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If you use Ground radar, the mobile SAM and AAA units will g or G weight multiplying factor, units of gravity Category: heavy-weight airfield attack and area denial ahead as far as possible. As the aircraft approaches Target Waypoint X you from the centre of the MFD down to the bottom centre, so that you can see max. 4 ft/sec at max weight between the apex marker and the base line and moves left and right. Navigator / Weapons Officers Seat AHA altitude/heading acquire mode of autopilot Will ALL the enemy missiles lose guidance even if the launching aircraft is Diameter: 8.66in (0.22m) Direction in which your cannon shells will travel if fired now. This Circular graduations around the digital altitude readout calibrated in increases with altitude and ideally it would be used at above 20,000 feet. mid 164 9 45 up 199 13 add 5kt per 1000 kg above 15000 kg 67 up 208 16 to wing sweep, flaps, gear etc. While the autopilot does the hard work of Weight: 45194lb (20500kg) range: 1750yds (2500m) accelerating to high speed, and the rest of its short life coasting to a Origin: United Kingdom your present point and orientated so that you are flying directly up the Height: 14ft 8in (4.47m) Weight: 24959lb (11321 kg) Max. weapon load: 16000lb (7250kg) the intervening distance, calculates how much lead is necessary and * * * green SAM LAUNCHER *** orange INCOMING RADAR GUIDED MISSILE or superior to most fighters. Use the advantage to change your flightpath quickly. described below for Indirect mode operation. Launching ALARM - Indirect mode (IND on SMD) Span: 3ft 4in (1.02m) Weight: 425lb (193kg) Radius of action 260nm this problem, by showing how the predicted bomb trajectory and impact point Su-27 Flanker single-seat counter air fighter shown. Opportunity waypoint using the Scrollable map. There are two other ways to Performance speed: Mach 4 range: 31nm (50km) AA-2-2C Advanced Atoll Origin: CIS The Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Autotrim computer-assisted turn coordination Select this display during your final approach to see the ILS localiser and the MFD functions, first check that the radar is switched on. deg degree Air to Air Missiles boundaries of the combat zone are not shown. The map is always centred at being unable to maintain the required safety margin. Usually caused by Origin: CIS Length: 22ft 0in (6.71 m) Width: 10ft 2in (3.09m) made at short range from almost directly ahead or astern of the target, Origin: USA Flares have been used to decoy heat seeking missiles for almost as long as Length: 152ft 11in (46.61m) The gun outfit of the IDS is intended for use against ground targets as Turning on the Radar in Air mode is done by hitting Alt R on most machines. Aiming Point not the Target Marker, in order to maximise your chances of picture of an everyday scene and recognising even one object reliably, from any angle. What the pioneers needed was a signature of some sort a signal that was characteristic of the sort of target they wanted to hit and really stood out from the background so that a simple system could detect it reliably and tell whether it was coming from above, below, left, right or straight ahead. Heat and infra-red radiation offered a promising solution to this problem, since there are few things hotter than the back end of a Performance: speed: 27mph (44km/h) evolves and uses a standard set of operating doctrines in peacetime, but the well led ones are prepared to experiment if combat experience suggests that there might be better ways of doing things. Be prepared to try anything once, and if it works, use it. Air Superiority Guns - Air-to-Ground As always, you`ll have to balance risk and reward in deciding how to handle show up on it but so will all other types of ground vehicle. Ground radar cant see through hills, so you`re still subject to the occasional unpleasant surprise as you pass over the crest. Using Ground radar will also make you more conspicuous and easier to find, but if you know that you`ve already been detected or that help is available, you may consider that it`s worth the extra risk When an unexpected threat appears on your RWR you`ve got to make a choice from among the following options: avoid it or face it: shoot at it or rely on defensive measures such as ECM, manoeuvre, chaff and flares. If The marker will drift left or right of centre to indicate arrival at next within maximum range of a SAM. While your flightplans will, of course, try You can practice this kind of attack on almost any Simulator mission. The best way to find suitable targets is to use the Ground Radar. If you have now you might want to allow the normal training safety margin, with the with the top of the line right in the centre of the Target Marker, but for Target Marker in the gap below the top of the Bomb Fall Line. notice missiles decreases significantly when used at low altitude. AIM9-L Sidewinder Do not rotate beyond 15 nose up Gear UP after take off Maintain climb angle of between 10 and 20 (1st and 2nd pitch bars on HUD) Category: medium / long range combat transport win the fight. Keep your eye on the target of saying that most of the time you`ll miss. The best way to attack this jet engine. A simple form of heat seeking missile is easy to imagine. The seeker head can see very hot objects from a reasonable distance, and distinguish up from down and left from right. It takes the hottest object it can see as its target. If the target is to the left, the control system commands the missile to turn left, etc. If its in the centre then the missile flies straight on. With any luck you would have thought it would come somewhere near its target, if it`s not out of range. options till you see a downward looking camera view (infra-red at night, visible light in daytime) with boxed crosshairs in the centre. This is the visual and radar fields of view about, giving you a far better chance of finding your opponent. Don`t forget to consult your RWR. metres (130000 feet or 21.5n.m.). If there is more than one hostile ground second and a third bomb manually at intervals of several seconds. In this Missile theoretical engagement ranges are frequently shown by means of a max negative g -3 Weight: 32187lb (14600kg) Fuel flow indicator When release takes place, the HUD changes back to normal navigation mode, Laydown bombing is "traditional" bombing, where the aircraft flies more or The other thing to remember is that if you can see the target on your air mode. The system will do its best to follow the contours of the ground, input. Roll control sets desired heading as in Altitude / Heading Acquire aircraft`s attitude i.e. nose up or down. n.b. Alignment with the Lower right: distance in n.m. to position of cursor the latter stages of the Gulf War, it provides TV and Imaging Infra-red to 5 with single keystroke. This option offers instant frame rate boost - runway threshold. This serves as a reminder that touchdown is imminent. Mounted centrally on the instrument panel of both pilot and navigator you Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.5 The Air-to Ground Guns symbology is quite simple and straight forward. The normal Ground Target Marker is superimposed on the target, and the aircraft datum symbol is replaced by the Boresight Marker, which should obviously be placed over the Target Marker and kept there in order to hit the target. A Range Clock is shown centred on the Boresight Marker, giving the range to the target. If the clock is showing a complete circle, the range is 2400 hitting the target. Views available Pilots Seat COCKPIT LAYOUT ------------- AIRCREW NOTES This is the view looking forward from the pilot`s position (front cockpit). The lower portion of the screen is occupied by the instrument panel and above this you are looking through the canopy to the outside world. Panel illumination self-adjusts with time of day and red or green cockpit lighting is selectable (see "Preferences" described in "Options" in chapter 2). Landing checks Shows range to target, calibrated for AIM L 2 Ground plain or textured 3 Hills plain or textured 4 Sky plain or textured aircraft (at the 1992 Farnborough AirShow it was on display attached to a Monitor speed Throttle to idle at 80kts Appears when the CCIP reaches the target marker Counts down through the Select the "Look down" view for the following user options: POL petrol, oil and lubricants POW prisoner of war RAF Royal Air Force Redout loss of consciousness due to negative g Mi-24 Hind Armament: one 120mm gun one 7.62mm machine gun, coaxial one 7.62mm machine gun, anti aircraft We`ve laid stress on the fact that a Tornado is not the world`s best knows or suspects that there`s a missile coming his way this is highly this represents the area within which you can launch the missile with some an unrealistic, idealised version of the problem. manoeuvre will at least change the situation, and may gain you the advantage of surprise Just be ready to seize any opportunity that may occur be less surprised than the enemy. 32 G meter 33 Fuel flow indicator (iii) joystick 1 single joystick option. Joystick provides pitch and roll from this altitude, and you can use this time to zoom in and refine the position of the designator spot. When you`re satisfied with this, zoom out triangle" steering cue and another countdown clock. You pull up into a assumed to be turning left. If you draw the matching envolope for a target Such systems (like the RWR itself) tend to be very highly classified, but . Ground radar - if active . Air radar if active . Forward looking camera groups of unarmoured or lightly-armoured vehicles, parked aircraft or other or using TIALD easy to see that once the missile`s speed has fallen below the target`s a Bearing heading required to fly towards target or waypoint Blackout loss of consciousness due to pulling g TEL time early/late Origin: United Kingdom Ground target marker Position of designated target as seen through the HUD start by hitting the Arm Air-to-Alr key combination (Alt+Enter on most Origin: USA Wing Span: 57ft 6in (17.53m) Length: 53ft 4in (16.26m) Computed Impact Point) across it, showing where the bombsight thinks your Tornado This unit offers a variety of functions, selected by the "Centre an aircraft as your target. When you`ve designated your target a column of four numbers will appear in the lower right corner of the HUD In order from top to bottom these show: target Range in nautical miles; target Altitude in thousands of feet; Max level speed sea level 159kts Radius of action 432nm AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS Patriot BL755 cluster bomb BVR beyond visual range C3 command, control and communications CAP combat air patrol Displays range to target with two calibration marks: 400m and 600m range pitch up and the artificial horizon will fall, roll right and the Provides a daytime forward view and an image-intensified nightime forward view for the navigator. ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) continuing in a straight line may do you very little good: the missile missile is approaching from behind, for example, dumping decoys and will pass them and you will still be in view. If, on the other hand, you 25 up 180 12 add 7kt per 1000 kg above 15000 kg Spin recovery procedure: Maximum weapon load: 187401b (8500 kg) Max. Level flight at altitude clean M2.2 Max. Level speed at sea level clean M1.2 Radius of action 1000nm g limit +7.5 (a) Forward looking camera (b) Scrollable Map Moving map display used for setting waypoints for targets of opportunity (c) Thermal Imaging and Laser Designation system (TIALD) Used to pinpoint targets with laser beam from medium altitude, (d) Flight Plan display (PLN) 15 16 4 ____________________________________________________________________________ NAVIGATORS INSTRUMENT PANEL ENG engine failure (left or right) SPILS SPILS spin prevention system damaged UC gear damaged FUEL fuel low at 45 sweep: Mach 0.88 at 67 sweep: Mach 2.20 Use the D key to cycle display options on the centre MFD you`re looking at an approach waypoint in Track mode. Once active, the autopilot will steer buttons surrounding the MFD are not functional. is possible to switch off the MFD by pressing the MFD On/Off key. The Mouse active indicator BAe/ Marconi ALARM Origin: United Kingdom missile seeker head acquires the target, this will rest at the centre of enemy activity switched on (use the switches on the Mission Selection interception it is vital to remember that you are there to knock down 4. Lower nosewheel mnemonic, think RASH for Range, Altitude, Speed, Heading. If the target is actual performance may differ considerably. The effective range of all to runway mid - point (lower right corner). wing flaps speed AoA Dead stick flight with zero engine thrust Launching AIM9L Delivering Laser-Guided Bombs (LGB on SMD) Kneepad view and options attack. You can start in mid-air, not far from the target, and there is Performance: speed: Mach 3 Select and commit to the Simulator Mission "TWCU - LGB Attack". This AA-1O Alamo 7 Radar altimeter heading (HDG) and airspeed (IAS) are all under autopilot control (AUTO) Bars showing aircraft pitch and roll attitude relative to the ground, RWR radar warning receiver failure ALARMS are loaded and managed in packages like all other ground attack aircrew that the radar is transmitting even though it may not be selected The Standby Sight is a simple "iron" sight, replacing the aircraft datum altitude. Shortly before the target is reached, the missile will execute a TIALD view. Check that the green light in the corner of the right Tab is on, indicating that mouse control is active on that display. If it isnt hit the TAB key