is always create flightplans. Now try the stall again, watching the airspeed and the Alpha meter, and A Vector, for our purposes here, is just a force with a direction. Vectors wings was beginning to approach sonic speeds at different places at actual aircraft speed has changed. displays are available for you to see. straight and level. If you now raise the nose slightly, that will generate to your brain, and you wake up again unless, of course, you`ve crashed or 50 knots, or your engines will start re-ingesting their own exhaust, which At this point we need to remind ourselves of the size and shape of the ILS coverage, but we`ll leave till later the details of how the system works. As you can see from diagram that the ILS beams cover a spike shaped zone which is widest and highest at its furthest point from the runway. This is accelerate straight up. You`re going to lose speed on the way up, and you . The nose is dropping, and the aircraft is starting to dive and pick up speed. The AFDS in Approach mode will fly the approach path for you and manage the be delivered in Laydown mode Throttle Controls on the Control Summary. On most machines they will be the + and - keys on the numeric keypad. The F10 key is used to switch Autothrottle on and off, and the yellow indicator light next to the green AFDS indicator turns on when the Autothrottle is engaged. When you switch from manual throttle to Autothrottle it takes the current Indicated Air descent is only normally relevant in the last stages of a landing, but the movements of the bar serve as a reminder of what the aircraft is doing. Bring your speed down to less than 225 knots. associated with them. This may specify the altitude or Ride Height to fly at the time at which you plan to pass the waypoint, or the method you intend to use to attack a target located there. We describe the system in exhaustive detail in the chapter of this manual dedicated to the Mission Planner. All we`re going to do now is demonstrate how to use the AFDS to follow the flightplan. 2. You must fly the approach to the runway accurately while decelerating 1 Eject immediately if there is insufficient height for a recovery (say your bank angle is much greater than 60. Instead, roll the aircraft more accelerate to about 420 knots, then cut in the Autothrottle and go to 45 If a particular display is not available because of equipment failure you zone in its Bottom section. As the Ride Height is reduced further, the green zone will rise up the display. The zone represents the profile of grounds attack weapons are available, two of which are smart. You will legs connecting them. Flightplan waypoints may also have other information - this is a good way of locating vehicles or trains. Ground Radar can be Weapons Conversion chapter. This is another power-hungry display, but like bombs can be placed by a smart bombsight. In addition, three special RIGHT mouse button on its own cancels the waypoint. the Time Early / Late indicator. There is a simple answer dump some weight. The medium Jettison option (external tanks and air-to-ground weapons) will bring your weight down to a comfortable figure even if your internal tanks are still full. The maximum Jettison dumps most internal fuel as well, giving you a nearly empty aircraft The section on Emergencies in the Advanced Flying Training chapter runway. One further condition should also be satisfied - that you arrive at this point at a sensible speed, ideally no faster than 450 knots or so. been shot down meanwhile. The situation is sometimes known as G-LOC: G- slow down in a hurry. Turning hard is probably the best way of losing a closely, and the more dangerous it becomes to do so. The system allows If your aircraft was damaged in flight or by a hard touchdown, you will be provided that you can see to do it. When the aircraft rolls level again, you should SEE that the reading on the Heading Strip is the same as the heading figure you set on the AFDS display (diagram 7.3). Now look at the ALT figure on the AFDS display. Pulling back on the stick will nudge this figure up, pushing forward will nudge it down. Set the figure to about 10000 feet. The aircraft will raise its nose and start climbing On the HUD, you can see the Altitude figure changing, and the pointer on the clock, swinging clockwise around it (diagram 7.4) to know how to recover once the spin has started. Now look for the Approach Progress Indicator light (upper right on the panel), and wait for it to start flashing. When it does....... Hit Key - Cancel Autopilot Manoeuvre Flap is the "highest" flap setting, and as the name suggests its from A to B is not al all difficult, as any light-aircraft pilot will tell assistance from the autopilot. Simply flying an aircraft a short distance you - in many ways it`s less demanding than driving the same distance. of the HUD) is pointing above the horizon. Now hit the F8 key again, which lift for a given airspeed and will tolerate higher angles of attack before you have set up the camera angle to your liking, return to the cockpit to fly the aircraft back into shot. Selecting "restore Spectator view" will put you back at your chosen spot to watch the effect. If we tried to describe all the tricks you can play with Spectator view, it would rate a substantial chapter on its own. You`ll have to experiment for yourself and use your own imagination. WEAPONS CONVERSION ------------------ When a pilot under training has reached the stage where flying the aircraft to its safe limits does not demand 100% attention, it`s time to start clockwise from top left these are: current aircraft heading, Bearing to Autothrottle. There are many variations on the basic manoeuvre, and most Now use the Right Tab Function Select key to cycle through the available may find that you are willing to continue recovery procedures below this aircraft will pitch up and the airspeed will start to drop off. Watch the meaningful. Miss distances of greater than 500 feet will not be scored. now looking at the Navigator`s Panel. Though the panel and the pilot`s will do them no good at all. Close the throttle first, or you`ll just the aircraft stalls despite all their efforts, such systems will then do unfavourable angle we show the aircraft turning the longer rather than the needle or point the nose high in the air to climb to the glidepath, your the time taken to repair it. Manoeuvre Flap: 450 Knots IAS very easy to get disorientated or lose sight of yourself altogether..... You can repeat the comand as many times as you like, and cycle all the way parts of the flightplan manually you`ll have to advance the selected connected to the control surfaces of the wings and tail, which are moved but the weapons cannot be released unless one of the crew is holding down Autothrottle and disengage the AFDS, then start your turn. If you make it As on the Scroltable Map, figures are shown in the four corners of the PLN Diversion Within a Campaign or Command scenario, if you land away from your current base you will effectively lose the time taken to ferry your aircraft back the fourth marker on the scale of dots If you try some turns you should just level turns. Imagine a line running straight up from the centre of The idea of the Lift Vector is important for every kind of manoeuvre, not the HUD pointing in the same direction as the Lift Vector, so, that as the Damage designating aircraft must fly quite slowly at medium-to-high altitude in a winds rapidly down. Looking at the Pitch Ladder, you can see that whereas general direction of the runway. For details, see the section on you are inside the ILS coverage of an allied airfield and pointing in the across the HUD, then the pitch figures will start to fall again. The pitch bars will also help you to keep the wings level. The second point to remember is that the glideslope beam (the up and down off - and tells you so by sounding an alarm and flashing the you must land and bring the aircraft to a halt before you do this, or you really needs to. At the other, some Tornado pilots in the Gulf had very just a few aircraft lengths away. With modern look down fighter radars and types of manoeuvre. the bombs are thrown rather than dropped. The aircraft starts its attack sweep (check the Approach & Landing Emergencies data in the Aircrew SPILS, SPINS AND SPIN RECOVERY The Tornado, like all modern combat aircraft, has a sophisticated flight and gear at the appropriate times. remember to shut off Reheat once you have reached a comfortable speed (Slam wings are at maximum sweep (67o sweep). Hit the F2 key for Satellite View to see the aircraft from outside and above so that you can see what this The problem breaks down into two main sections: 1) Finding a runway to direction. notified need to descend faster than usual to stay on the glideslope. Rushing the you`ve either got to stop before, land after or swerve around the craters - far greater, but you will probably have sacrificed range or endurance. achieved their current high standard of agility. They are agile because suddenly becomes acute and every action is critical you must know the relative to these Zoom level and display origin will change automatically Local Map Now apply full sideways stick - the direction doesn`t matter. Suddenly the Beyond the Loop Instead you use it to alter the autopilots instructions and the autopilot hardened installations or major bridges, which must be hit with extreme the climb, but you started with a high speed, so you can carry on climbing Origin display (aircraft at the bottom, not in the middle) and look out for the letter T marking the position. When you get close, cancel the a tight turn you`ll lose a good deal of speed as well as staying closer to your reference point. If you think your speed is dropping ominously low, lower the nose a few degrees below the horizon, slacken off the turn a little, sweep the wings forward, put down manoeuvre flap, and if all else fails, throttle up. Having said all this, it`s a foregone conclusion that things will still go to you to decide when to pull the handle. You must decide for yourself Lower the nose slightly, and watch for the speed to start rising. As it reaches the correct figure, raise the nose again very slightly. If this leaves you below the glideslope refer to example 1. happens to be at that moment (unless it`s already a Spectator view), while Hit Key - Flaps Down Now hit the Sweep Forward key twice, to bring the wings to 25 sweep. As Keep an eye on the outside world and the Local Map so that you know when to stop the turn. Remember that it`s not good enough just to point the another`s weapons. On the way to and from the target, Tornado IDS will normally fly in widely spaced tactical formations, and its impossible to hold your place in the formation by eye. Absolutely precise timekeeping is a necessity if the mission flightplan is to stand any chance at all of surviving contact with reality. feet - no lower. You can see that the aircraft puts its nose down, the VSI one piece, under control, for long enough to allow you to manoeuvre to level and that won`t take long. When the engines flame out, zoom-climb the You can`t be killed or captured in the Simulator, in a 2-Player game, or under the Quickstart option. All other types of flying involve some degree of risk whether from flying accidents or enemy action Regardless of the outcome and the type of flight, your flying time will always be shown. Other information presented will depend heavily on the type of flight - the following list is not exhaustive, but most items should explain themselves. seconds. Eventually it will become automatic. When you've had enough, Perhaps most common of all is the option to "step outside.. your cockpit" the main runway, and of course there`s no ILS. Watch out for taxying aircraft on the taxiways and parked aircraft on the disused runways. In Throttle back a little. As the airspeed drops below the target, lower the 4 ON the glideslope, but speed HIGH slow the frame update rate. 5. Ground Radar Display (IDS only) Available only when the radar is on, and in Ground mode. This is a to retract the flaps well below the limiting speeds, and be ready to go back to mid-sweep if necessary. release the stick. Step 4. Watch the HUD Altimeter. As soon as it leaves 0 you`re off the ground You will also see the HUD VSI indicator rise to show that you're climbing Check the Airspeed to see that you`re still accelerating. If you are, hit the Landing Gear Switch to retract the undercarriage. Check the turn rates available by pulling +7.5 G as against pushing -3 G. large panels on the upper rear fuselage, are swung open to increase drag though several other aircraft also have this ability. The original GR1 aircraft hurling itself vertically upward will attract SAMs and AAA from still acting on the aircraft but it`s not falling. There`s another force (Heading) line on the Multi Function Display (MFD) screen. You should see steeper The faster you go, the more dramatic the effect becomes. then switch to Tracking View at the moment of weapon release. Positive G and G-LOC from the one on the wings right back panel in the back, which only Jettison External Tanks only system. This should probably be done with the Control+I key combination, You can see that the steeper the angle of bank, the harder you need to pull There is another Source of drag which can make it impossible for the probably find that the largest problem is the time lag in engine response required. motor to lift you and throw you far enough away that a) your parachute has exactly equal strength. This is the lift force generated by air flowing warning. It`s almost always possible to haul the aircraft back into the it or use it. the Autothrottle holding a sensible airspeed, you should arrive at the for many different purposes, provided that you don`t run out of airspeed or altitude When you`ve tried all these things, one at a time and in combination, you`ll have afar better grasp of what the aircraft can and Satellite view so you can see what this looks like. (45 sweep) position When the needle has finished moving, flip back to the should see the Wing Sweep Indicator needle move forward to the mid sweep recover as before, ensuring that you return to a steady speed no higher than about 500 knots. You should find that the stalling speed is of the shockwaves until you reach a higher speed. Tornado Short and medium range settings are available in both IDS and ADV Shift to the front cockpit view. By repeatedly hitting the MFD Function (diagram 7.14). Beyond this angle, the fraction of the Lift Vector which STARTING THE SIMULATOR stick this way. Because there is no way of reading how hard you`re pulling well. You should also take a look at the pairs of horizontal bars with turned down inner ends which appear in the wide central section of the HUD (diagram 7.2) These are called the Pitch Bars (collectively the Pitch centre of the screen, with the dotted line extending from there to the top. use manual delivery. In the light of this, use the method described above - ROLL to line up the Lift Vector and then PULL to point the nose for all but the smallest the aircraft will slowly sink (diagram 7.8). If the force acting up is When you arrive at an Approach Point in Track Mode, the AFDS will automatically engage Approach Mode, and the aircraft will start to follow the ILS beam down to the runway. From this point on, the procedure is exactly the same as for the Landing Practice sequence. Provided that you talking about is rolling inverted from level flight and THEN pulling back. professionals in special aircraft (or suicidal masochists). What I`m Obviously you need a fair amount of height before trying these variants. If you want to try it out, find a long stretch of level ground free from This may be tedious, but it`s not unsafe. If you land with the wind behind find yourself in the cockpit. Hit the Pause key. You are straight and autopilot Hit F8, which turns on the AFDS (Autopilot and Flight Director arming switch is on - if you want to change package or delivery mode you From the Main Screen, select Flight, then Simulator. From the Simulator When you push the control stick forward from the central position you first shorten the Lift Vector, and then reverse its direction. When the length of the Lift Vector is reduced to nothing, the G-meter reads zero and you and the aircraft go into free fall. When the Lift Vector extends down The reason isn`t all that hard to understand. If an aircraft was flying the heading figure start increasing towards 360 (at which point it snaps intended to help you manoeuvre rather than land. This flap setting was chosen as an acceptable trade off between the benefit of lift and the penalty of drag. If you`re below the limiting speed for Manoeuvre Flap you can use it to turn more tightly than you can with the flaps fully up, and the extra drag is hardly worth worrying about. This boost to the landing, it isnt difficult beat this figure either. But at maximum weight, the absolute limit is one fifth of that - 4 feet per second. This is a far more difficult condition but it involves using a lot of different controls in quick succession. It The currently selected waypoint is shown highlighted, and is normally one Scrollable Map, you can select and highlight it by hitting the T key. To deselect the ToO waypoint, use the key combination Control+T, which will flying in the right direction to make a straight-in approach. There will The original "smart" bomb. This is actually another special kit fitting for a standard bomb carcase, providing a nose assembly containing the laser seeker and control surfaces, and a tail with flip-out cruciform wings in conjunction with the launching aircraft`s TIALD system. The navigator This series of tests should have convinced you of a number of things: Releases the drop tanks on your inboard pylons to save weight and drag. If the tanks are empty then you improve performance and range at the expense of losing re-usable tanks, the supply of which is not infinite. If the tanks still contain fuel then the relative performance improvement will be This may prevent you from completing your mission, or returning from it that it would take an extremely large parachutes to do very much for a AUTOMATED LANDINGS Landing is the most difficult of ordinary flight manoeuvres, but the Tornados AFDS can do a great deal to make it easier. In order to achieve a successful landing, you must do the following four things in this order: land on, and 2) Setting up to approach it from a sensible direction and the TF system, provided that you trust it and know its limitations. Semi-automatic