once or twice until it is on. You will now find that moving the mouse scrolls the camera image in the corresponding direction, but there are limits to the field of view. The direction of the aircraft`s movement is always up the screen, so that the In order to launch an ALARM in this mode you must first select a package of ALARMs, Set the delivery mode to IND, then hit "arm air-to-ground weapon" The target will be the currently-selected waypoint, whether from the stored flightplan or a Target-of-Opportunity. The HUD symbology is identical to that provided in ALARM Direct mode, showing a Ground Target Marker and a Range Clock with the same calibration, subject to the same condition that This mode is intended to help you attack Targets of Opportunity typically grouped soft targets. In order to use it you must set a ToO waypoint using Chaff tiny foil strips used to decoy radar-guided missiles ClS Confederation of Independant States right direction at the right speed under the AFDS, switch to the back seat. Illuminated when aircraft's radar is active. Serves as a reminder to on the MFD. or predict its motion; its only function is to show you where your cannon zoom climb to about 10000 feet and deploy its parachute. It then hangs The RWR we`ve provided on the Tornado`s front panel will do these things of Height: 16ft 5in (5.01m) Weight empty: 18238lb (8273kg) Max. weapon load: 12000lb (5443kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.5 Wing span: 132ft 7in (40.41m) Length: 97ft 9in (29.79m) Height: 38ft 3in (1166m) current centre spot long enough for the bomb to reach the ground. If the square brackets are absent the spot in the centre of the camera view would explanation. In order to hit a target moving across your field of view, you must allow for the distance the target travels between the time you fire and the time the shot reaches the target. You have to aim ahead of the target ("lead" it) in order to have any chance of hitting it, unless it is travelling directly towards or away from you. This is the art of deflection shooting. Given that you have to aim a shotgun a metre or so ahead of a pigeon or ask to hit it from a range of twenty metres you should see that when shooting at a 500-knot target from a range of 600 metres the coasting and slowing down. If the range is excessive and the missiles visual indication of the target`s direction of motion, and a missile tired (e) Forward looking camera Max. weapon load: 24500lb (11113kg) and the thrust from your engines is replacing at least some of it. The at close range may well not be able to hit the target unless it`s launched Either fight to win or run away glideslope indicators. Additional information on this screen includes aircraft leading (top left corner), bearing to the runway mid-point (top right corner), estimated time to touchdown (lower left corner) and distance (d) Radar The radar has two independent modes of operation, each with on / off control. If the desired radar mode does not appear as you cycle through (i) air mode used for detecting, designating and tracking aircraft. The air radar is a plan view display showing target range and bearing only. Both enemy and allied aircraft are shown, differentiated by symbology. Use your mouse to move the designator symbol to coincide with the chosen target and designate with the left mouse button. Designation may be cancelled with the right mouse button. If the designator does not appear to respond pressing the Tab key. The bombs fly on, rising to the top of a long arc and then curving down on 1 8 13 9 10 11 12 2 3 18 Origin: USA Weight,empty: 76469lb (34686kg) Max. cruising speed 325kts Radius of action 2,046nm n.b Minimum speed with reverse thrust engaged is 50 to 70kts (reheat must CAS close air support CCIP continuously computed impact point Combat power maximum reheat setting Digital joystk joystick capable only of on/off output modes stay armed after firing (like ALARM or LGB), provided that you shooting them down. If possible, you should never use the ADV this way but nose-down over the target, scanning for hostile radar emission. When it you decide to shoot back, ALARM in Direct mode is by far the safest weapon you`re forced to. If you run out of airspeed and altitude at the same range: 34nm (55km) 1o. A heading of 36 corresponds to your aircraft flying due North (360) The HUD during run in for Loft Attack 14 17 Max level speed sea level, clean 459kts Radius of action 2700nm SARH is an enormous advance on beam riding, but it`s still far from perfect. The main disadvantage is that the launching aircraft must continue towards the target, with its radar on, for the entire flight time of the missile. If the enemy fires a missile back the result is a desperate game of 'chicken'. Whose missile will reach the target first? destroyed? In general, western short range missiles are heat-seeking and medium or long-range missiles are radar-guided, but the Soviet Union made a practice of developing both radar and heat seeking versions of almost all its air-to-air missiles, regardless of size and range class. This systems. A Loft attack comes in two phases; in the first you run in at low a bright green dot. This is especially useful for finding vehicles projects the Aiming Point ahead of the target. Aim the Boresight at the lower left corner of the HUD, and on the Weapon Status indicator. A target aircraft datum, and the ground radar emitter most directly in front of the metres (8000 feet) or more. The two marks on the lower rim of the clock instrument and this may be used to follow the correct glideslope down to As the Countdown Clock approaches zero, stand by when the Pull up Point is g limit +3.5 The ADV air radar has three selectable ranges: 30 nm (for use with Sky Main rotor diameter: 60ft 0in (18.29m) way you can either make repeated attacks on one difficult target or guide arming status will cancel automatically and the next package on the SMD Diameter: 8.8in (0.223m) Length: 61ft 3in (18.68m) Radius of action 500+nm Height: 1ft 11in (0.6m) other active system it can attract the attention of sensors which would`nt sort of long thin target is with a run along its length. This minimises the deflection problem and groups all the targets together, giving you the best probability of scoring some sort of a hit. Because trucks run on roads and trains on tracks you always have two immediately obvious choices of attack run, and good visual cues for lining up. For the ideal attack see a glowing jet exhaust from miles away while the best modern seekers can seeker head is much more sensitive than this, so that even a poor one can see the heat radiation caused by skin friction on a fast moving aircraft from a similar distance. throughout the missile`s flight you end up with a distorted engagement The Air Superiority mission is to drive the enemy`s fighters out of the sky by engaging them directly. This is the air combat task for which the ADV is least well suited. It`s optimised for long endurance and long range missile engagements rather than seeking out the enemy`s fighters and instead rely on allied air superiority fighters to attack the enemy`s the centre or bottom cemtre the display, on the scrollable map your air The other large assumption implicit in such a diagram is that the enemy is the target must be within 45 of the nose on one side or the other. Once the system is armed and a valid target exists, each press of the Fire following on either display. n b. the displays are mutually exclusive. have no target currently designated, the Standby Sight will appear on the enthusiasm during this project was invaluable ADV air defence variant of Tornado AFDS autopilot and flight director system Ride height altitude seting selected when using terrain following RET retarded bomb detection until it`s too late for the enemy to react by sending interceptors. The RAF has no direct equivalent of the USAF`s "Wild Close Air Combat There`s no rigid set of commandments which will guarantee victory or even MAZ 543 and SS-1 SCUD FiRSt aCTiON...............[ Deathrider! ].........+32-893-06645 BHQ Weight, max. T-O 335000lb (151953kg) Max. level speed 460kts Length: 30ft 0in (9.14m) Width: 9ft 6in (2.9m) Height: 13ft 9in (4.2m) missiles may also be launched from high-flying aircraft at low-flying but the exact moment of bomb release is controlled automatically by the AAA anti-aircraft artillery AAM air-to-air missile Such a system would aim to warn you of an approaching missile, show you which direction it was coming from, and possibly even discriminate between heat-seeking and radar-guided missiles. We`ve assumed that all this can be done, and incorporated the result into the Radar Warning Receive display which thus becomes something more like a "Threat Display" in American terminology. AA-8A/B Aphid the reading will be 1 g with the pointer at the 9 o'clock position. 17 E-Scope (IDS) or weapon status (ADV) 18 Horizontal situation indicator (HSI) 19 Attitude direction indicator (ADI) . 20 Head up display (HUD) 21 Late arm switch Items common with front cockpit Displays range to target with maximum range of 21.5nm (40 km) Standby sight that turning performance is described by two factors. One is speed, as moderate speeds (say 400 - 500 knots). Simplifying slightly, we can say described. The other is RATE of turn; how many degrees the aircraft turns targets within a wedge-shaped volume in front of the aircraft. If you In practice the problem is not that simple. You have to try to prevent the missile from locking onto the Sun, the sun`s reflection, and many other potential distractions, without interfering with its ability to detect and recognise the target signature. You have to provide it with some kind of proximity fuse so that it knows when to detonate. 1 Cancel Reheat If the enemy is close behind, try to make him overshoot See the above. This must be done using the TIALD system. TIALD stands for Thermal Imaging And Laser Designation. Rushed from development into service in time for cameras plus a laser designator mounted together in a swivelling eyeball. single and double dots, each representing 5 of alpha. Maximum alpha for from a damaged enemy. closer than the minimum you run the risk of hitting or ingesting debris obviously increases the uncertainty factor. The AIM-7 Sparrow was in its E version by the time of the Vietnam War when it was first fired in anger. Its performance was widely regarded as unsatifactory, though some argued that its low success rate was due to it being used at shorter ranges than it was really intended for. Over Vietnam it was usually necessary to close to visual range to be sure that the target wasn`t a friendly aircraft, and if you were within visual range you were really too close for Sparrow to work as designed. The new spurt of Flash) 10 nm (for use with AIM9L) and 2 miles (for use with guns). The IDS radar has only the 10 nm and 2nm range settings. It is also possible to lock on to a target visually through the HUD by using the boresight designate key. Please note that use of the radar at very low altitudes will be affected by terrain masking ie. it cannot see through hills! Rubber triangle . ILS All of these are described in detail in the Avionics Reference section. It When mouse control is appropriate to more than one current display eg. Normally a "slow ripple" of LGB like this would be used to strike multiple EWR early warning radar Flaps trailng edge aerofoils on each wing Flares used to decoy heat-seeking missiles The Sidewinder is designed to be small and light enough to be carried as getting closer to the release point. You may also see the Apex Marker Pointing the nose at the ground at high speed and low level is a risky actual screening effect of the cloud. TV TAB displays (navigator's cockpit) The Aiming Point is useful for more than just aiming. Because it Localiser left/right reference of ILS system Lift vector force generated by air flowing over the wings it. radar showing on the Radar Warning Receiver (RWR), swinging the aircraft Approach progress indicator Origin: CIS 11 36 the Scrollable Map or the Ground Radar, and select it as the current pilots are capable of accurate deflection shooting without a lead-computing selected This instrument is then particularly useful for assessing the its bombs just below 1000 feet, climbing at an angle of just over 20o - Category: Airborne early warning and command post (ii) ground mode - used primarily for detecting, designating and tracking If you want to use ALARM in Direct mode to shoot your way out of unexpected trouble, you`d better have it armed and ready so that all you have to do is thus effectively eliminating the need to estimate deflection. Even with key. / Commit button will immediately launch one ALARM at the target. The Arm status will not automatically cancel while there are still ALARMs left in the selected package. After launch, each missile will cruise toward the target at medium finds one (or more) active radars, it will select the one most directly beneath, cut away the parachute and drop on it as a guided bomb. If no target has appeared by the time the missile has descended to 1000 feet, it will cut away and drop unguided to the ground The other element of the symbology is the Lock-on Diamond. Until the the HUD surrounding the Boresight Marker. When the seeker head picks up the target and locks on, the Lock-on Diamond shifts to the Target Marker and tracks it as shown in diagram 10.21. Lock-on is also confirmed by an audible signal, a steady tone. Active Sky Flash (ADV only) military ground vehicles. The display is a composite image of radar returns and digital map data which are compared to identify and highlight vehicles. Due to terrain masking, vehicle returns may be intermittent image but a synthetic composite. The landscape and fixed objects known, to Bomb fall line Sight. But you`ll have to estimate deflections by eye, and you`ll be key and moving the mouse forward or back. When zooming, the image locks on you want to come in from behind rather than in front giving you the lowest GPB general purpose bomb Groundspeed actual speed over the ground HAS hardened aircraft shelter HDG heading each bomb in turn to a different target. An interval of four seconds against a designated ground target, one for a designated air target, and defensive armament by an aircraft which is already heavily loaded with to use. All other available weapons and modes of attack would require you to approach the target closely, flying in a more or less straight line. We`ll discuss deflection shooting in detail later on, but take it on trust that it`s far easier for a gun or a missile to hit an approaching (or receding) target than one which is flying past a good way off to the side. and hit the key. Prediction of the target's position. Manoeuvre your aircraft so that the 17 Right TV TAB display 18 Central warning panel 14 Left TV TAB display 15 Analogue clock 16 Stores management display Full-Screen Moving Map A full screen moving map display is available with zoom controls. The screen Please note that the simulation continues in real time when this map is displayed. For safety reasons we recommend that you select autopilot before switching to the map. 1 Mouse active indicator 2 Landing gear position indicator 3 Attitude direction indicator 5 Horizon plain or faded 6 HUD frame hidden or shown nb If you are flying away from the cursor position, it is not possible to display an estimated time. (d) Local map Short range (2n.m./ 3.8km.) and medium-range (10n.m/18.5km.) displays are AWACS airborne warning and control system Length: 152ft 10in (45.59m) Height: 48ft 5in (1476m) Max T O weight, 418875lb (190000kg) Max. level speed sea level, clean 459kts Radius of action 2700nm A-50 Mainstay Category: airborne early warning Origin: CIS Wing span: 165ft 8in (50.5m) Length: 152ft 10in (45.59m) Weight: 48ft 5in (14.76m) lead distance will be considerable, even though cannon shells travel far faster than birdshot. closer to the ring centre. Both of these signs tell you that you`re problem is effectively identical to the problem of lining up for a landing per second, which is mainly governed by how much G is pulled in the turn. If you experiment, you`ll find that the Tornado`s maximum 7.5 G just isn`t available below a speed somewhere in the region of 400 knots. Flying faster than this doesnt give you any greater G capability, because it`s a structural limit of the aircraft. If you fly faster, all that will happen is that your turning circle becomes larger. notice you otherwise. While it destroys the precision of range measurements the added signal strength can actually make it easier to find your bearing. As with your radar, if you want to stay unobtrusive don`t leave it on all the time. A light on the panel reminds you when it`s active. The Tornado IDS does not have a built in ECM system - this is loaded as apod on one of the outer wing pylons, balancing the chaff and flare dispenser on the other side. On the Mission Planner Payload Window these hit the Fire button. In the time needed to set up a launch from astanding reduce speed or increase your ride height. n.b. This indicator operates If you hit the Weapon View key just after bomb release you`ll be able to E-3D Sentry USEFUL CHECKLISTS Takeoff checks Vmax for each wing sweep weapons are much lower than for GP bombs. We talked in Advanced Flying Training about how to set a Target of set a ToO waypoint, one of which is to use the Ground Radar, which we`ll look at here. image will rotate as the aircraft turns. Push the mouse forward so that A two-dimensional fight is a brute-force fight - you'll lose it! The classic public conception of air combat pictures two aircraft chasing represents a prediction of the target`s position some time in the future, take you behind the missile before the decoy lost its usefulness, and the control Joystick 2 provides throttle and rudder control. (iv) joystick 2 two joystick option. Joystick 1 provides pitch and roll your skin, even though you cant see it. A properly designed infra-red Why look in the infra red? When the first self-guided weapons were DlR direct - ALARM mode ECM electronic countermeasures Egress flying out of the target area Glideslope descent rate reference of ILS system G-LOC gravity-induced loss of consciousness Heading strip symbols on HUD showing aircraft heading HUD head up display IAS indicated airspeed You can only laser designate what the TIALD head under the aircraft can see Attention getter Illluminates after system failure or warning. Refer to Central Warning Panel in rear cockpit for identification of problem. A steering cue consisting of an apex point (small +), a short middle line and a long base line. The position of the base line is fixed. The apex marker moves left, right, up and down relative to the aircraft datum to indicate a steering demand to the pilot. The middle line is drawn half way 7 Multi function display the autopilot just prior to touchdown, flare, land, apply reverse thrust, Heat seeking missiles as a class have a simple low resolution "eye" in the nose which "sees" infra-red radiation rather than the visible light perceptible to you or me. Every warm object gives off an infra-red glow - this is simple radiated heat. If it`s strong enough you can feel it on developed in the forties and fifties, compact electronic control systems were primitive or non-existent - the control systems of early weapons tended to use very simple analog electronics. Even today with sensors, computers and software of a power and sophistication then undreamt of, it`s 28 Engine r.p m. indicators (left & right) 29 Engine temperature indicators (left & right) 30 Approach progress indicator stay somewhere near this speed for combat manoeuvering. Unfortunately, the avoid defeat. All we can give you are suggestions, some of which contradict one another, but all of them contain at least a grain of truth. Some of them are intended purely for simulator pilots, and would be bad practice in the real world. (iv) Approach (AFDS APRCH) links the autopilot to the Instrument Landing System for an automatic approach to an allied airfield Altitude (ALT), Time To Go (TTG) is displayed as minutes:seconds. An AFDS approach is development. It has been a pleasure to work Slats leading edge aerofoils SMD stores management display SPILS spin prevention and incidence limiting system +---------------------------------------------+ However, please note that this is not possible in all circumstances e.g. Reference section below. (e) Forward looking camera Vmax ulc down 350 kts (warning at 250kts) AA-8B 9nm (15km) VSI vertical speed indicator of 10 (eg 270 is shown as 27), calibrated every 5 with a resolution of Range clock with the radar on the MFD and the moving map on a TV TAB display, control Aircraft datum If you`re totally preoccupied with defending yourself, you`ll miss the Category: air-to-surface anti-radiation tactical missile Guidance system: passive radar seeking Length: 13ft 11in (4.242m) seconds to reach the target, climbing to 8-9000 feet before they start to If you do, you`re giving him a very easy shot. IDS interdictor strike variant of Tornado IND Indirect - ALARM mode ILS Instrument landing system Initial point turning point from which you start your attack run Jettison to reduce aircraft weight in an emergency JP.233 runway denial weapon KIA killed In action Warhead: 147 antitank / fragmentation bomblets 1000lb freefall bomb is the transmitter, since this must develop and control very large energies AH-64 Apache helicopter gunship Category: helicopter gunship Origin: USA Main rotor diameter: 48ft 0in (14.63m) Length: 58ft 3in (17.76m) Height: 15ft 3in (4.66m) other weapons. This means that it has to be a fairly short-range missile. 1 Visibility 6 to 25 miles aircraft approaches weapon release. Calibration dependent upon weapon type the Local Map display (with the dotted orientation line down the centre). stores, and Direct (DIR) or Indirect (IND) mode operation is selected using the normal select delivery mode, key. are collectively described as "Defensive Pods". The Tornado ADV has integral chaff and flare dispensers and internal ECM equipment, so this does not need to be loaded separately. /\_ ____________ ______/\___________/\___ MAN. As with any weapon delivery mode, you must Arm before you can drop the package. four seconds necessary to dispense the full weapon load replaces the aircraft datum See separate section later. Late arm switch Moves to its upper (armed) position after weapons armed using "arm ground attack" key or "arm air attack" key. Moves to its lower (disarmed) position by using "cancel arm" key. Weapons cannot be fired when the Late Arm switch is down. Angle of attack indicator speed: Mach 2.5 range: 11nm (17.7km) Active Sky Flash Origin: United Kingdom 12 ECM "on" indicator Point is shown just as in Air-to-Air Guns mode, because it gives a useful short-range omni directional radar with very high resolution to detect the AB air brake failure the target; you line up the Bomb Fall Line with the Target Marker and wait may be passed between the displays by use of the "Select active display" sight to help them. Before such sights were available, most gun kills were Having said all this, experience suggests that if you spend too long A slow-moving aircraft has a smaller turning circle than a fast moving range: 310nm (500km) aircraft under AFDS control. Height: 41ft 9in (12.73m) AUT emergency autopilot disengage Views available FIRE engine fire (left or right) fully swept: 25ft 6in (778m) Release starts automatically and continues till all submunitions are (v) Autothrottle "next air target" (probably Alt+Caps Lo). If there is no air target speed drops below a given threshold before it reaches the target, the only when the autopilot is in Terrain Following mode. The following speeds will vary with aircraft weight: Vstall 25 sweep (power off) 135 kts (zero flaps) Vstall 25o sweep (power off) 120 kts (mid flaps) far better chance of being accurate in range. but it increases in much smaller steps. The resulting release will stand a diagram 1O-11S, the throw distance still increases as the aircraft climbs. Recovery and Escape after a Loft Attack away from this altitude, it`ll take about 23 seconds to reach the ground with nothing but gravity to accelerate it (ignoring air resistance which would only make the problem worse). In that time your aircraft will cover about three miles at typical speeds, which by coincidence is roughly the maximum effective range of the SAM systems you`ll encounter. In Tornado if you simply fly straight on towards the target, in all probability you`ll be hit by a SAM coming the other way shortly before your ALARM lands on the launcher What you`ve got to do is launch your indirect ALARMs, then provoke the less straight and level over the target to release its bombs. Lining up on Laydown Attack (LAY on SMD) Category: amphibious mobile surface-to-air missile system SS 1 SCUD Category: surface-to surface battlefield missile start you`d probably have flown straight past the threat, for better or worse. See also the section below on ECM (Electronic Counter Measures). Prediction of the targets position. May be used as a steering cue. 10 Autothrottle engaged indicator 11 Radar "on" indicator 13 Mouse active indicator whereas mapped features will always be shown. Use your mouse to move the designator symbol to coincide with the chosen target position and designate with the left mouse button. Designation may be cancelled with the right mouse button. If the designator does not appear to respond to the mouse, check that the MFD is the active display for the mouse by pressing the Tab Missile Countermeasures: Flares, Chaff and Manoeuvres certainly has the endurance to stay with the formation all the way if necessary. horizon with their inner ends pointing at the ground. Bars above the TWCU Tornado Weapons Conversion Unit Length: 54ft 10in (16.72m) Height: 19ft 6in (5.95m) idea is to lay the Bomb fall Line over the Target Marker - with the added complication that you must try to ensure that your course towards the arming switch to arm the release system and call up the bombsight flying in a straight line at a constant speed throughout the attack. If he audio warning which sounds rather like a telephone ringing. It`s important desired speed on the AFDS display. The autothrottle system will adjust the engine thrust accordingly in an attempt to maintain the demanded speed. setting up the ideal attack you`ll probably find that your targets turn a Radar Warning Receiver Symbology ALARM`s Indirect mode is designed for use against known or suspected defences which you can`t avoid. They might be the defences around your planned target, or the optimum route to or from your target might take you over a defended area. A planned attack using Indirect mode might be attractive point about it in either case is that it speeds up the rate at it may also have applications to missile evasion at close range. The which you cross the enemys field of view - just what you need against a halt after the motor burns out. involved in air combat without jettisoning ground attack weapons is at a the localiser/ glideslope needles will have appeared on your MFD. It is in ILS mode. The Approach mode is automatically selected when you arrive at Secondly, it is part of the Instrument Landing System and shows localiser and glideslope deviation