and Manual landings later in this chapter. If you can afford a good long roll after touchdown, you can mitigate the zoom and track adjust is available. Just prior to impact, air to ground What better way to approach a target than alongside your weapon? Again weapons will switch to a plan view to help assess accuracy of delivery. mission and its outcome will completely disappear from the record. while the Autothrottle cuts in maximum thrust and still can`t keep up. then enter a steep hard turn, you will see the Airspeed start to decay, air to-air combat manoeuvres, it does have a practical use if you want to lot of speed quickly - even more effective than the Airbrakes. There is one more corollary of the relationship between lift and drag. If fairly straight line for twenty to thirty seconds in order to keep its learning how to fight. The RAF call this phase of training Weapons ALTITUDE TAS IAS MACH MACH 1 (speed of sound) is: The amber and green Jettison lights illuminate to confirm separation. software the stored flightplan consists of a sequence of waypoints and the For comparison you can call up the MFD ILS display by using the D key (MFD Landings Crosswinds STALLING SPEED LOWEST MEDIUM HIGHEST Conversion. There are two very different subjects to cover: ground attack Once you`ve got the knack. If you`re going for a straight-in approach This option allows you to hop outside and watch your aircraft from a fixed 25000 500 334 0.83 602 403 possible - the flaps are actually trapped inside the slot. Conversely, from a fighter or a missile, and is generally called "unloading", but if Watch the Gear Indicator lights to make sure it does come down and lock. wrong for you, as long as the enemy refuses to cooperate. So what then? but flying upside- down, just roll it upright again. Missions, select "Landing Practice". Having clicked on "Commit" you will Hit Key - Flaps Down mid sweep, the full-flap setting is unavailable because the extending flaps the Aircrew Notes for the figures to use in unusual cases. Semi-automatic Approaches - Summing up TRN versus TFR sand-dunes were effectively invisible to the radar! the last decade or more, cruise missiles have used stored digital relief maps to provide a cross-check on their navigation and to enable them to fly accurately at extremely low level. This is Terrain-Referenced Navigation - TRN. The guidance system uses radar briefly and discreetly to capture an Once you`ve been introduced to the full capabilities of the aircraft`s a percentage. Stalling speed for the Tornado depends on 1) Wind Sweep 5000 500 464 0.77 650 603 stick to your flightplan and you can handle the last seconds of touchdown, landing should not be too much of a problem. In the next chapter, we will look at how to set up a landing anywhere you like, and do it manually. means that you reached the cockpit by way of the Mission Planner), the "OK" ALARM is probably the most capable and sophisticated missile of its type time in minutes and seconds before you reach the selected waypoint at your unique to the Tab displays. This is the view from a steerable downward looking camera system on the underside of the aircraft. It is not available when the aircraft is on the ground, because the lenses must be protected from debris thrown up by the landing gear. It is also unavailable when roll or pitch attitudes are extreme. When the view is not available a large diagonal cross fills the display. collapse on one wing but not the other, leaving an uncontrollable aircraft the Ride Height figure, which can be set to 1500, 1000, 750, 500, 400, 300 beginning to find it too easy. Function Select key to bring up the AFDS display which is not available on position where you will see a small aircraft symbol. Wait a few seconds and you will see the symbol move up the screen as it tracks your position. If you didn`t notice the airspeed reading when the stall occurred, try it time to deploy before you hit the ground and b) with any luck you won`t diagram 8.11 ). If this happens, the AFDS will turn itsell off and sound a any other waypoint which is selected). When the Bearing symbol is lined up with the vertical "lubber line" you`re pointing straight at the waypoint, direction to stay there. To stay in the centre of the localiser beam (the Alt key, the map will centre itself on the waypoint again. Clicking the this hoop. See diagram 8.8A for a full schematic. The Delivery Modes aircraft`s departures from the commanded flightpath and makes minor adjustments of the control surfaces to correct them before the pilot even When an airfield is built the designers do their best to line up the main currently in service (the US Tacit Rainbow project had even more ambitious aims, but died the death of a thousand budget cuts). Like any other anti radiation missile ALARM homes on the transmissions of enemy ground radars (EWR, search, SAM or AAA radars, for example) in order to destroy them, but Medium 210 202 183 165 Heavy 248 240 221 203 noticeably lower than it was at full sweep, but the behaviour of the Alpha meter looks much the same it rises as the speed falls off and the nose rises, and the stall occurs not long after it reaches a point just beyond also find that the aircraft manoeuvres more. crisply and turns faster than it did at full sweep. Set Autothrottle and reduce your speed to about 350 knots indicated. Hit the W key again to sweep the wings all the way forward to 25 sweep. Go through the stall routine again and you will find that the stalling speed has dropped once more. Turns will reveal that the aircraft feels even more nimble than it did at mid sweep. . The further forward the wings are swept, the lower the stalling speed. it sets the autothrottle speed setting to stalling speed plus a percentage. remember roughly which way it is from your current position (remember, the map rotates so that your aircraft is always flying straight up the screen). modest or timid people, will manoeuvre more cautiously when the ground is level and pulls up hard away from the ground, then automatically disengages Full Flap Yes No No all they can to keep the aircraft stable till it regains flying speed. The system which provides this extra safeguard in the Tornado is called SPILS, standing for Spin Prevention and Incidence Limitation System. the flightplan currently stored in the aircraft`s navigation system, the for obstacles. The vertical scale of the E-Scope remains the same, but the active runway (the one you want to use) is shown in a contrasting colour. When you bring the airfield on screen you will be able to see that the you want to make a course change. Waypoints which are part of the stored flightplan are labelled in alphabetical order from A to O, with the letters 1. AFDS / Autothrottle Status Display just have to live with the crosswind component. A crosswind component at Raise the nose a little till the speed starts to drop. Wait till you`re new speed. If this leaves you above the glideslope, deal with the problem as in example 2. *** End Of Part II *** 25 Sweep 45 Sweep 67 Sweep through a complete hands-on exercise with each weapon and mode in turn. you can apply to any other view mode to achieve cinematic effects. When you select Spectator view, the viewpoint is "frozen" in space wherever it the action carries on. top to bottom of the display. Base Origin mode allows you to see further displays, Target of Opportunity waypoints how to use AFDS Track mode and image of the landscape, and then compares this with the stored maps to find they are unstable; a small control surface movement can produce a radical see it - so every possible effort should be made to avoid drawing his Now you`re below the limiting speed for Mid Flap. This will have a large Because the Tornado has variable sweep wings there is one more constraint Heavy case: 60000lb / 27200kg - Near maximum take-off weight looks like. Go back to the Front Cockpit and hit the W key once. You You will be notified if you touched down heavily, and the aircraft may be performed manually. displayed, click on the large triangular "Flight" icon, which will divide may notice some vibration. Reference section first!). Try a landing with the engines at idle thrust Because the GR4`s navigation system holds a digital terrain map, and always trick. We then cover Terrain Following, the full range of navigation aircraft but only the ADV radar offers the long-range setting. Allied and the aircraft weight and configuration. The aircraft should start to slow down. DEBRIEF speeds. You can put the aircraft on the ground much faster for yourself - the wind, subtracting its speed from your own, the approach will take TAKING OFF troubles are almost over! . The further forward the wings are swept, the better the aircraft turns. The conclusion is obvious - if you`re flying slowly, or you need to turn as tightly as possible, sweep the wings forward. You can reduce the stalling speed even more by lowering the Flaps as well, but we`ll come to that later. So why bother with sweeping the wings back, if the aircraft flies better and more safely with the wings forward? Let`s demonstrate. the aircraft is built to tolerate about as much as the body and not much more. What good would it do if the aircraft survived in conditions where LIMITING SPEED LOWEST MEDIUM HIGHEST Mach Number continuously ejected in a stream. When the runway-penetrators reach the Pull the aircraft up into a near vertical climb and take your hands off the review the flightplan and try again, or leave using the Exit button. original heading, but several thousand feet higher. Obviously you could and level, but they give you vital information. Among other things they later, in detail. Packages are created at the Mission Planning stage, either when you plan an excellent reason to avoid this practice, the other is that its a slow way The drill for adjusting your speed to stay on schedule might go something different times. Shockwaves are constantly forming and collapsing in a in that it has no aileron control surfaces on the wings, moving the tail There`s a Simulator exercise called "Crosswind Landing Practice" which you accuracy. But even so, the calculated position "drifts" over time. It small corrections this is a perfectly valid method, but pushing forward to Function Select) to cycle through the possible displays. Here the ILS slews and zooms his camera view to place the aiming crosshairs on the attention. What you choose for your control stick will obviously depend upon whats available and your own preference, but if you have any form of analogue kneepad options, you switch the settings by pressing the number key (from the horizontal row on top of the typewriter keypad - NOT the numeric keypad) corresponding to the number of the item - in this case, the 7 key. Each press advances the setting through the range available. These keys for some time before the speed falls to a dangerously low figure. current position at a fixed point on the screen. Check that the right make the Lift Vector 7.5 times as long as the Gravity Vector, we say that you`re pulling 7.5 G. You and the aircraft are experiencing 7.5 times the is to be able to recover while losing the absolute minimum of height. It Once you understand what causes a stall and how to recover from it, the aim current weight, the reading should generally be somewhere between 8 and Look up Left Tab Function Select and Right Tab Function Select (probably the [and] keys), which are used to cycle each screen through its range of displays. Some of these are unique to the Tab displays, and some are the Local Map on the right Tab display, you will find that the MFD will not never have the same display on Both Tabs at the same time. Use the MFD the Tab screens (remember that you wont see this unless the AFDS or the Autothrottle are engaged). This will ensure that the full range of Tab In the bottom left corner of each of the three displays is a green light compare them with your starting values. And don`t forget that you`ll need to reopen the throttle! and landing run. Setting your Approach Speed open and push the control stick forward (you`re trying to accelerate to attack, but target designation and the release of the bombs can only be need to understand the nature of each weapon, when and why to use it, and two major reasons why this is not a good habit to develop Negative G rising out of the seat and hanging in your straps, dust and loose objects GP bombs, retarded bombs, BL755 and laser guided bombs (unguided) can all This is done by clicking on one of the two buttons in the lower part of the but will always start with either "OK" or "Cancel". When you were flying under a log identity you created yourself, provided that you did not abort the flight one button will show OK Log Flight" and the other will show "Cancel Do Not Log". Be sure that you understand the consequences before Taking off is a far simpler manoeuvre than landing, you`ll be glad to hear, also helps if you have some idea of how to fly once you`re in the air and if you`ve followed through the exercises this far, now you do. To get off the ground and stay in the air you`ll need fo know something about the following controls and instruments: (look them up in the Control Summary and fhe Aircrew Notes) the beam you can engage the AFDS in Approach mode, but if you`re crossing 0 500 500 0.76 661 661 into three parts. Click on the part marked "Simulator" and you will be presented with the Mission Selection Screen. Click on the first choice in the list, marked "IDS - Free Flight - Airborne" and a window will appear, giving details and showing two buttons. Click on the one marked "Confirm". After a pause for loading, you`ll find yourself in the air. When you leave the Debrief Screen, you may find yourself on any one of a wide variety of screens, depending on the nature and the outcome of your flight Quickstart flights threshold. The coverage of these two beams defines a square wedge with one the map position centred on the screen (marked by the small fixed cross), make no difference to the flying qualities of the aircraft - its flying the produced. to touch down with the wings in any other sweep position unless the sweep Summary). As the name suggests, this uses the entire screen area to the same place on the screen, but you have two Map Origin Modes giving some You can`t usually suspend operations altogether because the wind isnt 10000 500 430 0.78 638 549 run a good way out from the target, and while it is still miles away it precise point he wants to hit, which is illuminated by the laser designator lift means zero drag! Unfortunately drag comes in many flavours and the It`ll take a lot of practice in the Simulator before you can do this also reselect the previously selected flightplan waypoint. Up to now we`ve more or less ignored the influence that wind speed and direction has on landing, but in the real world it`s a major safety issue. The "Landing Practice" Simulator exercise gives you still air, which is a if the AFDS fails or the airfield ILS system is bombed out. The sophistication of the Tornado systems means that there is an easy The simplest and best one available is the idea of the Lift Vector. to generate any useful quantity of lift. This is the STALL condition, where the aircraft stops flying and starts falling. At this point you lose most flight control because there just isnt enough air flowing over the control surfaces to make them effective. If the aircraft is left to its own devices at this point, the nose will drop, the aircraft will accelerate as it falls, and it will usually regain flying speed within a few seconds. This is fine if nobody`s shooting at you, and you can afford to lose the height. If you can`t (for example, at 200 feet while approaching to land), it can be lethal. So you must know how to avoid stalling if possible" and how to handle the situation if not. Do this once, for the moment, to lower Manoeuvre Flap. You will see the Flap/Slat position indicators droop to the first position. The aircraft will zoom-climb to a high altitude, losing speed rapidly. At delivery mode available. Others, like GP bombs, offer several options. trajectory a laser guided attack. Some weapons, like JP.233, have only one When you start your attack run and flip the "arm air to ground weapon" Quite apart from the fact that it can`t be guaranteed to prevent you from the wings back again (usually the S key). Now set the Autothrottle for chaotic pattern, causing turbulance and shaking the aircraft. If you had Available on the back seat MFD at all times, but only at night on the Front Panel. Displays a normal full-colour image in daytime, and an image - intensified view at night. When used in the front cockpit it may visibly synthetic composite display combining digital map data and radar returns. Returns from objects not found in the map database are shown as bright dots the Local Map Display it is less demanding when the range setting is short, Flaps Up twice. You`ll see the Flap Position Indicator rise from Mid flap available for ground-based weapons to be aimed and fired. Anti-aircraft longer and you`ll need a lower rate of descent than you would in still air. wings fully forward, you will find that the AFDS wants to set the Approach Vector, then the force acting up is less than the force acting down, and manual throttle control, the engine RPM and reheat settings stay at the straight ahead to about 2000 feet. When you get there, hit the F9 key to manoeuvre in ordinary flying, but the Tornado autopilot can give you a lot of help. Mainly it takes practice to get it right - and you can practice in the simulator, where you can learn from your mistakes rather than die from them. Quick Cockpit Tour The aircraft will fly itself straight and level quite happily, but just to be on the safe side, before you do anything else let`s turn on the System) in its Altitude and Heading Hold mode, which means that the aircraft will continue on in a straight line unless you tell it otherwise. A green light on the panel illuminates to tell you the AFDS has control. The yellow light beside it means that the Autothrottle is already engaged. Until you tell it otherwise, this system will throttle the engines up and At the moment, you`re seeing the view from the pilot`s seat in the front cockpit, looking forwards. The lower part of the screen is occupied by the Front Panel the outside world is visible above, through and past the HUD (Head up Display), the HUD support brackets and the canopy frames. Hit and hold the Look Left Key, and you`re looking out of the left side of the cockpit. Release the key and you`re looking forward again. The Look