during an approach to an allied airfield. However, it is strongly recommended that you use the ILS mode of the HUD or the ILS mode of the MFD in preference to this instrument under normal circumstances. The limitations in resolution on the HSI make it a difficult instrument to use but in the event of simultaneous HUD and MFD display shows hills, roads, rivers, airfields (active runway in white) and This is a moving map display orientated about your present position. The waypoints (B,C,D etc). The map origin may be toggled between the centre of If the missile is fired at a target beyond effective range, and it detects that its speed has dropped below a threshold value, it will zoom-climb and loiter wherever it happens to be at that point. If a threat radar is detected beneath, it will attack it as normal. Amber Captions: designate a target which then passes out of the radar`s field of view, you descend. KlT killed in training kts knots, nautical miles per hour LAY laydown attack LFT loft attack LGB laser-guided bomb Mach number aircraft speed expressed as a fraction or multiple of the local speed of sound MAN manual control or manual attack MFD multi function display MTOW maximum takeoff weight Mechanical display of angle of attack. The HUD during an Air to Ground Guns attack This mode is only available with a target of opportunity selected as the Height: 19ft 5.5in (5.93m) Weight: 49600lb (22500kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.35 manoeuvre flap range. The HUD symbology is almost exactly like that provided for the primary mission or losing the fight. The Tornado is NOT the ideal Target Speed and Aspect Wheelbrakes off (at 100% rpm and max. reheat) unlikely behaviour. If you assume that the target turns at a constant rate release the package immediately with the Commit button. This triggers threat in front of you, the missile taking targetting information from the "Right Tab Function Select" key to cycle through the right Tab display the aircraft onto the correct approach path to the runway and adjust Fuel quantity indicator 15 Jettison external fuel tanks Radar altimeter Range clock image-intensified nightime forward view for the navigator. | | | | TF terrain following aiming point coincides with the boresight and fire your cannon when in Radar "on" indicator At the minimum speed which allows you to pull 7.5 G the aircraft`s turn Wing span: 165ft 8in (50.5m) targets to switch on and activate the loitering missiles while exposing yourself to the minimum risk. You`ve got to enter the threat zone in order height and speed in a 45 climb. This is the climb angle at which you many forms, but the one we`re particularly interested in is intended to HUD symbology Symbology on the HUD will vary depending upon the mode in use Without weapons armed, the HUD defaults to NAV mode. "B" risk indicator (IDS only) Shows aircraft position relative to flightplan. Wendy Hoskin development resulting from combat experience placed heavy emphasis on reducing the minimum range requirement. Development of Sparrow in the USA continued into the eighties, when it was supposed to be replaced by the AIM-120 AMRAAM, but ten years later AMRAAM is still not in full-scale service and the supposedly obsolescent Sparrow is still in widespread use. Meanwhile in the UK a program began in 1969 to If a missile is launched head-on at an oncoming enemy aircraft. The target and the missile are travelling toward one another at high speed. The maximum launch range is greater than it would be against a stationary target, by the distance the aircraft travels in the missile`s flight time. Length: 15ft 1in (4.6m) Span: 3ft 5in (1.05m) Weight: 7051b (320kg) vailable in three varieties: (a) general purpose (GPB) (b) retarded (RET) (c) laser-guided (LGB) Method of release: (a) GPB - manual, loft or lay down in order to provide a strong enough signal to give good range and signal to Weight: 675lb (307kg) Performance: range: 20nm recommended that you designate targets ahead of your aircraft in order to Maximum T-O weight: 90725lb (41150kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.4 Max. level speed sea level clean M1.1 Radlus of action 1135nm limit +5 Indicated airspeed or Mach number limit flying slowly can sometimes out-turn an aircraft with a high G limit descent is greater than the scale allows (and it often is), the bar sticks with dots at intervals of 5 feet per second. If the rate of climb or Aiming point build the basic AIM 7E2 missile airframe under licence, but to fit it with an alternative seeker head and fuse more capable than the contempary USA standard. The program was considered to be highly successful, and the resulting missile, christened Sky Flash, was first delivered to the RAF in 1979 and also sold to the Swedish Air Force. fighter Its design role is to loiter on patrol for long periods, waiting (a) Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) and Autothrottle corner and trundle off in a new direction just before you come within can`t see the Bomb Fall Line at all, you"re far too low - it's disappeared still four or five miles from the target. The bombs would take about 20-25 Max level flight at altitude clean M2.2 TV TAB large multi purpose displays in the rear cockpit Unloading pushing the stick to reduce aerodynamic drag n.m. nautical mile NLT not later than and speed accordingly. The letter of the next waypoint (e.g. B,C, etc) is will fly automatically from each waypoint to the next, adjusting altitude shown in brackets at the top of the display. If you wish to bypass the Bomb fall line AC you are being tracked by an enemy aircraft useful in combat. To restore your previous setting hit 0 again. A Loft attack (you might have heard this called toss bombing.) also ADC air data computer (autopilot) failure will be able to see it marked on the map, which will help you locate it in the TIALD image. waypoint You don`t need to have the radar on, but if it is you must ensure that its in Ground mode, not Air mode. Once these conditions are satisfied, the HUD will show the Air to Ground Guns symbology whenever the nose is pointed within a reasonable angle of the target. If you`re pointed too far off, the Standby Sight will appear. represents 10000 feet. Also incorporates a numeric display for those who prefer a digital presentation. E-scope (IDS) or Weapon status (ADV) (a) E-scope (IDS Tornado) Shows projection of terrain ahead of aircraft when flying at low altitudes distance of "look ahead" is automatically adjusted to increase with the Target Marker. The upper end of the Bomb Fall Line provides you with a Landing with wings swept or flap failure: 1. Jettison all stores 2. See table below for approach speed After touchdown: 3. Throttle to idle 5. Engage thrust reverse Warhead: 221 lb (100kg) HE fragmentation with proximity fuse still a major challenge to build a system which is capable of looking at a The only sort of propulsion which makes sense for a small missile is a Analogue dial showing Indicated Airspeed up to 800 knots and digital readout of Mach number. the target, hit the arming switch. You will see a solid Bomb Fall Line Fighter Combat Robert L Shaw The Ace Factor Mike Spick the forward edge of coverage (ahead of the aircraft) the centre cross 1 Reverse thrust indicators g limit +9 fighter forces directly But all is not lost... Sky Flash as such is still a semi-active missile, but most of the development work has been done for a fully active version, roughly equivalent to AMRAAM British Aerospace have been proposing such a version before release, but because the bombs travel so far in a loft attack any the target. The bombsight computer repeats its calculations for bomb throw a few seconds of thrust. Thereafter the missile coasts, slowing down due sensible maximum launch ranges at high altitude might be 5n.m. from ahead which your lofted bombs could reach the target if released at your current key. The indicator will illuminate to confirm mouse control is active. map are also available on the central MFD Functions are selected by Releasing the key will return to the forward view. If you wish to continue quote the high altitude figure as the brochure range. In practice, modern target Speed in knots and target Heading in degrees. If you want a opportunity to attack. If you miss the opportunity to attack, you can to use in close air combat - just point your nose somewhere near the target Warhead: 25lb (11.4kg) AVIONICS REFERENCE 2 Attention getter press Shift and Look Left to lock the view. There are no cockpit REV thrust reversers failure Manual writing - Nick Mascall, David Marshall Hit the 0 (letter "o") key to switch the map origin (the aircraft position) Length radar variant 13ft 1in (4Om) Origin: USA Wing span: 145ft 9in (44.42m) Endurance on station 870m to trigger the defences, but having done so you`re free to turn away. ZSU-23-4 Shilka 4 Horizontal situation indicator 5 Altimeter 6 Indicated airspeed / Mach number 8 Mouse active indicator if he hasn`t already seen you. If you select another MFD display while the The IDS radar has six selectable ranges: 0.5nm, 1nm, 2nm, 4nm, 8nm and 16nm. The ADV is not fitted with a ground radar. (e) Forward looking camera AIM9L (Sidewinder) missile There can`t be many of our potential users out there who haven`t heard of this one. The original of this missile first went into service in 1956, Mounted centrally above the instrument panel is the Head Up Display (HUD), GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS Especially if you`re flying a simulator like this one rather than a real for years, and its probably only financial stringency and confused 1 3 4 30 31 possible relative speed and the longest window of opportunity 1. Select 25 sweep superiority fighter. Second, it shows a desperate lack of imagination. When the target has been designated but the missile seeker cannot see it, aerodynamics he`ll lose the fight against any halfway competent opponent. knowing very well that if he tries to rely on brute force and superior ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- the "arm air to air" key combination, b) you must use the "cycle air to air The following conditions are necessary to launch an AIM9L:a) you must hit 7 Control device keyboard 1 or 2 repeatedly pressing the Left (or Right) Tab Function Select key: Point, will be there as well. Apart from the obvious problem of hitting the target in the first place, the main difficulty involved in using the guns to attack ground targets is therefore no sighting information. You can use the guns with the Standby targets or vice versa, which further complicates the issue. circumference of this instrument showing your roll orientation. This is range: 42nm (68km) expensive, heavy and bulky. So the Sidewinder spends just a few seconds (b) RET manual or lay down Full flap setting MiG 27 Flogger OCU operational conversion unit AFV armoured fighting vehicle If you`ve got to fight at close quarters, do it at low level.. planned. Diameter: 8.7in (0.22m) AA threats anti-aircraft threats e.g. AAA and SAM sites ACM air combat manoeuvering ACQR acquire through autopilot ADI attitude direction indicator AIM9-L heat-seeking air to air missile This display provides a daytime forward view for the navigator and an image- intensified view for both crew at night. mode, but it`s not exactty precision bombing. To change the delivery mode; go to the back cockpit and highlight the package you want to use using the K key, then hit the L key repeatedly to Yes, that`s right; energy conservation. This is the core concept of the theory of air combat currently taught to most fighter pilots. The energy we`re talking about is the kinetic energy of the aircraft - speed times weight, which can be converted into altitude by pointing the nose up - plus its potential energy; altitude which can be converted into speed by Tornado`s engines are not powerful enough to make up for the manoeuvre drag envelope something like the shape in diagram 10.24, where the target is turning right, lay it on top of the first and shade in the area they share, reasonable hope that it can actually reach the target. As you can see, you only stored map data. The mouse is used to control a designator cross which can be moved around the display check that the MFD`s green Mouse Active light is on, and if instruments on this side view This is the view looking right from the pilot`s position, selected by pressing the Look Right key. Releasing the key will return to the forward view. If you wish to continue looking right, either hold down the key or press Shift and Look Right to lock the view. There are no cockpit political decision making which have prevented its production. We have accordingly equipped our Tornado ADV with the proposed Active Sky Flash. At launch the fire control system supplies an aiming point and information on the target, and the missile then steers towards that point using inertial navigation. At a preset point it turns on its own radar guidance system and uses that to home on the target without assistance from the launching aircraft. Thus it`s a real "fire- and-forget" missile like the Sidewinder, and the pilot can manoeuvre as he likes after launch. Indicates height above ground level when below 5000 feet barometric Non linear scale with highest resolution at low altitude. Indicated Airspeed / Mach number (b) Weapon status (ADV Tornado) aircraft speed. The small marker on the left edge of the display represents your aircraft. The weapons status indicator shows which air-to-air weapon is selected SAMs and AAA, Tactics for ALARM small solid-fuel rocket motor - the alternatives would be prohibitively any wing sweep is approximately 21 and beyond this, your aircraft will change at half-second intervals through a pull up. You should be able to range: 280nm (450km) 6. Centralise stick Max T-O weight. 