Right aircraft flying straight and level, but the bombsight systems will handle Strictly speaking, a laydown delivery means releasing the bombs with the controls. These allow you to swing your viewpoint around your aircraft in either direction, quickly or slowly, to give you a full 360 outside view. weight as possible. Jettison Tanks and Offensive Stores they present to men and vehicles. it is far more resourceful than most Repair chances of landing safely without ILS assistance are very slim. The MFD and HSI displays) because in the worst of weather conditions your cross, and a larger open cross appears off centre This will always happen can see the Warning Panel (lower right), with the flashing light telling aircraft`s handling is mainly useful in air combat. The Tornado was not designed as a world beating air superiority fighter it`s not possible for any one aircraft to do everything well - and its strengths lie in other areas. As a result, most purpose- built fighters can out turn if in many to narrow the gap in capability. See the Weapons Conversion chapter for without banking) when control is lost, a complex combination of 3. Local Map Display should now be in a stable approach, descending smoothly toward the runway. Heavier = Faster = Scarier The aircraft weight affects your landing in two important ways. First the Starting with the aircraft flying level at about 5000 feet with 25 sweep at about 400 knots under Autothrottle. Check that you know how to sweep To handle the second situation (unwanted acceleration in a dive) use the Airbrakes. Look it up in the Control Summary but in most machines the key bring the wings to 25 sweep first, because it is extremely difficult to you may be in trouble. air, which is itself moving over the ground as the wind blows. To take a Selecting Exit from there will give you the choice of quitting the program. Ladder) and each is marked with an angle in degrees, at 10o intervals. At Hit Key - Wheelbrakes accelerate again. By the time you reach these speeds, you can apply the Laydown (SMD shows LAY) like the Tornado, but a stiff crosswind will make a large difference to and air combat. In this chapter we`ll also be looking at how to use the Tornado`s radar in both its air and ground modes, and the Radar Warning Receiver. In the process we`ll be considering a variety of tactical and If your mission included planned targets, you will be informed whether or . Throttle Control, Engine Instruments . Wheelbrakes Switch and Indicator is crucial to be able to do this if you stall while taking off or landing. autothrottle in order to arrive exactly on time at your first en route The end result is that you`re still at the correct approach speed, and you`re descending more slowly than you were. 2 Speed correct, but ABOVE the glideslope If you now look at the HUD and the outside world, you should see that two The TF sysfem is smart and trustworthy, but it does have limits. The itself a margin of error below the set Ride Height, and flashes the B risk 4. Having touched down, you must slow the aircraft so that you can turn off the runway, or stop, before overrunning the end. general direction of the selected waypoint; if it`s pointed away (e.g. the Pitch Bars on the HUD are the easiest visual references to use for this -------------- your gear up, it`s hard to think of a more humiliating way to end an otherwise successful mission than to land perfectly and then run the the most powerful fighters, the Tornado cannot stand on its tail and The first essential for looping the aircraft is enough airspeed. Unlike don`t want to stall if you can avoid it. We would suggest that you start with an airspeed of about 450 knots IAS. If you have height to spare you back to 0), and the aircraft will start manoeuvering to follow. Set the and slow you down. If you look at the Airbrake Position Indicator (lower left on the Panel) you`ll see a needle flick in and out as you deploy and close the Airbrakes. This technique will work for moderate dive angles, but there is a limit to the effect. If you think about it, you can see 45000 lb. (22000 Kg.) aircraft in a vertical dive! Looks like a plain bomb, though less well streamlined is actually a casing for many smaller bombs (submunitions). After dropping, the case splits open at a preset height (set at 150 feet in Tornado) and ejects the submunitions in a dense cloud. If properly delivered, a salvo of four will devastate all but the hardest targets in a "footprint" perhaps 100 feet across by 300 feet long. This is the weapon of choice against groups of vehicles or parked aircraft. Its main drawback is that it must be pitch bars will move faster down the HUD). When the indicator shows that wings forward to the 25 setting; you`ll see the pitch rate increase (the But what can I do about it? . Control Stick (Joystick/Keyboard) they werent the bombsight would lose its accuracy because different weapons Don`t forget that while you`re off trying to crater the enemy`s runways he process. If you`re at all uncertain about how to fly Tornado, this is the place to can`t do. Everything you can learn from these exercises will benefit you stick back until you`re pitched up about 8-12 according to the HUD Pitch Bars, from just below to just above fhe first bar above the horizon. Now Gear Indicator which should change from three green lights (gear locked down) to three reds (not locked down or up), and finally go out altogether (locked up). If you`re not accelerating, you`ve got the nose too high - push it down a little carefully! side resting on the ground and the point at the runway threshold. To avoid your being misled by weak and possibly distorted signals, there is a sharp Any higher weights, this obviously means that you touch down at higher and either the engines must produce more thrust or the aircraft will slow . HUD Airspeed lndicator. Altimeter, VSL, Pitch Bars . Landing Gear Switch and Indicator . Flaps Up Switch and Flap Position Indicator at 67o sweep: Mach 2.20 You can switch the HUD airspeed indication from knots IAS to Mach number or back using Alt H. Here are some figures to give you some idea of the relationship between True Air Speed, Indicated Air Speed and Mach number at From the Simulator Mission Selection Screen, select the Nav Exercise option you`ve reached the target speed you`ll hear a rumbling, buffeting noise and know that your speed is dangerously low in fact, with wings fully swept carrying on a short distance, then pulling back into a loop. Wait until the nose is pointing back at the target and then roll upright for another pass. Tactically this is a bad idea on two grounds: 1 ) making a second pass on a defended target is probably the cause of more combat aircraft losses than any other single mistake. and 2) a single miles around. But it`s good exercise and good fun, and the mental exercise involved in keeping track of which way it is to the target, which ever way detailed advice on Air Combat Manoeuvering (ACM). nautical miles (to runway midpoint) and Time to go in minutes and seconds. Use the AS in Altitude and Heading Hold mode to set the aircraft u in Everything will be exactly as it was just before you took off, so you can "No Spot" The bomb wasn"t seen Presumably you didn"t drop it able to land and stop short on a damaged runway can save you and your very last minute unless you have speed or altitude to burn. pulling back gently on the stick, until you can see the rate of descent start to slow down. Try to avoid going back up! Because of the large size, this map covers a larger area and offers better how to deliver it. First we`ll look at the list of air to-ground weapons for a Single Mission, or hand-crafted by yourself using the Mission Planner and of course it can be used from the back cockpit without visible impact to eject at low speed (up to 300 knots, say) at a moderate altitude (say As a simple exercise and demonstration of the use of flap for manoeuvre, go to the Simulator and call up the "Free Flight (Airborne)" mission. Lets Key does exactly the same on the other side. possibly notice some vibration. When you do, sweep the wings back to the mid sweep position and the buffeting should stop. not, but if you`re landing without power you won`t be able to afford the Purely visual landings are actually far easier than manual ILS approaches. (like an ILS approach) you`ll usually find that it`s best to start closer to the airfield and higher than usual. This will improve your view of the runway, and it will also mean that you can fly most of the approach with the throttle more or less closed, using brief bursts of power to stretch can speed up your acceleration by means of a shallow dive, but beware... when it comes to Air Combat Manoeuvering width of the display, this means in effect is that the slopes start to look sweep is unavailable if the flaps are in any position except fully up. There are automatic interlocks to prevent you from doing these things. One on the frame rate. 6. Air Radar Display display showing aircraft detected in a fan-shaped volume in front of your Enemy aircraft are distinguished by different symbols, and the display can be used to designate targets in air combat. Air Radar is covered in detail may see a green diagonal cross substituted for the normal display. The MFD So far we`ve used the AFDS in Attitude/Heading Acquire, Terrain Follow and Desperate Measures: Skipping Waypoints The most convenient way to do this is by using the "System" command available from the Options button. Alternatively, you can use the Exit button to step back through successive screens to the Main Screen. For the moment, all you`re going to do is learn to use the AFDS to fly the time aircraft will be able to take off and land directly into wind. 3. Local Map Display One of the waypoints shown on the Tab PLN display is highlighted. This is which only ever illuminates on one display at a time. This light is used to show which display currently has use of the mouse as an input device, and pressing the Select Active Display key (probably T) will switch the mouse from one display to the next in a continuous cycle. For the moment, When you`ve had enough of looking at tailpipes, try the "adjust tracking" The "reset" option will position you behind the aircraft again and for good 3. Just before the aircraft touches down you must "flare" raising the nose and/ or throttling up to reduce the rate of descent to a figure the gear legs and tyres can take comfortably. simple to use; just move to the back seat, call up the PLN display if it`s Once you`ve returned to the forward view, hit the Back Cockpit key. You`re ejector seat block the view forward, you can use the Look Left and Right keys to see out - and you can also call up various camera views on the then hit the key again and you`re looking up and forward. Hit it again to land with a head-wind rather than a tail wind. But whatever you do, you`ll unless absolutely necessary. Having said that there`s no way to avoid one ALARM has many different operating modes, some of which are classified but we have implemented two which seem most characteristic and useful. One is suspected targets before you reach them or they see you. When the target is reached, the missile will zoom-climb to a point high above it, shut down its rocket motor (if it`s still burning) and deploy a parachute. It then though the turn can and will get faster. If you want the absolute maximum flight, and you will be returned to the Mission Planner to fight the next round. If your pilot lost Active status, the campaign will end and you`ll with mid flap selected you can`t sweep back beyond mid sweep, and full will be considered to have aborted the flight, and you will not be allowed to log it. No matter how you started a flight, at the end of every one you`ll see the Debrief Screen. This will summarise your performance, and the exact data in the TIALD system. The seeker in the nose of the LGB "sees" the spot of reflected laser light and tilts the bomb`s nose control surfaces to steer (c) Remote view different altitudes (see table opposite). As you reach about 500 feet you`ll notice that the E Scope (the display above and to the left of the MFD) is starting to show an undulating green the ground directly ahead of the aircraft, shown relative to the fixed mark tell you which way is up, and whether the aircrafts nose is pointing at the ground or into the sky. If you look back up at the HUD and the outside world, you`ll see that the aircraft has rolled banked - to an angle of about 45, and the figures on the heading strip are sliding across as the heading changes. You can also see that the bars of the Pitch Ladder are at an angle on the HUD they`ve stayed parallel with the horizon outside - and they always do. Notice that the turned down inner ends of the ladder bars point down at the ground - the wings have stopped moving, hit Flaps Down once to select Manoeuvre Flap RPM) You can cope with the first situation (the climb) either by climbing at a gentle angle which the engines can sustain (generally less than 20 nose up) or by accelerating to a high speed in level flight before pulling back into a steep climb (a "zoom climb"). In this case you will lose speed in will be Backspace. While you hold this key down, the Airbrakes, which are Manoeuvre Drag Autothrottle to maintain its target speed, and this is the drag caused by manoeuvering. When you pull back hard on the stick you are forcing the try it again or go back to the drawing board, whichever seems better. you choose to log the flight. From the Main Screen select Flight, and then the Simulator On the Mission Selection Screen, choose the option "Free Flight (from runway)". You will Tornado automates almost all of this Taking off is a little more complex, The laser guided bombs are normally released in level flight at over 20000 (there shouldn`t be any, but there often are) rise from the floor and runway. If you`re off the centreline, line the aircraft up to cross it a wings to generate a large amount of lift, but it is impossible to do this try flying loops: they`re a useful starting point for many more useful could learn to land most aircraft in the real world. at 25o sweep: Mach 0.73 runway as all you will get is a close-up of the underside of the fuselage. Once you become accustomed to visual, manual landings you`ll probably find as much as five feet would be a very poor performance. Within a Campaign or Command scenario, an aircraft will be unavailable for Targets land at another airfield altogether. Let`s look at how to do this for want but DONT move it. Setting up for a Loop The Thrust Reverser buckets close over your engine nozzles and divert If you scroll away over the map and lose track of your current position you the AFDS MFD display and the ALT status will change to 1500 RIDE (maintain put the AFDS into Terrain Follow (TF) mode. You`ll see the mode change on a Ride Height of 1500 feet). If you look at the HUD altimeter, you`ll see The aircraft should continue stably and smoothly down the approach, hands off since everthing is already set up. Watch the HUD Altimeter as you approach the runway threshold, and as the figure reaches 50 feet, start Ideally, you will descend most of the way to the runway fairly rapidly, and take just the last ten feet or so more slowly. As the main gear touches down (you should hear and see the thump, as well as the 0 reading on the HUD altimeter), release the stick and... a time. (from runway) option Until you can fly accurately to schedule, you`re nothing but a menace on a multi-aircraft mission. Provided that you understand what the ILS display is telling you, and you At any time when the aircraft is not banked beyond 60o you may re-engage switched on most of the time you`re flying. All the more important, then, Now let`s look at what happens when the aircraft banks (diagram 7.11). The without also generating a large amount of drag (though the proportion of drag to lift varies with the wing sweep setting - see later). If you set the aircraft up in level flight at a constant speed under Autothrottle and drag due to lift is not the only form of drag affecting the aircraft, but Finally, turn off the Autothrottle. You`ll see why in a minute. back the Tornado would quite possibly have stopped flying and started little difference between a steep hard turn and a hard climb or dive: the the line represents the strength of the force. Look at diagram 7.6. Here is an aircraft stopped dead in mid air. The only force acting on it is the The trouble is that your wing only generates lift when air is flowing smoothly round it on both surfaces. If the Angle of Attack increases too the line and the arrowhead shows the direction of the force. The length of force of gravity, so we draw a vector straight down towards the ground that`s the way the force will act. Let`s say that the length of this line sensor, from an infra-red system to the human eye. The later the aircraft on the left-hand side of the display As the aircraft moves, the ground profile shown in the E-Scope scrolls in on the right and out on the left. This data the TF system is using to decide whether it must climb to clear a AIR-TO-GROUND This degree of accuracy makes laser-guided bombs the ideal weapon against precision to cause more than superficial damage. The downside is that the designator on the target till the bomb hits, and if there is cloud in the reliably. To make your initial attempts easier, use a higher approach speed than normal This will give you more margin for error. You`ll to throttle changes, and aircraft response to the change in thrust. For this reason it`s best to try to avoid large changes of throttle setting large throttle movement: your first action in the Simulator Landing display. Because this display rotates to keep your aircraft pointing up shorter way round towards the runway. Once you`ve acquired experience and confidence you won`t have to do it this way all the time, but as diagram 8.9D shows, it gives you far more space and time to line up. As you approach waypoint T, call up the Local Map on the MFD, select Base aircraft at the airfield; you`ve got to be more or less in line with the fair distance out (see diagram 8.10). If you do this even halfway right, you should see the HUD switch mode as you enter ILS coverage. Your like this - you may want to use the Pause key to stay ahead of the waypoints are normally selected in automatic sequence, though you can straight and level flight at an altitude of at least 000 feet, with the autothrottle at about 00-450 knots. When you`ve done this, turn the Autothrottle off by hitting a, but leave the autopilot engaged. Look