418875lb (190000kg) organised somethlng like this: From a sensible stand off range you fire Origin: CIS Marker across the bomb fall line showing the bomb`s computed impact point automatically from "barometric" to "radar" signified by the symbol, "R". The MaNSi0N................[ Linebacker! ].........+44-oFF-LiNE UKHQ 34 Fuel quantity indicator climb, trying to place the cross at the apex of the triangle (the Apex Performance: speed: 35mph (56km/h) range: 373nm (600km) Designating a Target of Opportunity on the Ground Radar dogfighting aircraft because you`re in for unpleasant surprises if you try to use it like an F- 16. Having said that, don`t get the idea that you`re just a helpless flying target. A Tornado pilot goes into air combat Waypoint bearing Technical Supplement to see how missiles are distinguished on other missiles and red for infra-red (or visually-guided SAMS). Check the missile symbols are shown in two different colours; orange for radar guided Symbols for radars will be shown in green, and on the PC version at least current waypoint. Span: 2ft 4in (0.72m) Weight: 385lb (175kg) unable to use missiles at all. next waypoint, use "skip to next waypoint" key. The system may be toggled between Terrain Follow or Altitude Acquire when in track mode by pressing the Terrain Follow key. Altitude acquire (ACQR) or ride height (RIDE) may be adjusted with the pitch control. Heading adjustment is not available in Track mode (HDG display will read AUTO). Time To Go (TTG) is displayed as minutes : seconds. Time Early / Late (TEL) will be displayed if the waypoint has a predefined time of arrival. The autothrottle facility is Air-to-Air Weapon Select. You`ll know when you've selected Guns because ALARM air launched anti-radiation missile Alpha see angle of attack Safety Height Cue. So that the aircraft isn`t damaged by flying debris as Illuminate when engine reheat selected. * * *** Royal Aeronautical Society research and technical reports Warning light advising you that Terrain Following system is at risk of attempting to fly too fast at low altitude. Recommended action is to Wheel brakes Items unique to rear cockpit indicate recommended maximum (1500m / 4900ft) and minimum (900m / 3000ft) Launching ALARM - Direct mode (DIR on SMD) Direct mode provides for a defensive snap shot in response to a sudden ground-based (e.g. SAM or AAA) and airborne (e.g. fighter aircraft). The This display shows when your aircraft is being tracked by enemy radar, both 7 Multi Function Display (MFD) available in this mode. Weight: 5148lb (2335kg) per dispenser (Tornado carries 2) 35 Standby compass | | | | Launching Sky Flash Wheelbrakes on 25 wing sweep Mid flap setting Throttle OPEN Reheat ON FULL it`s a LOT smaller than the first envelope we looked at - and this is still Drag is less at high altitudes, so the missile reaches a higher speed at rate is at its maximum and its turning circle is at its smallest for that rate. This is called the Corner Speed, and it`s good practice to try to these will either be road convoys or trains. They will show up on the haven't run out of weapons. The normal "Cancel Arm" key works exactly as Sky Flash is a medium-range air-to-air missile derived from the American AIM 7 Sparrow. This missile entered service in its original form in 1956, with radar beam riding guidance. This meant that the launching aircraft your aircraft at a given ride height (RIDE) above the ground, selectable in is potentially very accurate at low level, since most pilots find it quite having a "range" of 30 miles or so, an RAF Tornado ADV pilot (interviewed in an unclassified video) has quoted launch ranges of 20 miles from ahead and 5 miles from astern. We assume that these are probably figures for fairly high altitude, against a target doing a little less than Mach 1. At low altitude, these figures might well be halved or worse. For the AIM9L, the maximum engagement ranged by the maximum range at which the infra red seeker can acquire and lock the target, which we have elected to set at 8 nautical miles or so. As a rough guide, let`s say that 31 Reheat operating lights 36 Oxygen flow indicator Reverse thrust indicators 12 19 29 29 34 (a) Autopilot and Flight Director System (AFDS) and Autothrottle settings ALARMs. Set the delivery mode to DIR, then hit "arm air-to-ground weapon". Max T-O weight, 21000lb (9525kg) Max. level speed sea level 160kts Category: helicopter gunship currently designated, this will work exactly like "boresight designate". If there is already a designated target this will designate the next Guidance system: rear-aspect intra red symbol is surrounded by square brackets, which disappear when the view is Shows g force due to aircraft manoeuvres. For straight and level flight available in both IDS and ADV Tornados, and the ADV also offers a long-range setting (30n.m./ 55km.). radar switched on in Air mode to designate targets. If you don`t have Whether you are using guns or missiles in air combat, you will need the radar switched on you will have no indication of target range, and targets of opportunity when there is no time to designate or the target is package of three LGB loaded, with the Delivery mode set to LGB. Use the In order to win he`s got to work out his tactics advance and know how to the target is the responsibility of the pilot (or the AFDS in Track mode), package group of weapons designated for use against particular target Zoomable moving map display showing current aircraft position For a detailed description of each function, please refer to the Avionics Stores Management Display This small screen is dedicated to the display of available weapon packages and the selection of weapon delivery modes. All available weapons will be listed together with chaff and flare availability. Packages and delivery ECM "on" indicator position on the screen where he can`t quickly slip out of sight. Maximum positive g force of 7 5. maximum negative g force of 3. Attacking a convoy or a train from the side is not recommended. It The all Tornado strike package is an intriguing concept. Don`t dismiss it difference between air-to-air and air-to-ground weapon management is that On the other hand, if a missile is launched at a retreating target the Loft Delivery (LFT on SMD) EWR you are being tracked by ground-based early warning radar within the HUD field of view you`ll see the symbology shown in diagram Screen) then some of these targets will shoot back at you watch out. SAM at 7.5 G, so maximum turn performance is only available in a diving turn. Pitch bars lines drawn on HUD showing aircraft pitch and roll Warzone combat flying area - choice of 3 several ALARMs each targeted on a different point in the suspect area. Origin: CIS Length: 37ft 5in (11.4m) the CCIP line crosses the Bomb Fall Line is the point where a bomb would 13 14 15 24 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- PILOTS INSTRUMENT PANEL different operating modes, but claims that there are others still overfly the target, and may never even come within range of its defences. make the best of his aircraft`s qualities. This can be a decisive Head up display Illuminated when wheel brakes applied. Category: single-seat ground attack aircraft cycle round until it is. For each fresh attack you`ll need to hit the Illuminated when aircraft`s ECM is active. Serves as a reminder to aircrew that the ECM equipment is transmitting. Sec second SKYF HUD symbol for Sky Flash missile Sky Flash radar-guided air-to-air missile Spin stalled descent along a steep helical path Stall loss of control due to wings no longer generating lift 3. Stick back 4. Pro spin aileron i.e. push stick in direction of rotation 5. Hold until spin stops PLN flight plan tab display engine revolutions per minute, corresponds to thrust Radar is used by SAM (Surface-to-Air Missile) launchers, and AAA (Anti Origin: CIS Wing span: fully spread 45ft 10in (13965m) 9 Autopilot engaged indicator Max level speed sea level, clean M0.8 Radius of action 405n m CCIP reaches the Target Marker, but the symbol serves to show you how close hit if released now. In Laydown attacks, the release is automatic when the you are to release. Shortly before the CCIP reaches the Target Marker, you let the stick come forward to the neutral centre position . At the moment machines. * *** (highlighted) and armed (flashing). The pilot may select between guns, AIM9 L Sidewinder or Sky Flash. The weapon name will not highlight if it enjoy a bomb`s eye view of the approaching target, followed by a plan view at impact. It`s a good idea to ensure that the aircraft is in a sensible autopilot mode before you go sightseeing. Vmax full flaps 225 kts IAS Vstall 25o sweep (power off) 108 kts (full flaps) Vstall 45 sweep 155 kts (zero flaps) Vstall 67 sweep 182kts Flaps Up when speed above 215 knots B risk terrain following system safety margin error warning if reheat not selected huge disadvantage. The HUD symbology will change to show a Boresight Marker in place of the Max. level flight at sea level. clean 381 kt Cannon travelling around the circumference of the compass rose. retarded bombs and BL.755 cluster bombs. Just use the K key to highlight the right package, but remember that you can`t do this while the arming switch is ON. The main difference you`ll notice is that the Safety Heights for these two Illuminates during the approach to an allied airfield, 3500 feet from the Reheat operating lights Landing gear position Indicator Both left and right TV TAB displays offer a variety of functions on a mutually exclusive basis. Items such as Forward Looking Camera and local probably means that you are on fire..... Option 7 allows you to select different primary flight controls: level and fairly high speed starting a good distance (say 10 miles) from joystick 1 or 2 8 Sound effects off or on Engine temperature indicators Individual analogue temperature indicator for each engine (left and right). Normal reading of 400oC at idle and 700oC at full reheat. Higher than this G meter Very little movement is evident on this instrument unless reheat is extent of reheat in use. nb Fuel flow for any given throttle setting designated as the target. The standard Ground Target Marker will be shown Mode is similar to AIM9L symbology but without the IR lock diamond (a) Flight Plan Display (PLN) 22 Head up display control panel 23 Multi-function display (MFD) 24 Mouse active indicator lock on to the designated target. the HUD symbology is as shown in diagram 10.20. The weapon name and the Origin: CIS Main rotor diameter: 56ft 9in (17.3m) Length: 70ft 6in (21.5m) Height: 21ft 4in (6.5m) weapon key to select AIM9L, c) you must turn on the radar in Air mode and CaLL THe CRaZY GaNG BoARdS ToDaY HoUSe oF PAiN..............[ Black Rose! ].........+1-4077788303 WHQ THe Dark ToWEr.............[ Shadower! ].........+1-8014769068 USHQ will see the Multi Function Display, a distinguishing feature of the GR4 The HUD during JP.233 Release Range clock Option 0 - Reduces Visibility to 6 miles and selects "plain" for options 2 options on the Mission Selection Screen until you find the mission titles The HUD in Laydown Bombing Mode Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Safety height cue gives indication of safety margin so that pilot may avoid flying through debris hemisphere of exploding weapon weapon payload the British Aerospace Sky Flash missile, which is for use at designate your target, d) the missile seeker head must be able to see and throttle setting for correct speed and rate of descent. n.b. This is an "auto-approach" mode - not an "auto landing" mode. During your "hands off" approach, it will be necessary for you to make the appropriate adjustments adjusting speed, heading and rate of descent You will also need to cancel brake etc..... not, use the Tab key to turn it on. Just as with the Local Map display, the radar display can be zoomed in or out by clicking left or right mouse buttons with the Ctrl key held down, and targets are designated by clicking left or cancelled by clicking right. Remember that using the ground radar may draw the attention of the enemy, Height: 19ft 6in (5.95m) Weight,empty 319701b (14500kg) / \/ |\ __ / \____ / \ |\ __ / it shows you his line of flight long before you`re close enough to see the Length: 56ft 1in (17.1m) Height: 15ft 10in (4.82m) specified Selection of this mode without further control input will cause Weight: 23590lb (10700kg) When you designate a target, your radar measures its range, bearing Length: 8ft 0in (2.45m) Diameter: 1ft 4in (0.42m) Span: 1ft 10in (0.56m) bombsight. The automatic release will not occur, however, unless the pilot system, SAM and AAA units will find it more difficult to obtain a lock on degrade the enemy`s radar performance. If you turn on the Tornado`s ECM you, and fighter radars and missiles may also be affected. This form of transmitting even if you replace the radar display on the MFD with another Engine rpm indicators will be directly above the centre of the Aircraft Datum, telling you to Normal T O weight 26455lb (12000kg) Max. level speed sea level clean M1.1 Switch to the back seat and you will see from the Track display on the left one.. Span: 2ft 9in (0.855m) Weight: radar variant 440lb (200kg) IR variant 342lb (155kg) Warhead: blast fragmentation Performance: speed: Mach 3 Aircraft Artillery) vehicles, both to look for targets and to direct fire, thus ALARM can be used against either - provided you can persuade or trick them into switching on. The Tornado IDS carries two and the ADV one integral Mauser BK2 cannon. Illuminated when autothrottle engaged. (a) Three green lights - gear down and locked (b) Three red lights - gear not locked up or down (c) No lights - gear locked up range. symbol of the display. You should see that when the view centre is near enemy and allied aircraft within range as two different types of symbol. display is a plan view of the volume ahead of the aircraft nose, showing number available appear in the lower left corner, target Range, Altitude, The classic RAF concept for employing Tornados is to depend entirely on the (b) Thermal Imaging and Laser Designating (TIALD) (c) Scrollable map (d) Local map Max. level speed sea level clean M1.2 Radius of action 750nm high that you`re exposed as an easy SAM or AAA target. While the exact from the target and its defences, and you also want to avoid climbing so release continues. When all submunitions are gone, the HUD reverts to nav mode and the dispenser pods are automatically jettisoned - you may notice the bump as these go. Now it`s time to get the hell out of here! If you ever wanted a good excuse to fly very, very low and fast you have it now. No-one but the enemy will complain. ALARM Attack due to the fact that you have to dive the aircraft at the ground in order Individual analogue rpm indicator for each engine (left and right). Normally shows 63% at engine idle. Full scale deflection of 100% at maximum dry thrust (no reheat) and throughout all reheat settings. decreases as your altitude increases . Shows total quantity of fuel remaining. Fuel in external tanks is represented by the red-bordered sector from 12 to 3 o`clock on the gauge In a Loft attack, the bombs travel a very long way from the release point with no form of guidance, so absolute accuracy can`t be guaranteed. In practice, however, you`ll be amazed at how much accuracy is possible. Nonetheless, Loft bombing is not recommended for precision attacks. The great advantage of this form of attack is that the aircraft need not Restart the Simulator "Freefall Bombs" mission, engage AFDS Track mode and switch to the back cockpit. The first package, (four GP bombs) is already selected and the delivery mode is shown as LAY. Hit the L key to cycle around the delivery options until the display shows LFT. When the aircraft MiG 29 Fulcrum TV TAB displays the centre of the HUD to the target marker. be displayed if you are heading in the general direction of the next 4 As the nose passes 5o pitch down; roll to 60o bank Line, the CCIP (Continuously Computed Impact Point), and the Target Marker, to do it. The temptation to hang on a few seconds longer and take it a Height of own aircraft above sea level (barometric altitude) or height of As the CCIP approaches the Target Marker, hold down the Commit button. ALT altitude Width: 9ft 11in (3.03m) \__|__/_____/\__/ |_____/____/____/\__/ To launch a Sky Flash missile you must hit "arm air-to-air weapon" and use aLL DoCs DoNE By SHaRD/N&B Origin: USA WingSpan: 42ft 10in (13.05m) Performance: speed: 37 mph (60km/h) instead you let the stick come forward as the release point approaches Standby compass manually selectable only if you are within an allied ILS beam and flying Origin: USA Guidance system: all aspect infra red Length: 9ft 4in (2.85m) Diameter: 5in (127mm) TAB TV TAB failure (left or right) RAD radar failure HUD HUD failure MFD2 MFD failure - navigator (c) Instrument Landing System (ILS) with a base origin. selectable (i.e zoom in and out) from 0.5nm. 1nm, 2nm, 4nm, 8nm and 16 nm It is also possible to switch off each TV Tab display. ECM represents a last line of defence against SAMs and AAA. It comes in T-80 aMiGAMaNiA.................[ Wipeout! ].........+1-2153364870 USHQ iNTeRcHAnGE................[ Princip! ].........+46-860-82339 SHQ FaNTaZiA...................[ CRuiSe! ].........+44-oFF-LiNE UKHQ MaXiMUN rOCK'n'RoLL........[ G.e.m.! ].........+49-PRi-VaTE GHQ iNDuStRiAL aCtiON..........[ Equinoxe! ].........+61-02-5454671 OZHQ Analogue joystick with output proportional to its displacement Angle of attack angle between wing and direction of airflow around and around in a flat circle while one aircraft tries to get on the tail of the other. This is a bad idea on two grounds. First, a Tornado will eventually lose this sort of "winding match" against any air Use the third dimension, Luke... If you can give the enemy a complex problem to solve, it`s surely better than giving him a simple one. Remember the variants we suggested on the basic looping manoeuvre? Try pointing the nose down. Drag is constantly draining energy from the system biggest drain of all is manoeuvre drag, which gets worse the harder you Ancillary support - Vicki McBurnie, Julie-Ann Merrit, Gill Niland We`ve assumed that extreme range for a launch at sea level is about 10 Use the Left or Right "TAB Function Select" key to cycle through the (e) Local map It will be at least 20 seconds before the first bomb reaches the ground a little to give yourself a more general view. When the bomb arrives you indicates that the runway centreline is to the left of your aircraft and that you should adjust your heading by turning left a few degrees. As the needle returns to centre adjust your heading by turning right until you are aligned with the runway Likewise, turn right if the needle is displaced to the right. A small vertical scale can be seen on the left of the the runway threshold. If the marker is above centre this means that you are below the correct glideslope and that you need to reduce your rate of would be a classic example. It is simply a matter of shifting the spot RWR radar warning receiver SAM surface to air missile SARH semi active radar homing Tab Multi purpose displays in rear cockpit TAS true airspeed Tasking order mission description (c) LGB - manual, loft, lay down Air Radar Ground target marker radar is on, there is a warning light on the panel to remind you that your Radius of action 210nm g limit +7 Category: medium / long range combat transport Origin: CIS Max. level speed sea level 172kts Radius of action 86nm Performance: annular blast tragmentation When the target airfield starts to appear at the leading edge of the TIALD view start zooming in to find a target -for the moment. Any target will do. Dont bother to place the lock precisely for the moment, just set it somewhere in the general area of the target. Hit the arming switch and immediate release of the first bomb. The arming status will not cancel nautical miles (18.5 km) and from high altitude about twice that. The missiles will reach the target area ahead of you, climb and loiter. They will not attack until a radar activates in response to an aircraft flying nearby - this could be an aircraft from either side There`s a catch here which you must understand. We set the loiter altitude for ALARM at 10000 feet (a quarter of the published figure). If ALARM sees a target and cuts Against a heavily defended target it`s still safer than charging straight in and trying to pick off the defences with ALARMs in Direct mode. ECM tries to give the enemy a false or unusable range reading by transmitting carefully timed and shaped false return signals at the threat radar. let`s keep an open mind and be prepared to give it a try. The full "cycle air-to-air weapon" to select Sky Flash. This will be shown in the must also be designated on the Air Radar, using any preferred method, and to take full advantage of Sky Flash, the radar should be set for long AIM9L, except that there is no Lock-on Diamond, and the maximum range will probably be able to see it flash into view before striking the target. with a publisher as committed as ourselves shells will go. It can be used against any type of target, but only with When below 5000 feet the readout will vary as you fly over hills. "T" will business you need to ensure that you can pull out of your dive at a moments Weight: 188lb (853kg) Radius of action 100nm Performance: speed: Mach 2.5 see that accuracy in these circumstances is a matter of blind luck. If TFR terrain following radar Category: single-seat air superiority fighter F-15 Eagte Approach point start of approach to an airfield time, you`re in deep trouble. If you`re bleeding energy and can`t recover In order to launch an ALARM in this mode you must first select a package of places you in flight at 23000 feet, heading toward a Target Waypoint X on aircraft and reflected by the target. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- well as air to air, and HUD symbology is provided for both uses. Suggested reading Armament: six SA-8 Gecko missiles Guidance system: all aspect active radar (v) Autothrottle - (AFDS THROT) -this facility allows you to set a desired reading on the Range Clock is 40000 metres (130000 feet / 21.5 nm) *** green AAA UNIT * * green AIRCRAFT RADAR * * * In its original form this is mounted on an external pod providing services and attachment points to make the system suitable for fitting to almost any prototype Sukhoi Su 35!) but it is proposed to make the scanning head an your mind as the situation changes. In addition, all air-to-air weapon it does in air to ground modes. but its been upgraded so many times since that while the name is still the kept a radar beam locked on the target, and the missile treated this rather like an ILS beam, automatically steering to reach the centre of the beam and stay there. This system is still widely used for ground-launched A-1O Thunderbolt This can be done from the front or back seat. Hit the R key to turn on the radar and show the radar image on the centre MFD. This is not a pure radar the digital map system are always shown in dim green shades. When the Multi Function Display (MFD) looking left, either hold down the key or press Shift and Look Left to lock the view. There are no cockpit instruments on this side view. Look right from the navigator`s position by pressing the Look Right key. Releasing the key will return to the forward view. If you wish to continue looking right, either hold down the key or press Shift and Look Right to lock the view. There are no cockpit instruments on this side view. Warhead: 881b (40kg) proximity and impact-fused blast fragmentation Performance: speed: Mach 3.5 radar detects an object which is not in the map database it displays it as (a) Upper left four flap positions: zero flap mid flap full flap (b) Upper right - slat positions: zero slat manoeuvre slat Vertical speed indicator 3 Autopilot engaged indicator 4 Autothrottle engaged indicator 5 Wheel brakes ranges. little closer is a strong one, and must be firmly resisted or you`ll wind up destroying the target by crashing the aircraft on it. Quite apart from other considerations this is not cost- effective. Keep the dive shallow and pull out as soon as the range falls below the minimum recommended mark. Try it in the Simulator and you`ll soon see why we make a point of this. Strafing practice Height: 26ft 9in (8.1 m) Max. T O weight 123450lb (56113kg) Category: mobile surface-to-air missile system Length: 17ft 5in (5.31m) Diameter: 16in (0.406m) Wingspan: 3ft (0.92m) Weight: 2195lb (998kg) Category: mobile anti aircraft artillery system Options 1 to 6 adjust aspects of "Tornado" that will affect the smoothness Origin: United Kingdom submunition dispense Guidance system: computer-controlled weapon release Length: 21ft 6in (6.55m) Width: 2ft 9in (0.84m) Warhead: 3O SG357 concrete penetrating and 215 HB876 area denial submunitions BL755 because you haven`t told the navigation systems where the target is. You bombs would go if released at this moment. No Target Marker is shown, just fly the aircraft to place your visually selected target at the Missile Ranges As we mentioned above, most air-to-air missiles (and all of those you`ll encounter in Tornado) are powered by solid- fuel rockets which provide only This will also automatically select the Air radar display on the MFD. The There are three different ways of designating an aircraft as a target. One is to use the mouse to point and click on the display. The second method is to point the aircraft`s nose in the general direction of the enemy and hit "boresight designate" (Caps Lo on most machines). This will select and Length: 20ft 10in (6.34m) Height: 9ft 0in (2.73m) Armament: One 30mm RARDEN cannon One 7.62mm machine gun, coaxial Weight: 49603lb (22500kg) Performance: speed: 46mph (75km/h) This instrument has two functions: noise characteristics. Fitting a really good radar transmitter into a Altitude This is one excellent reason why air combat normally takes place at If in doubt, do something radical - anything! Vertical speed Half-way up on the right hand side of the HUD is the VSI - Vertical Speed Indicator. This is shown as a vertical bar which rises or falls from a to air resistance, manoeuvre drag, and the direct or indirect effects of equipment does not function and the TV Tab will display. a large cross or 1.5 from astern, or half of these figures at low altitude. designate the nearest aircraft in front of you. The third method is to hit ECM can certainly help when the enemy is shooting at you, but it is not a warning. The autothrottle facility is available in this mode. dispensed. Starting from the moment of release, the HUD will display a integral installation on the Tornado GR4. Guns - Air-to-Air Moves clockwise for a positive rate of climb and counter-clockwise for a negative rate of climb (i.e. descent). at the end of the scale. The precise rate of climb or descent is most CH-47 Chinook Category: medium transport helicopter intersection of the two lines, and then press the Commit button to drop the Maximum weapon load: 9920lb (4500kg) Height: 18ft 5.5in (5.63m) Length: 63ft 9in (19.43m) Countdown clock This counts down through the four seconds necessary to guaranteed 100o effective. It also suffers from the same drawback as any Because the cannon can be used against ground or air targets we`ll deal with both its applications here in the same section, and describe how to use the Air Radar mode which is essential for Air to Air combat. AIR-TO-AIR available candidate, so you can use it to cycle round all targets on the Pull back when speed above 140 knots Select 45 wing sweep above 350 knots give the laser-guided bombs sufficient time to reach their targets. A max roll rate 180o/sec In Tornado, we assume that only search radars are left permanently on. SAM and AAA radars will be switched on quite late as an aircraft approaches. By the time they appear on your Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) your almost to avoid known threats wherever possible, you will inevitably run across unexpected, unmapped threats from time to time. It`s always sensible to Length: 98ft 11in (30.14m) 7. Open throttle REFERENCE 25 wing sweep Gear down Airspeed approx 150 kts (no external stores, 25% internal fuel) Secondary control surfaces position indicator mid slat AGM air-to-ground missile AOA angle of attack "RubberTriangle" steering cue. The Clock shows the difference between the This is very similar to the Local Map mode of the MFD but with selectable assume that any target worth hitting is also worth defending, whether or (including SAM and AAA defences) and trains. Note that the radar can`t see through hills. In the dead ground, behind a crest the display will show radar is still transmitting. Always turn the radar off if you don`t need Height. 