in your Control Summary and find the throttle "Slam Shut" and "Slam Open" opposes the Gravity Vector can never be long enough to cancel it entirely, rate of turn, you bank to 90o and pull as hard as you can, but you have to let`s put you in control of it. If you look at the Multi-Function Display (MFD) screen in the centre of the instrument panel, you`ll see that this is either directly by the pilot`s muscles, or by a servo system which uses hydraulics to boost muscle power. In more sophisticated aircraft like the Tornado, the pilot`s controls are not directly connected to the control surfaces. Instead, the pilot uses the controls to tell the flight control system what he wants the aircraft to do and the flight control system then decides for itself how to move the control surfaces in order to carry out the pilot`s command. in the Weapons Conversion chapter, but here we`ll talk about using the ToO Approach modes. Track mode is the "smartest" mode of all, and the one you`ll use most often operationally. In Track mode the aircraft will automatically follow the stored flightplan, flying itself from waypoint to Initially there will be no lights, then three reds as the gear travels, throttle. All you will have to do is deploy alrbrakes, wing sweep, flaps Full-Screen Moving Map can try out. You`ll find that in order to fly a straight line down the in the way of extra hardware. In a steady spin the Airspeed Indicator will show a very low figure, far further ahead of the bomb by the time it hits the ground (see diagram At ground level Indicated Air Speed is exactly the same as True Air Speed Medium case: 45000lb / 20400kg - No external stores" full internal fuel Disadvantages targets of opportunity. The HUD provides a bombsight, but aiming and work the same way in all view modes. Now select the control device you accelerates, you will hear and / or see buffeting, which will disappear if flaps all the way and then set 165-180 knots. Just be aware that this speeds involved in flying an approach. However, it is actually easier to Laser-Guided (SMD shows LGB) find yourself in the Mission Planner. If this is your first take-off, just Autothrottle are engaged. Engaging either will automatically select this reverse this convention. Think in terms of controlling speed by raising when you enter range of an ILS system if the HUD is in nav mode (ie not a green light should go out Congratulations, you`ve just switched off the induced Loss Of Consciousness. The G stands for Gravity - but here its up you are, is invaluable if you lack experience. If you start pulling up sooner rather than later after passing over your chosen target, you will you keep it up for too long you'll dive into the ground. We should also point out that negative lift unfortunately does not imply negative drag! STALLING Several times above you will have seen the caution; don`t let the aircrafts speed drop too low, or it will stop flying. Now we`re going to show you what happens next and why. Since stalling behaviour is so heavily related to airspeed, we`ll start by explaining just what we mean by Gravity Vector always points straight down, but the Lift Vector rolls with Ejection display. Clockwise from top left these are: current aircraft heading, bearing of the selected waypoint, range (in nautical miles) to the selected waypoint and (when appropriate) time to reach it at current speed You`ve just run into what are called compressibility effects - the fringes of what used to be called the Sound Barrier. Though the aircraft as a whole is nowhere near the speed of sound yet, the airflow over parts of the have grown more severe, and eventually aircraft would become uncontrollable and / or shake itself to pieces. The the wings back delays the formation Now set the Autothrottle to a higher speed, say 550 knots, not forgetting to adjust wing sweep as necessary and try to find some more hills. As the aircraft`s speed increases, so the TF system needs to look further ahead horizontal scale changes to compress a greater distance into the fixed more realistic (though still extreme) example, an aircraft flying directly Hit/Hold Key - Airbrakes The Tornado IDS was built to deliver the largest practical load of the cheapest, simplest weapons as accurately as possible regardless of weather and visibility. You may well be surprised at how accurately simple "dumb" If you`re following a properly made flightplan and nothing goes wrong en and commit. This will take you to the Mission Planner, where you should be There`s no way of reducing the stick force short of releasing the key configuration. Step 5. Watch the HUD Airspeed Indicator. When you reach 215 knots, hit Variations: The cost, weight and bulk of computer memory have changed enormously for the better since then, the quality and quantity of digital map data have also been drastically improved, and the processing power now available can be used to analyse and present more data, more usefully, in less time. Using AFDS Track Mode with stored flightpaths be returned to the Log screen to choose another pilot. If you want to save the situation to continue later, you can do this by selecting Exit from the Mission Planner. This will return you to the Mission selection Screen, where you will automatically be presented with the option of saving the current state. This is your only chance to save - intermediate stage between a fully automatic and a fully manual landing. In this type of approach we`ll use the ILS (Instrument Landing System) as a manual steering cue, and leave speed management to the Autothrottle. First let`s look at the ILS system in detail. Your aircraft's ILS displays are This is the normal use of Track mode. Whether it`s supplied ready- made able to see a preset flightplan on the map. When you know how to use the Mission Planner you`ll be able to change this to suit yourself, but for the moment just click on the button marked Take Off, which is on the right hand side of the screen. When you arrive in the cockpit, take off and climb straight ahead to an altitude of at least 200 feet, not forgetting to raise gear and flaps. When you reach 200 feet, hit F7 to engage Track Mode. Let the aircraft sweep, the normal cruise configuration. On the MFD AFDS display you should be able to see all the data we've explained above, and one more line will When the mission flightplan is created, most of the waypoints are tagged selected waypoint which has a set time-of-arrival, the navigation systems continuously calculate a predicted time-of arrival on the basis of your later. For the moment the important thing is to give you an idea of the forward to point the nose at it? For small corrections, yes, but there are level at 4000 feet ASL heading towards a runway. Just outside ILS (Instrument Landing System) range, with autothrottle set at 450 knots and wings at 45 sweep. The HUD shows the standard nav display. Now set the autothrottle for about 600 knots. Once again as the aircraft you sweep the wings back all the way to 67o. You can now accelerate past the speed of sound (Mach 1) all the way to the limits of the aircraft`s performance at the current altitude before you will experience any further buffeting. needs to be checked by the navigator at intervals, and brought back into line with reality In the GR4 this realignment is performed by TRN, using last value commanded by the Autothrottle. In this AFDS mode, your control stick does not fly the aircraft directly. Now you`re slow enough for Full Flap, which will bring your approach speed click on the button marked "Take off" on the right-hand side. You will ground - level). two reasons; first, it is a swing-wing aircraft and the nature of the spin yourself doing it this way most of the time. The ILS is a godsend in poor only the data from the radar altimeter, which is designed to be as close to undetectable as a radar can be. A radar altimeter, which only transmits runway threshold in good shape for touchdown. Use the Landing Practice commands. Use "Slam shut" to bring the engines down to idle thrust - you Primary Flight Controls in the Control Summary. 3. Keep an eye on the figure as well, if possible. The further you are prospect of recovery before the aircraft hits the ground. If and when an Weapon Packages and the Stores Management Display (SMD) Weapons for ground attack are grouped together in "Package". One package find the limits. Try it at lower speeds, higher speeds, with and without It shouldn`t take much reflection to decide that you want to take off and centre of the beam you will need to keep the nose pointing a few degrees to the upwind side of the centreline. If you point the aircraft straight down This sort of flying takes intense concentration and a thorough practical contains all the weapons intended for one target, which will be released The second essential condition is that you have enough height to recover if LEVEL TURNS AND AUTOTRIM X GPB1000x4 LFT This specifies from left to right the target, if any, for which the package is intended (X). The type of weapon (GPBl 000), the number in the package The Tornado`s TF system gains you all these advantages, and lets you use ------- will differ depending upon what you`ve been doing. For every type of as a multiple or a fraction of the speed of sound at your current altitude. about 60000 feet (10 nautical miles or 18 kilometres) from the runway find yourself in the cockpit, on the runway, with engines idling and Medium runway at a sensible speed and pointing in approximately the right This section provides a brief summary description of the various methods of placing freefall bombs on the target. After this familiarisation, we`ll go exit will take you back to the Mission Selection Screen, while the "Cancel" speed limitations of each sweep setting. Because those limits are Angle of Attack (Alpha) meter (diagram 7.18). With the engines idling, the more, which will show up on the pitch Ladder. At the same time the Alpha down to the slowest possible. bridge. Now click the left mouse button on its own. This will create a return to the standard front cockpit view. You will always be returned to the Main Screen. Hit/Hold Key Airbrakes again. Its impossible to tell you exactly what speed you`ll find, because stalling speed varies with the aircraft weight, which changes as you burn fuel. The LOWER the weight, the LOWER the stalling speed. You don`t have to memorise all the possible values, but it`s important that you get an flight expect when using the Quickstart option or Group Captain deFault`s log, or if you aborted you`ll be presented with the choice of whether or do it now or lose the opportunity then flies the aircraft to carry them out. Lets tell the aircraft to turn TERRAIN FOLLOWING (IDS ONLY) "Indicated" Air Speed heading of 270 at an altitude of 6000 feet above sea level (flat ground Hit Key - Slam Throttle Shut Release Key - Thrust Reversers wheelbrake without fear of burning them out, and you should now coast 1. You must arrive at a suitable point to start your approach to the Flap selected, all ready to go. can fly the aircraft to centre it in the beams ON THE RUNWAY HEADING with Setup in the Simulator until you`re confident that you can track the ILS by hand. left rather than a letter. 1000 lb. General Purpose Bomb (GPB) A plain and simple unguided bomb, effective against a wide variety of distance, so that you can use the Instrument Landing System (ILS) and AFDS deflections left or right indicate smaller deviations from the schedule. Here we`ll discuss three topics;jettisoning stores to lighten the aircraft in any of the following situations; Engine Fire, permanent loss of control at any altitude, any loss of control at low altitude. The Tornado will never spin unless the SPILS system is disabled or damaged, but when it does the recovery technique is highly unconventional. meter shows a steadily rising trend. reheat to burn off the remaining internal fuel. Keep the aircraft at low current position and speed. The difference in seconds between the planned and predicted figures is shown as the Time Early / Late. The TEL line on the AFDS display is self explanatory, but the TEL display on the HUD needs description, though it`s simple once you know how it works. When the TEL HUD display is active, it appears as a short vertical line and three horizontally spaced dots just below the HUD Airpeed indicator. The eye. It`ll also be much easier to achieve the shortest possible touchdown Command As for Campaign. dots, left for late and right for early. If you`re right on time, the line to accelerate again, cancel reheat and close the throttle (just Slam Shut twice). What we want is a loop, not a power dive. The aircraft will rapidly acelerate downhill under its own weight, and we`re about to point the nose straght down at the ground. As the speed builds up again be sure 6 As the nose rises to the horizon again (the right way up this time) let Keep practising this manoeuvre till you can do it easily, and then try to 10000 to 15000 feet). When all is sad and done, however, there are many situations where ejection is the only option you have left, and if you don`t pull the handle straight away you won`t get another chance. Without systems of this sort, modern combat aircraft could never have change of attitude, and they have no inherent tendency to fly in a straight Leading and Reacting to the ILS display approaching waypoint T. mechanism itself jammed - we`ll try that later. While you can drastically (x4) and the Delivery Mode selected (LFT). The Delivery Mode specifies height after you have some experience. The decision is entirely up to you. Quitting Tornado Like any other fastjet, the Tornado`s top speed depends on how high its perspective on JP233 attacks ln the last resort you can always try landing the currently selected waypoint, and if you engage AFDS Track mode the Almost, but not quite. There`s still one potential problem Once you`re in both sides. measure we have the "toggle lo/hi" feature which puts you level with your If you decide not to log the flight, click on the "Cancel" button and the Step 1. Fully open the throttle. You'll see the Engine RPM gauges rise till they show 100%. At the same time, the Fuel Flow gauge will show a moderate rise. Now release the Throttle control. Light up Reheat is utterly useless in a spinning Tornado. is detected and the sooner it has passed out of sight, the shorter the time find it difficult to achieve this in practice unless you have some idea of the centreline at too great an angle and too high a speed you`ll fly 2-Player You will always return to the 2-Player screen, where you can choose whether to fly again or disconnect. very rare situation in real life. In practice the wind direction will dictate your take off and landing direction and the length of ground run into a 50-knot wind at an airspeed of 150 knots is actually travelling over the ground at 100 knots. If that aircraft flew at the same airspeed (150 knots) in the same direction as the 50-knot wind it would be travelling over the ground at 200 knots. In both cases, the wind speed and direction way you would expect it to at an airspeed of 150 knots. The difference spooked by metal structures on the ground into pulling up higher than it instead of differential movement of the tail surfaces and by spoilers on ELEMENTARY FLYING TRAINING waypoint. 8.21 ). When the time comes to learn about the Mission Planner; you`ll rolling level at the top. This will leave you more or less on your gently to a halt, having used up very little runway. override this by hitting the Skip Waypoint key. The only way to select T as the current waypoint is to hit the T key. Do this now, and check to see its true position. To keep down the storage requirement (and hence the weight, bulk, complexity and cost), such missile guidance systems only store maps for a few critical portions of the route. straight down, is inherently a lot stealthier than a Terrain Following radar, which must look forward. Indicated Air Speed - IAS Indicated Air Speed (IAS) is one of four common ways of expressing an straight out of the other side of the beam before the AFDS can line Up (see beam and recover the situation, but it`s better to avoid the problem altogether This is one reason why it`s a good idea to enter the beam at a not to log the flight and add the flying time and achievements to the log Control key aircraft`s speed. The others are True Air Speed (TAS)" which represents slowly and stop on a shorter runway. They also make the aircraft more to Manouevre Flap to No Flap. You`re now cleaned up and ready to fly. In short form, the drill goes like this: flight you will be told how many. Bombing Accuracy the Commit button. you must drop a single weapon on the practice target. Four types of way the laser couldnt illuminate the target even if the TIALD operator Point within an allied ILS beam while under Track mode control, the AFDS The PLN display is described in detail below, in the section covering AFDS There is one further technique you may find helpful for making small corrections left or right to track the localiser - using the rudder controls. We havent said much about the rudder so far, and we won`t say much more, because in modern aircraft it`s almost redundant as a manual control, and has a very limited effect at any but the lowest speeds. On the approach, however it can be useful. Look up the rudder commands under this to find an airfield which is neither too close, nor too far away, and screen map, zoomed well out, is probably the best one to start with. Use Now switch to the back cockpit and call up the Scrollable map on one of the Tab displays. Use Alt +left click to centre on your current position, zoom right out and scroll the map in the right direction to find your target meaningful Time To-Go figure. You should notice an arrow-shaped symbol beneath the heading strip on the HUD this also shows the bearing to T, the currently-selected waypoint (or allowing you to follow a flightplan manually as well as automatically. whether or not you`re using the keypad as your control stick. When you The aircraft`s ability to fly automatically at low level over undulating terrain is probably the best-known feature of the Tornado IDS variant, model does this by scanning the ground ahead with a radar to find the After Take off, you will normally (in the Tornado IDS) be levelling off quite low while you continue to accelerate to cruising speed it should be quite safe to engage Track mode autopilot as you pass about 200'. Normal The Mission Planner systems will normally be helping you plan to do this, this in more detail in Advanced Flying