18ft 8in (5.68m) Length: 12ft 1in (368m) Diameter: 8in (0.2m) control (iii) Terrain Follow (AFDS TF) this mode instructs the autopilot to fly seven stages from 200 feet up to 1500 feet using the normal pitch control There are in fact three HUD displays associated with the guns: one for use one (the Standby Sight) which is the default when no target of either type Height: 6ft 9in (2.06m) Armament: One 30mm cannon Warhead: 66lb (29.9kg) proximity and impact delay fused not there are any known threats in the area. Defences around the planned flying Length: 37ft 11in (11.56m) Width: 11ft 6in (3.52m) Height: 9ft 8in (2.95m) is designated or within view. To use the cannon in either mode, you must machines), and you may then cycle through the weapons available with 8 "B" risk indicator Max. level flight at altitude, clean M1.77 Category: single-seat counter-air fighter Origin: CIS Wing span: 37ft 3in (11.36m) Length: 56ft 10in (17.32m) Height: 15ft 6in (4.73m) 0 Minimise / restore (iv) Approach This reduces your heat signature, and reduces your chance of attracting a SAM needle represents 1000 feet. Each revolution of the small needle target are an unavoidable risk. you`ll see GUNS x180 in the bottom left corner of the HUD (on the ADV the launchers and AAA units will show up on the Radar Warning Receiver when you get within range. Moving targets are obviously the most challenging, and for our purposes Ground Radar, but unfortunately the designation system for ground targets wont track a moving vehicle. On the other hand, there's nothing to prevent The following data has been compiled from manufacturers information and Max. T-O weight: 39700lb (18000kg) n.b. slat and flap positions are linked and not separately controllable never gain the initiative If you can`t gain the initiative, you can never gravity. Any attempt to give a single straight answer when asked about a Max level flight at altitude clean M2.3 nose (within an angle of plus or minus 45o) will automatically be you are looking at the forward edge of the camera`s coverage, which is Guidance system: infra red or semi-active radar homing IR variant 10ft 6in (32m) OXY oxygen system pressure low modes will usually be allocated during mission planning prior to your flight. If necessary, prior to arming, use the "Select weapon package" key to highlight the required weapon during your approach to the target and use the "Select delivery mode" key to specify your method of attack. The highlighted name will flash once you have armed the weapon. Challenger them out. and air escort as well as the aircraft carrying the ground attack weapons. It`s a huge noisy collection of aircraft which cannot hope to conceal its bombers. Defeating the escort comes nowhere in your fist of priorities unless you can`t get a shot at the bombers any other way. (a) Flight Plan Display (PLN) Normally displayed on the left hand TV TAB, this option shows your aircraft position relative to your flight plan. All pre-planned waypoints are shown will see the Multi Function Display, a distinguishing feature of the GR4 MFD Function Select" key Three graduations and a marker found immediately below the speed readout. Officer and in particular the Flight Simulator Group. Their assistance and Mounted centrally on the instrument panel of both pilot and navigator you Boresight Apply wheelbrakes Tab that the aircraft is approaching the Initial Point for an attack on target X. On the SMD you will see that the first package is selected; four Tornado This unit offers a varIety of functions, selected by the "Centre automatically until the package is empty. This allows you to release a between bombs is a good choice for closely spaced targets. If you don`t change anything a few seconds later the second bomb will strike the same spot, followed by the third. targets clustered in a group a HAS (Hardened Aircraft Shelter) complex different aircraft types tasked with suppressing ground defences, jamming Height: 7ft 3in (2.2m) Armament: One 125mm gun the sudden infra-red flare of a missile launching and the use of a missiles themselves The display itself shows a "clock-face" of bearing markers on the left, and a column of text "discretes" down the right hand side. When a threat is detected, a symbol with a characteristic shape is placed on the clock face at the appropriate relative bearing, and the matching text on the right Manual Delivery (MAN on SMD) radar, he can certainly see you on his Radar Warning Receiver. The "radar on indicator" on the panel will help to remind you that you`re still mode. If you don`t need it, turn it off. (c) Scrollable map you from setting a ToO waypoint to help you pick up the target visually. an airfield Having assured yourself that the aircraft is heading in the Looking at the Stores Management Display you will see that you have one where approaching targets will first appear, and sweep the field of view from side to side. The TIALD image can be zoomed by holding down the Ctrl the point at the centre of the display, compensating for the aircraft`s movement, unless the trailing edge of the camera coverage catches up and (ii) Altitude / Heading Acquire (AFDS ALT/HDG) this mode enables you to specify a required barometric altitude and a required heading by using the normal pitch and roll control inputs in conjunction with the AFDS display. ALT and HDG will show ACQR to confirm autopilot acquire mode. The aircraft will make the necessary manoeuvres in order to acquire the conditions the aircraft to hold the current altitude and heading. The autothrottle Origin: CIS missile`s range is bound to fail. The first uncertainty arises when you try to decide where to draw the line. Is the missile`s extreme range the Weapon status panel will also show GUNS illuminated). In addition, if you moment isn`t working and you have no better ideas, a sudden unexpected 10 Indicated airspeed/ Mach number 11 Secondary control surfaces position indicator 12 Altimeter 13 Jettison all external stores + internal fuel 14 Jettison all external stores except AIM9L 16 Angle of attack indicator (A,B,C etc) plus any target of opportunity waypoint (T) set during flight. The scale of the display adjusts automatically in order to keep both your current position (small circle) and your pre-planned flight path on the One 7.62mm machine gun,coaxial HUD. This is highly distinctive because unlike all other HUD symbology it`s coloured red. Shows magnetic compass heading of aircraft. Descent rate at touchdown: max. 20 ft/s at min.weight determine the nature of system failures and warnings. Refer to this panel We may be doing the makers an injustice here, but if you use these ranges distance it can travel before it loses all forward momentum, or are you This is the view looking forward from the navigator`s position (rear involves deflection shooting with no artificial aids, which is another way aircraft clearly, and immediately signals any major course change. This The HUD in ILS mode THROT autothrottle Radar Warning Receiver. In this mode ALARM behaves very much like a Having flown the attack under automatic pilot in order to see what it max positive g 7.5 Approach & landing emergencies: radar, designating each in turn. It`s important that you realise and remember that the radar can only see will lose lock If and when you re-acquire the target, you`ll need to designate again. Boresight designation is the quickest and easiest method Air to Air Weapon Management Air to air weapons are armed with the arm air to air weapons key. The main Origin: United Kingdom Category: medium-weight cluster bomb Method of release: lay down or manual in air combat it usually means a stark choice between abandoning the dogfighting aeroplane at the best of times, and an IDS pilot who becomes * * * * green EARLY WARNING RADAR *** red INCOMING HEAT SEEKING MISSILE * * conventional anti radiation missile such as the AGM-78 Standard ARM or AGM-88 HARM on the HUD, and a Range Clock centred on the Boresight Marker will indicate the range to this target. Maximum reading of the Range Clock is 40000 nose left or right will automatically switch the designation to whichever they have existed. As we said when discussing the AIM9L, it`s difficult enough to build a infra red seeker which is immune to accidental natural distractions let alone deliberate ones. However, modern IR seekers are a great deal more discriminating than they used to be. In some cases they GKN Defence technical illustration of Warrior APC Julian Savarin (ex-RAF) technical information The HUD during ALARM Attack (either mode) Max. level speed sea level clean M1.06 facility is available in this mode. GiVE uM a CaLL tODAY! g limit +6.5 You`ve stopped the climb, and the nose will continue to drop as you turn aircraft Your view is unavoidably restricted, and if you once lose sight of the enemy it`ll be difficult to find him again. If possible, hold him in a If the enemy is there but you can`t see him, don`t fly straight and level is not available. deploy an escort. One way to use Tornado ADVs to protect a force of IDS If you do get involved in escorting a strike mission there are many ways to might be to arrange for the escort to trail the strike formation a few going to recognise that there`s a speed below which it cannot manoeuvre or keep up with a given target? Among other factors affecting the range are: burn- out, decelerates more slowly and travels further. Missile ranges at 17 27 5 6 7 32 Training area flying area used in simulator or flying training TRN terrain referenced navigation True airspeed speed relative to the air through which you are TTG time to go you can switch between air-to-air weapons without disarming. This allows you to choose the optimum weapon for the current range and rapidly change In order to use this mode: a) you must hit "arm air-to-air weapon" (probably Alt+Enter) and select the guns using "cycle air-to-air weapons" b) the Radar must be on and in Air to Air mode, c) you must have designated 10.19. The aircraft datum is replaced by a medium sized cross (the boresight symbol), a large Air Target Marker cross will overlay the target, with a concentric Range Clock attached, and a small cross, the Aiming Origin: CIS Guidance system: infra-red (AA-8A) or semi active radar homing (AA 8B) Length: AA-8A 7ft 0in (2.15m) AA-8B 7ft 8in (2.35m) Diameter: 4.7in (0.12m) Max T O weight 54000lb (24494kg) Chaff - radar-reflecting strips dispensed in a cloud - has been in use against search and gunnery radar for even longer than radar-guided missiles have existed. Even though modern systems increasingly have the processing power necessary to recognise and ignore returns from chaff clouds, they may take time to reach a decision, and nothing much can be done about the Neither of these countermeasures really gives you immunity from missiles though they can help a lot if used properly, and in conjunction with manoeuvre The basic principle is that you must use the decoy when the missile is fairly close, so that the aircraft will be out of the missile`s field of view by the time the decoy has lost its effectiveness. If a drop chaff and flares as the missile approaches and then turn hard or dive out of the way, you may well be more successful. blast fragmentation Radius of action 600nm Speed and Heading are shown in the lower right corner. The Air Target Marker and Range Clock overlay the target position. In this mode, the same and its still a heat seeking air-to-air missile, everything else except the body diameter has changed. Early versions were appallingly The HUD in Manual Bombing Mode Bomb fall line Guns - Standby Sight symbol in other words, it makes no attempt to show you where your target is the aid of blind luck or genius will you ever score air-to air hits with tactical problem is much more difficult, but if your mission is Escort This sort of role was not among the highest priorities in the design of the ADV but in many ways it`s well suited to the task. Using fighters to 1 22 31 Engage reverse thrust after touchdown Open throttle to 100% Autopilot engaged indicator Thrust reversers devices used to achieve a braking effect TfALD thermal imaging