Training. sweeping the wings forward and lowering the flaps and landing gear, so as the B risk indicator is flashing frequently, you should either slow down or indicator (a red light below the E Scope) when it exceeds that margin. If increase the Ride Height if the situation allows. There is also an On the face of it, then, reaching the ideal approach path is simply a question of flying the aircraft towards the cross on the HUD. It`s not also discover just how much height you need to pull out of a dive. Make and much more likely to cause permanent injury or death. are drawn as broken lines - another useful reminder that your nose is pointed at the ground. sure that collision-detection is disabled (on the Mission Selection Screen) before you experiment, or you`ll waste a lot of time crashing and re practice would be to cut Reheat as you pass 300 knots, and make the switch CONFIGURATION 25 SWEEP 45 SWEEP 67 SWEEP mission, logging the flight (by clicking on the "OK" button) will mean that intimately related to how closely you approach the speed of sound, the best way to express them is as Mach Numbers; fractions of the speed of sound, which like the aircraft`s performance changes with altitude. setting may change from waypoint to waypoint, possibly running you into a front and below - you can set the viewpoint in advance, fly the attack, and - you may need to do some brisk steering to avoid veering off the runway. -------------------------- not you achieved their destruction. Victories loiters nose down, descending slowly and scanning the ground beneath. If any hostile radar is switched on, ALARM jettisons the parachute and falls on the target like a guided bomb. controls. Available only when the radar is on, and in Air mode. This is a plan lies in how fast it`s covering ground. MANOEUVRABILITY BEST FAIR WORST of 150 knots over the wing. Everything which flies and has a brain takes off and lands facing INTO wind whenever possible. If it isn`t possible, seven and a half times longer than the Gravity Vector. The flight control shown on the HUD or the VSI; the higher your approach speed, the faster you vertical line moves sideways between the centre position and the outside Mid Flap: 280 Knots IAS Full Flap: 225 Knots IAS fairly low speed - say no more than 350 knots. The other and more to detect. High ground between the radar and the aircraft will block the Another (lesser) problem is that the radar-reflective properties of the ground vary considerably with soil type, vegetation cover and man-made features. At one end of the scale, this means that the system may be MFD display, though you can still select any other available display using MFD Function Select. Simulator flights significant way to avoid the problem is to ensure that the closer you get to the centreline, the smaller the angle at which you`ll cross it. This is illustrated in diagram 8.12, and is effectively what you'll be doing all the way down the approach once you learn to fly it manually, which is what is below the centre dot: if it's at the left dot you`re 30 seconds late or more; at the right dot you`re early by 30 seconds or more. Smaller Manual (SMD shows MAN) starting. to arrive at the runway threshold just above the ground, flying as slowly slats as aids to tight manoeuvre and low-speed flying, leading up to a discussion of how to fly a loop and the many more useful variants of this navigation systems we go on to discuss how to set up for an approach and So now you know why variable-sweep wings are such an attractive idea. Low It is described in detail below. knows precisely where the aircraft is, it can "look ahead" on the digital map in order to follow the terrain. damaged. If you landed hard enough to collapse the gear, the aircraft will manoeuvre with a heavily loaded aircraft until you know what you`re doing - The Tab PLN Display While the TEL displays make really accurate timekeeping much easier you`ll what speed the mission plan required over each leg of the flightplan. This should see the RPM gauges drop to a figure of 63%. Lifting a hand - or even supporting your head upright takes seven and a Hit Key - Gear Switch then finally three greens to show that all three legs are locked down. 20000 feet), otherwise monitor altitude closely throughout the recovery 2 Command full forward sweep to 25. 3 As soon as the direction of rotation is identified, apply and hold full backward stick and pro spin aileron. heavier the aircraft, the higher the stalling speed the faster it must fly "Splash" No score a miss distance of over 500 feet On Damaged Runways Jettison Options mode. This type of attack is sometimes also called "toss-bombing", because Flap Up and Flap Down commands and both extend for almost the full span of the current log will lose its Active status, and you won`t be able to use 30000 500 306 0.85 589 360 driven by transmitters and aerials on the ground, pointing up the approach MANUAL APPROACHES threshold. Since all the active runways you`ll find in Tornado are about line, or even the right way up Flying such an unstable aircraft by hand sweep angles allow a low stalling speed, so the aircraft can land more datum in the centre is shown as a cross and a second, larger cross moves left, right, up and down to indicate which way it is to the centre of the ideal approach path. When you are in the centre of the path the two crosses are exactly superimposed. display shows fixed dashed crosshairs equivalent to the aircraft datum on aerodynamic, inertial and gyroscopic forces may arise in which the whole The AFDS won`t do this for you, but it`s not too difficult. aircraft or slight below it. signal entirely. Even, if there is a clear line of sight, a radar looking horizontally across the ground is half-blinded by echoes from the ground itself. A low flying aircraft is also less visible to every other kind of missiles, too have a harder time tracking low-level targets, and may fly Autothrottle is an enormously useful feature, and you`ll probably want it that you learn its limitations. For the moment, don`t set the Autothrottle target speed below about 250 knots - with the aircraft in its current Other limitations exist mainly because the Autothrottle controls ONLY the throttles. If it wants to accelerate the aircraft, all it can do is at 45o sweep: Mach 0.88 the left and then release it to spring back to the centre. The aircraft If you shot down aircraft or destroyed other vehicles in the course of your This only applies to the Bombing Range mission available in Training where Score: "50 at 1", or "180 at 6" are examples of typical scores. The first Try pulling up to the vertical, rolling 180, then pulling back again and them in conditions where most other aircraft would not even be flying, let alone flying at treetop-height. Night and low visiblity mean nothing to figure is your miss distance in feet, the second gives the miss direction in clock face terms. For example: "180 at 6" would mean that your bomb fell short by 180 feet, "30 at 3" would mean that your bomb fell 30 feet to directly North (a heading of 360o), or the clock figures won`t be "arm air-to ground weapons". The AFDS can fly most planned attacks for itself, though you`ll need to fly loft profiles manually, and weapons cannot be released unless you hold down the Commit button. See the Weapons Conversion chapter for more details. If the aircraft reaches an Approach will automatically switch to Approach mode for landing. If you want to fly itself may also suffer damage, in which case the disp!ay will degenerate switch. the HUD will display different aiming cues according to the airfield. Refer back to the Full screen map if necessary to find your way. If there`s a significant wind blowing, landing in one direction will be vastly preferable to landing the other way, but we`ll leave this subject aircraft call it the Gravity Vector. imagine the aircraft flying straight and level. The force of gravity is acting in exactly the opposite direction to the force of gravity, with an over the wings - the Lift Vector (see diagram 7.7) You`ve already seen this display. It will be available whenever AFDS or The turn is what we wanted, but and who said anything about diving? Pull back gently on the stick, and hold it slightly back. This should produce . The rate of turn increases. into the ground themselves. Even fighter pilots, who are not notoriously will reset the Altitude Hold target to your current height. We`re about to reverse your last action and command the aircraft back down to its original height, but the aircraft will probably accelerate in the dive. With the wings swept forward for low-speed flight the aircraft will complain if asked to fly too fast. Hit the S key, pause for a second or two and then hit S again. This will ensure that the wings are fully swept back for high speed flight. We`ll look at why and how to manage wing-sweep later on. into noise If you find this annoying, you can turn the MFD off altogether. something goes wrong. For the moment let`s set a lower limit of 5000 feet for starting the manoeuvre. As you gain experience and confidence you can could see it. Laser guidance kits are not cheap, and therefore not all that plentiful, but on the other hand, few weapons are as efficient and cost-effective; use it properly and every bomb scores a direct hit. surfaces differentially instead. If you are an experienced pilot of other aircraft types, DON`T ASSUME THAT YOU ALREADY KNOW THE RECOVERY DRILL! 15000 500 396 0.80 626 496 20000 500 365 0.81 614 448 35000 500 278 0.87 576 321 agile. High sweep angles are not so good for manoeuvre, but they do allow you to reach high speeds. We`ll go a little further into the subject The critical Mach numbers (the numbers you shouldn`t normally exceed) are: flying. At sea level the high drag due to high air density means that the Speed over the ground makes at least two important differences when it comes to landing. The first is in the approach. If you`re landing into you, adding its speed to yours, everything will happen faster and you`ll process is clearly not desirable. landing wherever and whenever you want, and then how to fly the approach If you`re trying to fly with the keyboard you won`t be able to use the idea of the sort of speed at which you`re likely to run into trouble. subject is treated in much more detail in the Mission Planner chapter, but Approach mode if you wish. If you want to follow this exercise through in crater. Meanwhile the smaller mines land softly, discard their parachutes or 200 feet. Set the Ride Height down to 200 feet by stages, pausing aircraft can make 800 to 850 knots (Mach 1.21 - 1.29) flat out, depending on the weight, which is still faster than any other aircraft flies at that height. At high altitude (say 36000 feet), the limit is roughly Mach in general you won't go far wrong if you assume that the flightplan expects a cruising speed of 420 knots, rising to 500-600 knots for attack and egress runs. either side are known as the Tab displays. This peculiar name is short for modes available plus a daytime forward camera view. The larger displays on TV Tabulator (a relic of early computer equipment nomenclature), but they Hit Key - AFDS Approach Mode. (F6) Finally the stall point is reached, the nose drops uncontrollably. The AFDS system realises that it can`t handle the situation and turns itself Attention-Getter lights. Now its time for you to act; slam the throttle flying speed as fast as possible). As soon as you see that the aircraft is actually pitching down in response to your command pull the stick back ridges it must climb above and the valleys it can dive into. In practice turning. This is almost the exact opposite of the spin recovery drill used can occur in many different ways, but you will probably be in no doubt when would be like walking a tightrope in a high wind; even if you could do it, force of gravity makes some difference but not a lot when the Lift Vector Practice scenario should normally be to close the throttle completely (and use airbrakes) in order to lose speed. As your speed decays towards the chosen approach value you will need to open the throttle again, but it`s best to do this in gradual stages, starting well above the approach speed. Until you`ve got the feel of the situation its best to be very very attention to matching the glideslope by juggling speed and rate-of-descent. understanding of how and why the aircraft responds to the controls. Its very hard work. If you want a break from the grind, try some purely visual landings (see below). But if you can learn do this. Be assured that you Emergencies divide into two rough categories; recoverable ones which offer some prospect of saving the aircraft as well as yourself, and those where you must abandon the aircraft in order to save your life. The tricky part is deciding which kind of emergency you`re facing, and doing so fast enough to take the appropriate action in time. The other (and more important) difference comes when you touch down. When also roll through more or less than 180, in either direction. This is known as the Immelmann manoeuvre. AFDS Approach mode control is a neat and useful aid, but any self - respecting pilot should be able to fly the entire approach and land by hand path. There are effectively two fan-shaped radio beams; one (the available in trading off accuracy against risk. Usually delivered four at bring this height down, but it`ll be healthier for everyone if you do your for yourself without using AFDS Approach mode. Finally we look at possible emergency situations and how to handle them, including Spin Recovery, the jettison options and Ejection. When you`ve covered all this material you`ll understand the aircraft`s capabilities far Hit Key - Flaps Down elaborate mechanisms add weight and bulk especially so in as wing-wing Introduction start. In this chapter we begin from absolute basics, and aim to reach the point where you can take off, fly simple manoeuvres safely, and land with Now push the stick forward to set the AFDS desired altitude back to 6000 Select the Simulator, and call up the IDS - Free Flight (from Runway) option Select "Take Off" in the Mission Planner, and once you`re in the cockpit, get the aircraft off the ground. Fly straight ahead (a heading of 270), and once you`ve cleaned the aircraft up for cruising flight, engage the Autothrottle with a speed setting of about 420 knots. Now climb it will take the current heading and altitude as the values to hold. If the AFDS in Altitude and Heading Hold mode by hitting key F8 at which point you try re-engage the autopilot while the aircraft is rolled further than quite complex, there`s a lot of material to cover, so you`ll probably want extends to the end of the scale and stops. The precise rate of climb or BL755 Cluster Bomb Terrain Following with the AFDS - a demonstration Flaps and Manoeuvre experimenting in the Simulator. The third condition is not strictly essential, but it`s a good idea. Start the loop with the aircraft in a sensible configuration. Looping with the succeeded or not, you need to practise it some more. Over most of the approach, there are a fair number of things to do to set up the aircraft, 2.2,which is about 1262 knots TAS, 689 kts IAS. This is clearly not slow, be strongly affected by the aircraft weight - a heavier aircraft will need to manage your rate of descent when we look at purely manual approaches; moral is: if you have to run away from a fighter do it as low down as possible. wings fully swept back is certainly possible, but only at high speed, and Spin Recovery The Tornado`s spinning characteristics and recovery drill are unusual for Localiser) to tell you whether you are to the left or to the right of the lack of fuel, you must either land on one of the long taxiways or use a aircraft rolls the line still points straight up the HUD. In general, if Manual Landings by Eye The indispensible factor for recovery is Airspeed - the faster you Now watch the HUD Airspeed Indicator "the Pitch Ladder" and the vertical direction of the next waypoint. Don`t adjust your speed during the turn if as safely possible in the right direction. the effort, concentration and stress would exhaust you in a few minutes. cautious and make the smallest possible control inputs. Line up on the 5 When rotation ceases, accelerate to a safe speed as quickly as possible It is worth mentioning that when you leave Tracking View, your viewpoint There are three graduated jettison commands, and three matching lights on delivered from about 200 feet for maximum effect (see diagram 10.2) JP,233 Dispensers that the stores are gone and the fuel dumped. localiser (left-right reference) first, and then devote most of your Be wary of trying to fly to a fixed rate of descent in feet per second as must descend to match the fixed 3o glideslope. it again. this, too, is always true. Half way up on the right-hand side of the HUD is the VSI - the Vertical Speed Indicator (diagram 7 5). This is shown as a vertical bar which rises Fast jets with swept wings have the most vicious spin characteristics of any aircraft, and some are impossible to recover - all the pilot can do is displayed on the Left Tab screen, you should find all of the following: 1. Forward Looking Camera To call up the Full-Screen Moving Map hit the M key(check with the Control display a map. The map scrolls automatically to keep the aircraft in the centre, shown as a symbol surrounded by a compass rose with North marked. like this: Managing speed at the same time as flying the approach adds considerably to Here we`re talking about flying an approach without using the Autothrottle. the difficulty and demands a quite different flight technique. Normally hasn`t changed but its direction is no longer exactly opposite to the the beam, it`ll be blown sideways by the crosswind component. Be especially careful at and after touchdown when flying this sort of approach effects of a crosswind by flying a faster approach than usual. This will WING SWEEP just to stay in the air. The AFDS system knows this, and in Approach mode from the waypoint, the less accurate the TEL fIgure is. Unless you`re on External Stores Jettison option before starting the approach. tall obstructions and very carefully fly the aircraft by hand down to 100 the diameter of your loop will be enormous. Mid sweep is probably the best all-round starting configuration Above all, don`t try this sort of and preferably not even then. Looping Step-by-Step strip meter on the left side of the HUD, opposite the VSI. This is the GENTLY and level off. Now let`s cancel that infuriating warning. You can do this from either cockpit, but shift into the back cockpit first, so you This you will have to do for yourself, and it`s high-pressure work, but aircraft in wartime. Look Down - Choosing your Control Stick Using the Look Down key in either cockpit gives you a view of your own legs and more importantly, the kneepads which display a range of configuration options. Most of these are intended to allow you to set up the detail approach, leaving you with an aircraft in its lightest possible powered exception, and all internal fuel bar 1000lbs with which to complete the The red, amber and green Jettison lights will all illuminate to confirm but still quite straightforward. Landing is admittedly most difficult level of the outside visual to suit your preferences and the speed of your computer, but the important item for the moment is option 7 on the right Zero Man`vre Mid Full Light 180 172 153 135 Light case: 33000lb / 15000kg - Virtually empty aircraft Note that we only give figures for 25 wingsweep here. You`d never expect speed up the process of approach and landing by coming in at higher speeds demands. Even more significantly, the altitude authority mode and height and zoom level are stored so that when you next select this option your If you`re over hills, you`ll see that the aircraft is now pitching up and down under automatic control to maintain 1500 feet above ground, as closely as it can. if you`re not above hills at the moment, look about to find some, and use left or right Control Stick movements to set the Heading entirely. This means that the sideways force is greater too, so the turn accelerate, the faster you recover, but if that recovery involves pointing should be perfectly suitable, though respectively narrower and shorter than of the flightplan full list of possible MFD displays is as follows: 1. Adjust Autothrottle setting for the nominal speed over the current leg from 25 sweep to 45 sweep at about 350 knots. Operationally, your next If this was a "start airborne" exercise, you will always return to the hand pad. This lets you select which of the available devices you`re going Use Airbrakes to bring the speed down to 350 knots. the aircraft. It always acts at a right angle to the wings when you`re looking at the aircraft from in front. The length of the Lift Vector direction of the Gravity Vector, so only some of the lift force is opposing the Gravity Vector the rest is turning the aircraft and dragging it throttle up. If it wants to decelerate, all it can do is throttle back. But if the aircraft is climbing at a steep angle, the engines simply cannot all the bars above the horizon are solid, all the bars below the horizon and a second charge is then fired into the hole, exploding beneath to crack and "heave" the surface over as wide an area as possible. This type of approach for you, and then how to handle the necessary manual tasks at resembles your real-life situation by looking at the scrollable map touch-down and just after. Landing Practice for Auto Approach Unpause and wait a few seconds. As you come in range of the ILS system, you`ll see the HUD symbology change the centre symbol becomes a small open weapon aiming mode). Take a look at diagram 7.20, which shows your This works exactly like the MFD Local Map Display, but is larger and more useful. It is not available if the back-seat MFD is already displaying the The Local Map Display in detail absolute limit below the safety margin. If the radar altitude falls this or falls from a centre position as the aircraft climbs or dives. Its scale is calibrated with dots at intervals of 5 feet per second. If the rate of climb or descent is bigger than the scale allows (and it often is), the bar changes from showing a climb rate to a rate of descent, and the pointer on An LGB attack is run entirely by the navigator, who must use the TIALD system to aim the laser designator at the precise spot he wants to hit. feet, in order to allow the TIALD system the widest possible view, and after release they aim themselves at the laser illuminated spot on the aircraft approach and flash past the stationary viewpoint. If you select the aircraft and zoom it out, then select Spectator view and watch the Ejection itself is a very simple action once activated. The system thinks 4. Scrollable Map This mode is only available on the Tab displays. You can distinguish it from the Local Map because it doesn`t have adotted line down the centre. 5. PLN (Flightplan) Display This mode is only available on the TaB displays. It shows a schematic of location of any target-of opportunity waypoint, and the aircraft`s position These features make the Scrollable Map the most useful of all. However its most powerful feature is the ability to set a Target of Opportunity waypoint Setting a Target-of-Opportunity Waypoint resolution than any of the other map displays available in the cockpit. You can also zoom in and out - check the Control Summary to find out how to do it. To go from this display to any other view, just hit the key for the view you want. 2. Wait for the aircraft speed to adjust to the new setting and watch the an attack run, don`t bother to adjust small discrepancies until the TTG aircraft goes crazy - the HUD references and the instruments are all over the place and the horizon flashes past your nose at short intervals and strange angles. Hit F1 for an external view and you`ll see that the aircraft is tumbling end over end in all three axes as it falls. This is characteristic spinning behaviour when the wings are fully swept. the wings move forward you should see the wild tumble stabilise into a handle bank angles beyond a certain limit. Pointing the Nose; ROLL then PULL you want to point the aircraft nose at any thing or place, the best and fastest way to do it is to roll to point the Lift Vector at the target, and But what if the target`s below the centre of the HUD? Can`t we just push collect in the top of the canopy, and blood rushes from every extremity of your body to pool in your head, at an increasing pressure. If a high negative-G manoeuvre continues for too long, it produces the condition called "red-out" which is even less pleasant than a positive G "black-out" quite that simple there are two other points to bear in mind. The first is that the ILS display is only telling you where you are relative to the ideal approach path - it is NOT telling you if you`re pointed in the right left-right reference) you need to be pointing in the same direction as the runway you`re approaching. If you`re landing on runway 09 the aircraft`s Select key (probably D) you can cycle through a variety of displays. The display rotates as the aircraft heading changes, so that the aircrafts If time and the situation allow, the best way to maximise your chances is This is the option you need if hard-pressed by an enemy fighter in close level in this case), and the Autothrottle has control of the engines and is Use the Alt and left click combination to find your aircraft again. Scroll Anything else means trouble. Putting the gear down creates a lot of extra attack on a specific target, or when you use the Payload window to create that the T on the Track display is highlighted. Now engage AFDS Track mode the Simulator, select a "Free Flight (start airborne)" mission, but don`t together as a salvo. You might, for example, load a package of four visibility, but it takes a long time to fly the full distance at approach automatic opening device which will normally delay the deployment of your aircrafts weight as a safe maximum, so at most you can make the Lift Vector the HUD and moving solid crosshairs which correspond to the larger moving cross. This display also shows, clockwise from top left; Aircraft Heading, got to be on a heading of 090 as well as in the centre of the beam Don`t make big, radical manoeuvres to try to reach the centre of the beam - the This is a highly important point, and one which many people find difficult to grasp: if the ILS display is telling you that the runway centreline is off to the left of your current position, it`s NOT telling you to keep turning left until you reach it. If you`re approaching runway 09 and the ILS shows that the centreline is off to the left, what you should be doing task will usually be to turn on the AFDS in Track mode and watch the Time Early / Late indicator on the HUD, fine-tuning your speed with the You can see from diagram 88B that the beam is 8000 feet high at extreme even though the Autothrottle has cut the engines back to idle thrust (63% retarded bombs for a planned attack on airfield installations, and a second package of two BL 755 to attack targets of opportunity. The maximum number for later. With the airfield on screen and the Scrollable Map zoomed right target on time. This is why the Skip Waypoint command exists. It`s very through the list again if you overshoot, but if you leave the AFDS in Track can find the aircraft quickly by clicking the left mouse button while holding down the Alt key. This centres the display at your current the map some way ahead of your current position, and find an identifiable try to set up to land on the airfield beneath your starting position without first flying a good way away from it. actual speed over the ground, and Mach Number, which represents your speed So what can IAS be if it's not the same as any of these? the Simulator there's nothing to stop you trying a landing like this at any time If you really want to get into the spirit of the thing you might try 12. If it`s higher than this then you`re too slow, if lower then you`re too fast. Check the Approach & Landing Emergencies section at the end of the nose straight down for maximum acceleration, then you`re going to lose thicker from top to bottom. There are other more subtle effects as well, situation in plan view. The sequence of operations from here should go instructions: Hit Key - Sweep Forward (to 25 sweep) As you do this you should see the throttles close briefly. You`ve just lowered the stalling speed, so the AFDS can fly the approach more slowly. your glide. Use the MFD Function Select key to Bring up the Local Map Display. Like the Full screen Moving Map, this display rotates as the aircraft turns so that the aircraft always points straight up the screen - as shown by the vertical line of dots projecting the current heading. Also like the There is also a downward counterpart to each of these manoeuvres, the split S. I don`t mean an outside loop (pushing the stick forward all the way rather than pulling it back), which is strictly the province of aerobatics the speed relative to the air you`re flying through, Ground Speed, which is Air Speed is 200 knots. At 30000 feet, an IAS of 200 knots means that your point a radar at it under good conditions, he will definifely be able to of weapons in a single package is four, and all must be of the same type if have different ballistic properties. whether you intend to use manual or automatic release, a laydown or loft delivery mode selected. We will explore the various delivery mode options packages to use against Targets of Opportunity. If you planned attacks on (a) Tracking view and watch yourself fly along. When first selected, you will be positioned far, the airflow over the upper surface simply cannot follow the wing much as possible, but you a flapless landing, leave the flaps up. Pretend that the wing sweep mechanism has failed, and try landing with 45 or 67 10.1). Minimum dropping height for Retarded Bombs is 100 feet (just enough time for the fuse to arm), as against 1000 feet for unretarded GP bombs. This is the mother and father of all runway-attack systems, the Tornado version comprising two giant pods weighing a total of nearly five tons! The pods contain two types of submunition: 60 large (56 lb.) SG.357 runway penetrators and 430 small HB.876 "area-denial" mines" both types parachute retarded. As the aircraft overflies the runway, the submunitions are surface, a shaped charge punches a small hole right through the concrete damage is far more difficult and time- consuming to repair than a simple You will probably also find that it`s easier if you fly most of the TEL indicator. If you`re late, adjust the speed upward, if early, reduce it. Remember that the adjustment won`t act the TL calculation until the figure shows less than a minute to go to the waypoint. waypoint yourself at the end of each leg using the Skip Waypoint command Suppose that you`re flying an operational mission, you`re on track and on 4 First sign of recovery will be a sustained increase in airspeed. ADVANCED FLYING TRAINING ------------------------ better and you`ll be ready to learn how to fight and survive. either mode you may change the height setting in the normal way by moving Full-Screen Moving Map, this map scrolls to keep your current position in 20-knot wind blowing past the aircraft from behind, you`d need to roll a lot further to reach a groundspeed of 170 knots in order to have an airflow (or only) runway with the prevailing wind in the area, so that most of the Sometimes, however, geography and financial constraints make this won`t work if the aircraft is too heavy. If you`re carrying more weight Spinning your wheels hit the runway airspeed ceases to matter (you`re no longer flying), and groundspeed becomes all-important. Landing into the wind your groundspeed is lower and your landing run shorter. Landing downwind your Bring your speed down to less than 280 knots. effect on the stalling speed, so you should see the throttles close again. There is also a special-purpose Simulator mission called "Single Engine ahead of the aircraft. Hitting the Map Origin Select Key will always Terrain-Following in the first place is to avoid drawing the enemy`s is taking up a heading to the left of 090o (say 080 or 085), so that you reach the centreline before you arrive at the threshold. In the same way, if the ILS showed the centreline to the right, you should take up a heading to the right of 090 (say 095 or 100). Hold that until the ILS shows you that you are close to the centreline, and then bring the heading back towards 090. If you correct your heading in this way but find that the ILS is not creeping back towards the centre, only then should you make a bigger improve your chance to survive or avoid capture There are two situations in which ejection is definitely the only way out. These are an engine fire, which (for our purposes) will always result in a catastrophic explosion within a few seconds, or a loss of control with no engine fire is detected the warning system will go off and the condition Because the human body has such a relatively low tolerance for negative G the crew couldn`t? The structural weight saved is considerable. The speed through the air. As the aircraft climbs, however, the outside air pressure and density fall. The higher you go, the thinner the air. The density of the air flowing over (and under) the wing. At higher altitudes and lower air densities you need to fly faster just to stay in the air. simply pulling back on the stick Practise changing your bank angle and pulling back to speed up the turn and keep the aircraft level - but for the moment, don`t try pulling back if The map also rotates as the aircraft turns, so that the direction of flight Multi-Function Display (MFD) Modes concerned with how to deal with the practical results. mean that you can point the nose closer to your intended path. Conversely, a slow approach with a heavy crosswind will be very difficult to fly accurately. waypoint you`ve just placed is different; its called the If you`ve followed the directions in this tutorial faithfully, you were in Altitude / Heading Acquire (AHA) mode before you switched to Track mode, mode. While the AFDS is in Track mode, hitting the TF Engage key (F9) will toggle altitude control between AHA mode and Terrain Following. (provided that you`re flying an IDS Tornado the ADV can`t Terrain Follow) and in the Control Stick backwards or forwards. Be careful when switching from Remember the green and yellow lights near the top left of the panel? The Here`s the Spin Recovery Procedure again, in short form: EXTERNAL VIEWS sideways. Because the Lift Vector is no longer cancelling out the full force of the Gravity Vector, the aircraft starts to sink, and in the resulting imbalance of forces the nose drops and the aircraft dives more and more steeply. LANDINGS AND WIND DIRECTION choice as to where the display will be centred. groundspeed is higher and your braking distance increases. The choice two targets (X and Y) in one mission, and then loaded one more package for Acquire figure to steer towards them, just as you would in Altitude / Heading Acquire mode. Moving the stick forwards or backwards will change (see below). When you reach a waypoint and the aircraft turns onto the next leg, the TEL immediately center the stick and (if you can still afford the height loss) MORE ABOUT FLAPS AND SLATS Hit/Hold Key Airbrakes rapid rotation. If you move back to the cockpit you will see that the horizon is now fairly stable, but the aircraft is twirling like a propeller. In order to recover from the spin you must first identify which way the aircraft is rotating. This one excellent reason why you should tell which way you`re going if the aircraft`s in a full blooded tumble. . The nose should rise again. If it doesn`t, hold the stick back furthur These figures mean that the aircraft is trying to fly itself due West - a If you managed to do that all first time, congratulations. Whether you safely, but if a Tornado is involved in any kind of close air combat your combat, or in the event of engine damage. It dumps all external stores except AIM9L air-to-air missiles for self-defence. position. The viewpoint is fixed at the position of your aircraft at the Zero Flap Yes Yes Yes Manoeuvre Flap Yes Yes No Mid Flap Yes Yes No Read this drill first and then try it out: don`t attempt to do both things a lot of height. You will generally find that because the nose falls of should be obvious. drag, so the aircraft should be slowing rapidly if it has not already reached the autothrottle speed setting If the throttles are still closed at this point, use the Airbrakes to slow the aircraft still more, until the Hit/Hold Key Thrust Reversers opportunity targets. When you looked at the SMD the first line would show the package for target X. The second line the package for target Y, and the third line the Target of Opportunity package, with a dash ("-") on the to use Pause frequently, or even restart the whole exercise at intervals. thrust forward, slowing you down. Watch your airspeed, and at about 70 knots... at once! 1 Slam the throttles open to Combat power (Full reheat) and give the engine RPM and fuel flow a moment to catch up. speed at or above 225 knots - which is the limiting speed for Full Flap Switch back to the Front Cockpit view. and you`re ready to start your first flying lesson. but not too much time pressure. Just before touch down, the time pressure sequence of operations in advance, and mentally rehearse it in the final As we said in Elementary Training, the primary use of flaps is to lower the more lift, and the aircraft will climb. The problem is that tilting the correction. displays will not be active until the nose is pointing in the general LANDING DAMAGED AIRCRAFT to use as your control stick - the basic steering control of the aircraft. As you may have realised, if you`re pulling this hard, you, the pilot, are briefly each time to let the aircraft stabilise at the new Ride Height low, the system goes into panic reaction. It instantly rolls the wings the Front Panel. In increasing order of severity these are: the aircraft is descending steadily. Just as in lining up on the localiser; the closer you get to the centreline, the more slowly you want Unsurprisingly, this delivery mode can only be used for laser-guided bombs. the indicator, and b) the mission flightplan assumes that even if the planned speeds for the two legs are different, you won`t change your speed until you`ve finished the turn. about 220 knots IAS you should see the nose begin to drop in the stall. read on. incipient spin problem at the stall point and acts to correct it before the itself and sounds a warning to tell you. The emergency pull-up is intended to save you if possible, but it may not be triggered until it`s too late. It is not guaranteed to save your life. trigger an emergency pull up immediately. As you engaged it, the TF system was below the absolute safety limit. and spring upright, deterring and delaying repair through the deadly danger displays. Between the modes available on the right Tab screen, and the one Find out how much. here we`re going to cheat by using the Autothrottle to hold a steady speed while you actually fly the approach path using the stick only easiest form of the display to use is the one which automatically appears range cut-off, so the blunt end of the wedge is flat. This end defines a square "hoop" in the sky with 8000 feet (2440 M,) sides. To exploit the maximum range of the system, you need to enter the beam by flying through out, click the left mouse button to place waypoint T about 7 or 8 runway lengths from the airfield, IN LINE WITH THE RUNWAY. You now have a home-made approach point. Hit T to make waypoint T the currently-selected waypoint, and you can engage Track mode to fly you there. Why put the Approach Point there? 8000 feet long, this means that the big end of the wedge is almost exactly 8 runway-lengths from the middle of the runway That`s why we advised you to place waypoint T at that distance from the runway end. You`ll have to enter the ILS zone and point the aircraft in roughly the right direction before the ILS displays will activate and AFDS Approach mode can be engaged. Limits of the Autothrottle develop enough thrust to accelerate that much weight "uphill" or even prevent the speed from dropping. If the aircrafts nose is pointed down in even a moderate dive, the aircraft will accelerate as it coasts "downhill" If you`ve absorbed all this, you can now read most of the more important The Weapons This is the Centre Origin mode, which lets you see the area Behind as well as in front of the aircraft. Hitting the Map Origin Select key (probably D), will switch to Base Origin mode, which puts the aircraft position at the bottom of the display in the centre. The dotted line now extends from switch from one mode to the other. The map can Be zoomed in or out in under Autothrottle to change the desired speed up and down. Look up the FLYING THE AUTOPILOT AND READING THE HUD The first thing we asked you to do was to switch on the autopilot - now showing something like AFDS: ALT/HDG, followed by ALT 6000 HDG 270 and IAS 400. trying to maintain an Indicated Air Speed of 400 knots. This is the Altitude / Heading Acquire and Hold mode of the AFDS. You tell it which way to fly and how high, and the aircraft will turn, climb or dive as Why Follow Terrain? For as long as radar has existed, low-flylng aircraft have been the hardest snap-down missiles they can attack you from above but you`re still a difficult target. If you have to be a target then that's the best kind to Tornado flight control system will not deliver more than -3 G, which is the length of the lift vector governs the turn rate, and there`s very The Indicated Air Speed figure takes air density into account, and so for Exactly like the corresponding MFD display, But larger and more useful. leaving you in a complete Catch 22 situation: you`ve got to reduce the stalling speed (and therefore the approach speed) before you can deploy As we said above, the speed you need to rotate and lift off the runway will stalling speed to allow the aircraft to fly as slowly as possible for approach and landing. Flaps are surfaces which slide out of the trailing edge of the wing and hinge downward. Slats are smaller surfaces which extend forward from the leading edge of the wing in a similar way. On the flying into a steep hillside at high speed, there is another excellent reason to avoid relying on the emergency pull-up. The reason you're attention, and a Tornado rocketing upwards like a scared pheasant is bound Jettison All External Stores and Internal Fuel down to 1000 lbs / 450 kg This option is intended for use just before landing a damaged aircraft, if the situation demands it. All external stores are dumped without for itself and does its best to maximise your chances of survival right up a longer run to reach a higher speed. You can try the effect of varying Leaving the Debrief screen Mission Selection Screen. If the exercise started on the runway (which the aircraft weight by increasing or decreasing the fuel load and loading stores of various weights, using the Payload Window in the Mission Planner (see the Mission Planner chapter for details of how to do this). the wing, which is unusual. Its only possible because the Tornado has no exit will return you to the Mission Planner, giving you the opportunity to Training being pushed down into your seat with 7.5 times the force of gravity. nothing very much will change unless you move the control stick. Don`t airspeed may fall to the danger point. range, and the AFDS will find it easiest to line up for the approach if you enter the beam near the centre, so set the AFDS for Altitude hold (still under Track mode) at about 8000 feet. The next question, and the most important, concerns how you`re going to line up for the approach when you reach waypoint T. This depends entirely upon the angle between the line of runway (call it the centreline), and the line along which you`re How to line up for your Approach the upper wing surface. When flaps and slats are down they extend the chord of the wing (the distance from leading to trailing edge), increasing the wing area. They Let`s turn the aircraft to the left. Move the control stick a short way to should bank to the left and then stop rolling. If it doesn`t stop rolling, move the stick right and then release. Try to set up a bank angle of about change your speed or both, and that will definitely interfere with the also deepen the camber of the wing, making it act like a wing which is to attract it! Wind direction also matters for take-off, for similar reasons. If your but the end result of all of the changes is that the wing develops more it stalls, so the aircraft can safely fly more slowly. its own accord you need not push forward to lower it; the really vital interpreted to drive ILS displays, which are provided in triplicate (HUD, As you might expect, there`s bad news as well as good. The price for all the extra lift is extra drag, so it takes more thrust to fly at a given speed. When slowing down to land normally the drag is more useful than loss of speed until the last moment. The other drawback is that the either of these modes (see the Control Summary under Local Map Zoom). Into the Back Cockpit: TV Tab Displays action is opening the throttles. Open them right up to Combat Power (Max Shut while in reheat cuts the throttles back to maximum RPM dry), because any given aircraft weight, wing sweep and flap setting the aircraft will 2 Pull the stick back all the way and hold it back. Be decisive about it. Though there`s no need to punch yourself in the stomach, don`t dither. The airspeed closely, and keep an eye on the pitch bars to monitor the progress control. The exact moment of weapon release is automatically calculated prefer, you may use the zoom in and out facility to adjust your perspective at either normal or fast rate. viewpoint appears just as you left it. For example, if you wish to watch an attack from a particular angle say looking back at your aircraft from in (b) Satellite view waypoint, performing attacks (in most delivery modes), adjusting height fo absence of interruptions from the enemy, the AFDS in Track mode is quite capable of flying an entire strike mission for itself from just after MAPS, THE MFD AND THE TAB DISPLAYS Because the navigation displays and systems are powerful, comprehensive and As an incentive to wade through this stuff; when you`ve absorbed it you`ll The currently selected Package is shown highlighted. When you turn the arming switch on, this is the package that will be used in the attack, and on the HUD when you enter ILS coverage with the HUD in standard NAV mode Target-of-Opportunity waypoint and AFDS Track mode it`s not too hard to do, feature. For example, this might be an airfield, a city, a village or a Target of Opportunity waypoint at that location. If you scroll the map a little away from the point you selected, you`ll see that it is marked by a flashing cross. If you click the RIGHT mouse button while holding down the be able to tell the aircraft to fly itself to any point on the map by The TIALD system is mainly used from medium altitude to designate targets "Drones" are the numerous computer-controlled aircraft and ground vehicles moving around the combat area simultaneously to yourself. By repeatedly pressing "drone view select" you may observe their activity and impress your friends. Zoom and track controls are available. You may also switch between allied and enemy drones, aircraft or ground vehicles. (e) Weapon view still more than you can sustain for long without red out. When you`re flying straight and level and you want to dive, the obvious way to do this is to push the control stick forward to lower the nose. For enter a steep dive is not a good idea. The risk of red-out is one to manoeuvre - just not good enough in combat. Because of the restricted size of the MFD, the Local Map is intended for short range orientation and navigation only. For serious work we need to shift to the back cockpit, where the Navigator / Weapon System Officer take-off to just before touchdown. aircraft will automatically fly towards this waypoint. Flightplan instruments, and you`re ready to try flying for yourself, rather than just Although "stepping outside" as you are flying along is not exactly the Altimeter clock, is now swinging anti clockwise as the Altitude figure than this it would normally be sensible to dump some of it using the Terrain Following to Altitude Hold or you may find yourself flying into a wind or tail wind), and a component across it, the crosswind (see diagram always stall (ie. stop flying) at the same IAS. If the pilot used a TAS the appropriate line on the SMD will flash continuously. When the package The "Cancel" exit will always return you to the Mission Planner. If you It will take some time and practice before you become proficient at keeping for Laser-Guided bombs, and it is described in detail in the Weapons Conversion chapter. to keep all of these elements on the screen, provided that you don`t fly may visit your home airfield to return the compliment. Apart from leaving aircraft into a hole on the roll out. Keep your eyes open on the approach, and use the forward looking camera at night. If your runway is damaged, or land on another runway. If you dont want to divert or you can`t for immediately behind your aircraft, following at a fixed distance. If your aircraft like the Tornado. If the designer tried to specify flaps, it`s a very reliable system - it has to be, or the aircrew wouldn`t trust Select this option for a bird`s eye view looking directly down onto your aircraft standing on the runway facing into a 20-knot wind, it need only the resulting aircraft would be so heavy and draggy it would probably never leave the ground. So flaps and slats are only certified to operate below certain speeds - the limiting speeds. If you attempt to lower them or leave them down above these speeds, the best that you can hope for is that the mechanism will jam. The worst case occurs when the overstrained flaps corkscrewing towards the ground. Need I say more? DON`T exceed the flap limiting speeds! Here they are again: on flap operation than you`ll find in most aircraft. When the wings are at north. Move your control stick slightly right while watching the HDG click on OK, what happens will depend on the outcome of the flight. If the pilot is still Active, you`ll find yourself on the Mission Selection Screen. If your pilot lost Active status through death or dismissal, you'll be returned to the Log screen to choose another pilot, and when you is released the Arm status cancels itself, the HUD resets to its normal nav mode the package disappears from the SMD and the next package is selected and highlighted, ready to be armed. wide variety of delivery methods, so a good deal of flexibility is simply pointing with the mouse and clicking. To get things started, select Simulator, and the Free Flight - Airborne mission and commit. Engage the AFDS in Altitude / Heading Acquire mode, so that you hold your current heading of 270 (due West). mode is engaged there will always be a TTG (Time To Go) legend on the targets. Quite effective against a hardened target provided you can hit it, and the blast and fragments will affect softer targets (most vehicles, aircraft etc) over a fair radius. GP bombs are the cheapest of all major ground-attack munitions, so large stocks are available. They also allow a 1000 lb. Retarded Bomb (RET) accelerate to a groundspeed of 130 knots before the Airspeed indicator impossible; the longest possible runway on the site just has to run in some other direction. The wind is also less than 100% reliable, and will blow SEMI-AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL LANDINGS Once you can fly a semi-automatic approach as described above, you`ve mastered the art of reading the ILS and acquired a feeling for the art of correcting into the centre of the beam without overshooting. There is a required to get there at current speed (provided that the aircraft is to your timetable, which is why this "Nav. Exercise" mission exists. Once you are familiar with the Mission Planner you can construct your own off the map. The scrollable Map Display in detail This is your most powerful navigational aid. Like the Local Map, this map would foul the fuselage side and the slot into which the wing trailing edge mode while you do it, be aware that the aircraft is going to twitch all As you get closer to touchdown and the runway looms larger you should transfer your attention from the ILS cues to the outside world. The ILS is highly useful when the runway is distant, but in all except the very worst visibility the last stages of the approach will be much easier to fly by So what do we tell the Autothrottle? If you remember, approach speed is calculated by taking stalling speed in the current configuration and adding position, 2) Flap setting and 3) Aircraft weight, so there`s a lot of scope for variation. We give a ready reckoner approach speed table in the Aircrew Notes, but here`s a simplified version of it predigested for three we'll be looking at next. aircraft. Select again and you`ll get a worm`s eye view looking up from underneath! We do not recommend this second option when sitting on the The plan view though is very handy when taxiing around the airfield. We suggest that you zoom out to a reasonable height in order to see ahead of your aircraft. moment of selection, and turns to follow your aircraft as you manoeuvre. This gives a superb impression of the true speed of your aircraft and is great fun if you wish to brush up your radio control techniques but it`s (d) Drone view (f) Spectator view exercises if you wish, starting either from here or from the Free Flight schedule, and then suddenly your Radar Warning Receiver tells you that there`s an unexpected AAA unit ahead, or an interceptor coming your way? Either you abandon the mission or you try to find a way to dodge the hazard. If you decide to press on you`re going to have to manoeuvre or timetable. Assuming that you do evade the threat, there`s only so much you Autotrim is cancelled when you make any pitch input (that is, when you pull Spinning is a hazard associated with stalling. When the airflow over the Loft (SMD shows LFT) disappears When the wings are at full sweep, no flap extension at all is works. Here there are three displays side by side. The centre display is an MFD just like the one on the Front Panel, with all the same display consequence of the interlock system is that you can't sweep the wings and Spectator view isn`t strictly a separate view mode - it`s an extra twist process is working will be a steady rise of speed. As the figure climbs giving commands to the autopilot. Having identified which way you`re turning: APPLY AND HOLD FULL BACKWARD STlCK AND PRO-SPlN AILERON! In other words, hold the stick right back and to the side you would normally use to bank in the direction you`re already in most aircraft, which is classically performed by centering the stick, pushing it forward and applying opposite rudder. This classical procedure leave there you`ll be on the Mission Selection Screen. release are entirely manual. Targets for this delivery mode must be entered into the navigation systems, either at the mission planning stage or "on the fly" using the Ground radar or the Scrollable Map display. The HUD shows the bombsight and a marker over the target, and the attack run can be flown manually or under AFDS Targets for loft attacks must be known to the nav systems. As for Laydown pulls sharply up into a climb. The bombs are released in the climb and the change the flap setting at the same time you must do one thing first and then the other. Here`s a table of the possible combinations: different weights: Recommended Approach Speeds at 25 Wingsweep aircraft is free to go while the bombs fly on for several miles, rising and then falling onto the target in a trajectory like that of a long-range These are 1000 lb. GP bombs fitted with an alternative tail section incorporating a braking parachute. This means that they can be dropped safely from much lower altitudes than Gp bombs, since the aircraft is much Target-of-Opportunity waypoint, it`s shown on the PLN display by the tetter T, and obviously you CAN set this one in flight, at any position you like Weight: Flap Setting: what you`re doing. The medium weight case is probably the most useful: set the Autothrottle can do in the way of speeding up or slowing down before you run into problems with stalling speeds, limiting speeds or fuel constraints. "authentic", a different perspective on a problem can often be useful and are simply a larger form of multi - function display 2. TIALD lmage direction of movement is always straight up the screen. Unlike the Local Mission 2. ILS Display fuel consumption at max Reheat is appalling, especially at low altitude. Finding a runway, placing an Approach Point figure the stall speed would increase with altitude, which would be The options available will differ from computer to computer, but wherever possible the program will find out what`s available on your machine, displaying unavailable choices in grey text rather than black. Check with artillery shell. The bombsight cues on the HUD are quite different from the Manual or Laydown sights, and the attack profile can only be flown manually - unfortunately the AFDS can`t fly the pull up for you. Release is automatic, but only permitted if the Commit button is held down. BL 755 cluster bombs are too aerodynamically "unclean" to be lofted accurately and lofting retarded bombs would make about as much sense as trying to pole vault with a ball and chain round your ankle, so Loft delivery is only available for GP bombs and (unguided) laser guided bombs. furthur challenge you may wish to take up: purely manual landings with and without the aid of the ILS. If you can do everything we`ve discussed so far, you should be able to handle this without too much trouble and no self respecting pilot should ever be satisfied until (s)he can land with the absolute minimum of artificial aids The AFDS, the Autothrottle or the airfield ILS may be knocked out by battle damage. You may have to make an emergency landing on a airfield, taxi track or a road. In any of these you think in terms of controlling speed with the throttle and controlling target. The aircraft is normally flown by the AFDS for this type of of your loop. As you rise to the vertical the 90o bar will pass down 3 As soon as you`re safely below the limiting speed (450 kts), sweep the and you`ll see the pitch rate increase again. If your airspeed is hill. To avoid this problem disengage the AFDS and either fly the aircraft manually or re engage in plain TF mode until you`ve selected the right waypoint. SETTING UP YOUR OWN APPROACH AND LANDING route you can arrive at the Approach Point under AFDS Track mode control the Control Summary and the Technical Supplement for your machine to ensure that you understand what each of the options means, and what each requires be times though, when you`ll need to approach from another direction, or yourself; now that you`ve been introduced to the map displays, the to the point when it opens your parachute for you. However, it`s still up whether a) the situation is so dire that you must eject now or you definitely won`t survive, b) with the aircraft in its current attitude you probably won`t survive ejection, or C) the aircraft will probably stay in You can string these various manoeuvres together in many different ways, most of the TFR signal is directed at the ground the radar has to scan worryingly low, you might want to drop the flaps further before you reach the top of the loop, though this shouldn`t happen at moderate weight if be. The main problem with the GR1 Terrain Following Radar (TFR) is that its an active system: like any radar it works by transmitting powerful radio signals and listening for the echoes (normally known as returns). Though This display is available at any time. but it will only become active when Map, however this display does not scroll automatically to keep your Tab`s green Mouse Active light is on and try moving the mouse about. You will see that moving the mouse scrolls the map freely in all four directions, out to the limits of the Training Area. You can also zoom in and out by clicking the left and right mouse buttons while holding down the There is a numerical readout in each corner of the display, and working Diagrams 8.9 A,B and C illustrate a number of situations and possible ways of dealing with them. You can find out which diagram most closely runway centreline, and the other (the Glideslope) to tell you whether you hill! You cannot change the heading manually in Track mode, because this As for Training. The seat is quite smart, and will do its best to tailor its response to the Having applied full backward stick and pro-spin aileron, you will need to range in nautical miles to that position and time in minutes and seconds A waypoint is just a map position stored by the aircraft navigation (provided that it`s within the current map area). systems. It may be the position of a target, more often it`s a place where Let`s set up the problem in the Simulator Select one of the Free Flight (Airborne) exercises. When you arrive in the cockpit, turn off the SPILS but check with the Control Summary for your machine (Secondary Flight Finding a runway isn`t difficult if you use the map displays. The Full Campaign The reason it`s slow is because the aircraft`s negative-G limit is less X, Y and Z used for planned targets you can see the stored flightplan on are above or below a steady 3o slope which meets the ground at the runway In the aircraft, the localiser and glideslope beams are received and (i.e no weapon aiming displays). On the HUD ILS display, the aircraft to about 210 knots to bring you within flap-limiting speeds, lower the green light is on when the autopilot has control, and the yellow light is necessary to fly in the right direction at the right height. These figures Heading figure to somewhere between 0 and 10 degrees, moving the stick right or left to nudge the number up and down - but don`t worry about an exact value for the moment. If you`re using an analogue joystick, the further you push the stick, the faster the numbers change. If not, then the longer you hold the stick over, or the key down, the faster the figures will change. If you hold the stick over too hard for too long and the AFDS confusing and dangerous. the Tab PLN display (call it up on the other Tab display if it isn`t there than its positive-G limit: -3 G against +7.5 G. You`ve already seen how already). These waypoints can only be set up in the Mission Planner. The Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) waypoints can be used exactly as the name implies - to make accurate attacks on unplanned targets with the aid of the navigation systems. You can also create ToO waypoints using the Ground Radar display on the MFD. We`ll deal with how to make attacks of all kinds is automatically defined by the bearing of the selected waypoint. When setting the Autothrottle as low as this you must remember that you`re not far above stalling speed. If you manoeuvre hard to chase the localiser cases you`ve got to be able to cope. If you can`t, you can only eject - and throw away an extremely valuable aircraft For example, you could call up the Tracking view. Move it around ahead of Manual Approach with ILS back, regardless of the outcome of the mission. If you click on "OK" with In Track mode the AFDS MFD display shows several new items. One of these is the letter identifying the currently-selected waypoint the one which the system is steering towards. At the moment it should show T. When Track display though a figure will not always be shown beside it. This shows the your pilot still active and the Campaign unfinished, the military situation current speed. It is only displayed when the aircraft is pointing in the when there`s a large angle to turn through) it`s difficult to calculate a When the nose is roughly level with the horizon, relax the back pressure on the stick and try to keep the nose on the horizon. The outside world and back, the stick force just increases as you hold the key down longer. heading figure goes past 090, the aircraft will reverse its direction of opposite rudder to try and hold the nose up). This is why Autotrim can`t the nose (to slow down) or lowering the nose (to speed up) and controlling will be updated to take account of everything which happened during your turn because it`s now quicker to turn left than right to get there! Just set the heading figure somewhere near 0 and let the AFDS sort it out for itself. on when the autothrottle is engaged. rate of desecent by opening the throttle (to descend more slowly) or TAS is about 327 knots. In both cases you can look at the IAS figure and falling at 200 knots IAS. When the aircraft is flying straight and level again, hit the Esc key. The autopilot. If the aircraft was flying stably before you turned it off, immediately grab the stick and clutch it with a vice like grip unlike a car, an aircraft can be left quite safely hands- off for long periods, closing the throttle (to descend faster) provided that it starts in a stable condition which is what the autopilot should have left you with. 45o and stop it there, but you dont have to be exact. from inconvenient directions at least a part of the time. cooperating; you just have to make the best of it. Unless the wind is blowing across the runway exactly at right-angles, which it very rarely does, you can always resolve it into a component along the runway (a head things are happening: . The aircraft is turning slowly to the left. altogether. All is not lost however. Raise the aircraft`s nose until it`s level with the horizon or climbing slightly the HUD VSI is a useful aid for this - and then quickly hit the Autotrim key (on most machines this will be the S key on the numeric keypad). Autotrim is always available when the aircraft is upright, regardless of engage Autotrim, you can move the control stick right or left to bank the aircraft to any angle short of about 80" and the Autotrim system will pull find that there`s help available to analyse the situation and help you back as hard as necessary to maintain the same rate of climb or descent. upright before you try. this limit all hell will appear to break loose as red lights start flashing select sensible take off and landing directions. Here and now we`re without touching the throttles. and sirens sounding. Its just the aircraft`s way of making sure that you know that the autopilot is NOT flying the aircraft for you even though you tried to switch it on - you still have control. Cancel the Warning by hitting the * (numeric pad) or ` key and everything should return to normal. course but you do need some kind of simple mental picture of the situation. The Lift Vector are usually drawn on diagrams as lines with arrowheads. The direction of If the length of the Lift Vector is less than the length of the Gravity greater than the force acting down, the aircraft will rise (diagram 79). For a real dead-stick landing, do a maximum jettison then light up full aircraft to turn as much speed as you can spare into altitude. If you can find a runway, well and good - if you can reach it. If not, it`ll have to be a road. Try to find a stretch without bridges. Obviously the aircraft will glide furthest in a shallow dive at 25 sweep, but that`s not saying much - no fast jet glides well. Hold off on the flaps and the gear to the Handling" - try it. If you examine the Control Summary you`ll find that disused runway (these are the ones with white crosses at the threshold). Provided that they haven't been damaged in the attack, these surfaces attacking your own airfield and then landing - it'll give you a whole new How fast it will rise or sink depends on the size of the difference between Emergencies include systems failures and loss of control for any reason the two forces. When you pull back on the control stick, you are making the Lift Vector longer. When you push forward on the control stick, first its direction and increase its length that way (diagram 7.10). At ground level an Indicated Air Speed of 200 knots means that your True wings at an angle to the airflow generates more drag as well as more lift, down. The steeper the angle of attack, the more lift and the more drag surface. It breaks away and becomes turbulent and the wing suddenly ceases We`ve already dealt with stall recovery, and suggested Simulator exercises or alternates between two unstable positions (an oscillatory spin). In Pulling back (diagram 7.12) lengthens the Lift Vector, so that the fraction of its force opposed to the Gravity Vector is enough to counteract it to practise landing with various equipment failures. If you make yourself familiar with the controls available you can simulate and try out a great many system failures, and the exercise can only do you good. will be flagged on the Warning Panel in the back cockpit. Loss of control it occurs. All that remains is to decide whether your chances will be improved by waiting and normally, they wont. The Tornado`s ejection seats, like those in almost all modern combat aircraft have what is called a zero / zero capability the zeros are for altitude and airspeed. In other words, you can eject from a motionless also speeds up. aircraft on the ground and expect to survive. The seat contains a rocket come straight back down on top of the burning wreckage of your aircraft. situation but there are unavoidable limits to what you can expect. Because the ejection system fires the seats upward from the cockpit, ejecting with the aircraft inverted is suicidal at low level. At the other end of the scale, ejection at a high Mach number is also risky because of the appalling air blast. Another hazard is involved because high speed usually means high altitude. The seat mechanism contains an parachute till you have fallen to a survivable altitude (10000-20000 feet might be a common setting) and decelerated to a sensible speed. The mechanisms involved are simple, robust and highly reliable, but they are not immune to damage - and they are designed to fail safe. If possible. For an automatic parachute opening device, failing safe means deploying the parachute sooner rather than later (or not at all). All parachutes open harder the higher the deployment altitude, and a high-speed opening at high altitude may cause serious injury or death through opening shock (even in the normal case this might involve a 20 G jolt), or through the risk of anoxia and exposure on the way down. wings and the tail breaks down the aircraft is left falling through the air rather than flying. If the aircraft is rolling or yawing (changing heading aircraft either rotates constantly round one or more axes (a steady spin) this situation normal flight control just doesnt exist, and the aircraft is falling rapidly out of the sky. to maintain level flight, and the faster you turn (diagram 7.13). How hard can you pull? The Tornados wings are built to support 7.5 times the system knows about this limitation, and won`t allow you to pull hard enough eject. When it is working, the SPILS system in the Tornado detects any spin can become established. Like any other system in the aircraft, however, the SPILS system may be disabled by combat damage or random failure. If this happens any stall may develop into a spin - so you need Controls section). Be careful when doing this: just hit the key once, because the control toggles SPlLS on / off and there`s no indicator apart illuminates when the system fails due to damage and NOT when you switch it to break the aircraft. half times more effort than usual. Even worse, your heart and circulation are struggling to pump blood "uphill" to your brain and slowly losing the battle. If you keep this up for too long, you will black out. Since this usually means that you stop pulling, the force becomes less, blood returns just being used as a unit of measurement. If you`re pulling hard enough to off deliberately. Now sweep the wings right back to 67" cancel Autothrottle and go to full reheat (Slam Open twice). Let the aircraft normal force of gravity. accelerate to high speed on the level, then cancel reheat (just Slam Shut while in reheat). Leaving the throttles at Max. Dry power (100% RPM). hold the stick in this position for a variable length of time, which will never be less than a couple of seconds and sometimes a good deal longer. Meanwhile watch the Altimeter and the Airspeed Indicator. Standard Operating Procedure in the Tornado is to eject immediately if the aircraft enters or continues a spin below 20000 (yes, twenty thousand) feet, but you towards the normal ranges you should also see that the rotation rate is slowing. When it stops, the aircraft is under control again, so push the nose down to accelerate faster. let`s face it - its fun! We have included no less than six "external views" that range from the commonplace to the spectacular. A status line at the bottom of the screen shows your aircraft speed, altitude etc. The G force reading is shown on the G-meter (upper right centre) on the instrument panel. In the Simulator you can ignore G-LOC if you wish, by using the switch on the Mission Selection Screen to disable it. In the real world this desirable option is unfortunately not available. accept that the nose will drop while you`re doing it (unless you use is up to 7.5 times longer. Diagram 7.16 gives some idea of the maximum corrections. If this leaves the aircraft pointed in the right direction THE AUTOTHROTTLE If you haven`t already done so, hit F8 again for Heading and Altitude Hold and watch the HUD Airspeed figure until it becomes steady. All this time you`ve been flying with the engines under control of the Autothrottle, which is throttling the engines to try and maintain the requested Indicated Air Speed, which is shown on the AFDS display on the MFD. Just as the control stick (which flies the aircraft manually) is used to change the autopilot's orders when the AFDS is flying the aircraft, so the