and laser designating system g limit +9 MiG 31 Foxhound Length: 9ft 2in (2.8m) Diameter: 4.7in (0.12m) Span: 1ft 9in (0.53m) A vertical strip meter on the left hand side of the HUD, calibrated by stall Altitude own aircraft above ground level (radar altitude), both measured in feet. Whenever you fly within 5000 ft of the ground, the readout will switch appear beneath the readout whenever Terrain Following is active. is most directly in front. bombs. The important difference between the symbology used here and in the this sight from more than a couple of hundred feet away. It has only the virtues of its defects: it doesn`t require you to switch on the radar because it doesn`t use it, and you don`t have to designate targets for it because it neither knows nor cares what you`re shooting at. If the Range Clock is showing a full circle, this means that the target is Air to air Tactics As a pilot, your attitude to air combat should be entirely different Waypoint position stored by the navigation system Max. level speed sea level 163kts temporarily-decoyed missile. The ultimate form of this manoeuvre would The moment the bombs are released you`re free to turn the aircraft away profile of your escape manoeuvre will vary according to what you plan to do next, a standard procedure for recovery might go like this; remain at full scale deflection. This symbology only appears if you are sophisticated modern gunsights, there`s still a lot to be said for this at least 1000 metres (3000 feet) away. The two marks on the lower half of and the higher you are, the further you can see. We suggest an altitude of The other side of this particular coin is that a aircraft with a moderate G The history of air combat consistently shows that only a tiny proportion of low altitudes tend to be disapointing, so the manufacturer will normally opposite is true. Maximum launch range against a receding target is considerably less than maximum range against a stationary one, and it`s hit is impossible. diagram like diagram 10.23, called an engagement envelope, where the range: radar variant 24nm (40km) IR variant 12nm (20km) Warhead: laser proximity-fused MBB HE Performance: speed: classified Use your roll rate missile, and modified some of the figures quoted off the bottom edge of the HUD! The ideal minimum height attack is flown misleading. The most detailed documentation we`ve seen describes four Jettison indicators Laydown mode is in the way you interpret the Safety Height cue. In Laydown Origin: CIS ToO target of opportunity 2. Identify direction of rotation In order to give the widest field of view. Camera steering and target Weight: 582lb (264kg) This is related to the previous point. If whatever you`re doing at the TOT time on target At low level you`re probably faster than the enemy and the Tornado is performing at its best. At high level, the advantages are all on his side Length: 21ft 6in (6.54m) Width: 9ft 8in (2.95m) Height: 12ft 6in (3.8m) Armament: four 23mm cannon ZRK ROMB (SA-8) display simultaneously Also appearing on the Flight Plan Display are aircraft heading (top left corner) bearing of next waypoint (top right quickly after each bomb strikes. There are limits to how fast the bombs can manueuvre, so the successive targets cannot be too far apart. If you wished to strike widely separated targets, you would need a longer interval between releases. Delivering JP.233 to pick up the signal transmitted by the big Radar in the launching impossible in 1958. A semi Active missile carries a radar receiver only, egg-shaped boundary defines maximum Range from any (flat) direction How about some hard figures? For Sky Flash, which is normally quoted as as a guide then at least you can be reasonably sure that the missiles will reach their targets. Whether they hit them is another question. Continuously computed impact point (CCIP) forwards being totally obscured by the large TV TA displays and the back of corner), estimated time to next waypoint (lower left corner) and distance fully swept: 28ft 2.5in (8.6m) the Clock correspond to the maximum and minimum recommended ranges, which are 600 metres (2000 feet) and 400 metres 1300 feet) respectively. Beyond pull. You can see speed bleed off in a hard turn - even at full Combat Power. Try to minimise this loss if you can by not turning harder than it, you might do better to try to break off and run away while you can; Origin: CIS Category: single-seat close support aircraft Wing span: 47ft 1.5in (14.36m) Length: 50ft 11.5in (15.53m) Height: 15ft 9in (4.8m) This is a simple "point-and-shoot" system intended for snap attacks on moving. The HUD displays the Bomb Fall Line and the CCIP (Continuously Weight: 154lb (70kg) Warhead: 13lb (6kg) impact delay fused blast fragmentation APRCH approach AUTO under total autopilot control Autothrottle system used to set a demanded airspeed relative to the target`s own course. Such diagrams are helpful in that button. It is normally best to do this in several stages, starting with a Hard data on ALARM is scarce and some of what there is looks deliberately Three lights to confirm successful jettison of: Left: all external stores plus internal fuel to minimum Centre: all external stores except AlM9-L Right: external fuel tanks failure it is a useful "last resort" The vertical needle is linked to the runway localiser and shows deviation from the runway centreline. If the needle is to the left of centre, this descent normally achieved by opening the throttle slightly If the marker is The HUD during a Loft Attack Pull up Category: two-seat all-weather interceptor Origin: CIS Wing span: 45ft 11in (14.0m) Length: 70ft 6.5in (21.5m) Height: 18ft 4in (5.6m) can distinguish between a brightly burning flare and an aircraft, or they the maximum range you`re very unlikely to score any hits, and if you`re Music - David Punshon, Sound Images Attitude direction indicator The Aiming Point is the only part of this display which really needs maximum reading on the Range Clock is 10000 metres (33000 feet). An Aiming order to fly directly towards the selected waypoint. If the required 2 Roll to 135o, pull hard not be used) Central Warning Panel 6. Throttle to 80% bomb will fly). The Pull-up Point is determined by the maximum range at will be selected by default. If there is no ground radar on the RWR within Project manager - David Marshall Design team - Kevin Bezant, Nick Mascall, Tony Hosier, Robin Heydon Mathew Smith mode you compare the top of the Bomb Fall Line with the position of the method. Manual layout, graphics, artwork and package design - Kerry Le-Gray instruments on this side view. BMP-2 to the next waypoint (lower right corner). nb The estimated time will only mean that you can handle both. Target Marker, but in Manual mode there is no target marker, so you compare Bomb fall line thereby minimising your exposure to enemy radar. Watch for the "B risk" indicator when travelling at high speed on the lowest ride heights. This warning light illuminates when the system believes that it may not be possible to maintain the desired safety margin ignore it and you may find yourself crashing into a hillside. Either slow down or increase your ride | | | | depending upon the Tornado variant you`re flying. Air combat is the ADV pilots primary mission, though there will be times when it`s only prudent to avoid it, and in an aircraft like the Tornado it`s especially important to choose your targets tactics carefully. If an IDS pilot becomes involved We'll look at the ADV pilot`s particular tasks and problems before going on to look at air combat in general, as it applies to both variants. Interception The really important differences between ADV and IDS are the ADVs more powerful air radar and the ability to carry Sky Flash medium-range missiles below centre, this means that you are above the correct glideslope and that you need to increase your rate of descent - normally achieved by closing elevation and radial velocity (by Doppler effect). Each measurement is integrated with the previous ones to work out speed and precise direction. The gunsight computes how long it would take your cannon shells to cover bombs. This point, the Pull up Point, is constantly recalculated on the the point where you start pulling up into a climb in order to loft the basis of range to the target, speed (the faster you`reflying the further Technical illustrations - Derrol Euling Beta testing - Rod Swift, Russell Alcock, Jeffrey Love Production - Rod Cobain, Stephanie Burnett Marketing - Debbie Durrant they give you an idea of relative range from different directions, but remember that the size of the boundary will change radically with altitude. Suggested Ranges may not be fooled for long. Weight, empty: 48115lb (21825kg) (d) Radar - if active cockpit). The entire screen is occupied by the instrument panel, the view Length: 32ft 6in (9.9m) escourt strike missions is an American rather than an RAF practice, but Apart from the risks you run flying straight and level through the middle altitude, then deploy the parachute and scan for a target beneath, as pushes it forward. height. If the radar altitude falls below the safety margin the AFDS will at 25 sweep: Mach 0.73 directional error will result in a miss by a correspondingly large margin. while you`re looking. Sound Effects - David Whittaker Length: 131 ft 4in (40.0m) the top of the Bomb Fall Line with the position of the CCIP (see diagram You need to turn hard and get the nose down at the same time flying faster. Zoom out as far as possible and move the view forward and backward between the leading and trailing edges of the available area, watching the centre centred nearer the trailing edge (behind the aircraft). While the square brackets are shown, you could drop a bomb and continue to designate the The ADV is described as an interceptor rather than an air superiority Key 6 Landing gear position indicator 7. Throttle to 100% at 130 kts 8. Throttle to idle at 85 kts position if you are within the boundaries of the map. Pressing the "locate the display or at the base of the display. Your aircraft is always at the roll the wings level, execute a hard pull up, disengage itself and trigger towards the airfield. At this point the ILS marker will be on your HUD and airspeed and may be used independently or in conjunction with AFDS modes performance on a slow computer. or navigator permits it by holding down the Commit button. Laydown bombing range to the target, and the distance your bombs would be thrown if you missile will go into a zoom-climb to convert all its remaining speed into information can (and must) be used to help you close the range, line up a tracking shot and react quickly and effectively to counter manoeuvres. Both IDS and ADV Tornados can (and usually do) carry the AIM9L Sidewinder missile for short-range air combat. The Tornado ADV carries as its main 9 Vertical speed indicator be too far behind the aircraft for you to keep it illuminated till the bomb medium ranges, in BVR (Beyond Visual Range) combat. In the following Limiting speeds Max T-O weight, 20950lb (9500kg) of an airfield`s defences, the trickiest aspect of a JP.233 attack is ensuring that your attack run is lined up accurately to put the maximum sections we will discuss both missiles, how to launch them, and the 3 As the nose passes below the horizon; roll to 90o bank problems involved in any missile engagement. Category: single seat counter air fighter the pilots ejection seat. The navigator may however select a forward waypoint, otherwise calculation would be impossible. ineffective and erratic in real air combat situations, but this didn` prevent the Soviet Union from manufacturing a direct copy, the K13 (aka "Atoll"). This copy was then copied in turn by the People`s Republic of China as the PL-2. Both copies were later upgraded but have since been replaced in front-line service by weapons of indigenous design. 10.6). At low level you can achieve quite reasonable accuracy in Manual cycle throught the delivery mode options for that package until you reach hit. about 23OOO feet. As with Loft attacks, a long run-in is desirable (say 6 miles or more) but we want a moderate-to-low speed (say 250 knots IAS). An LGB attack is executed entirely from the navigator`s seat, with the Use a wide zoom to search for some recognisable feature in the forward half of the available camera coverage and then click the left mouse button. This locks the view and the laser designator on the point at the centre of the image, and sets the Target of Opportunity waypoint T at this point. Span: 1ft 3in (0.4m) Another idea to bear in mind is turning towards the attack. This is Mi-26 Halo American concept involves a "strike package" consisting of several with some degree of lead. (especially anti tank) missiles but it is far from ideal for an air-to-air recommended as a standard defensive move against a human fighter pilot, but seeker head will never see you there. All of this advice is totally useless, however, unless you know or strongly suspect that there`s a missile on the way, and don`t forget that the enemy will also be using all these tricks against you and your missiles. missile. Strictly speaking, a Radar Warning Receiver "listens" for hostile radar signals using a system of antennae distributed all around the aircraft, identifies the type of radar and the threat it presents, and shows the result on a plan view display. This will tell you, for example, that there`s an enemy fighter behind and to your right pointing its radar in will be lit up Every time a new threat is detected, there will also be an to realise that the top of the clock face display represents the direction in which your aircrafts nose is currently pointing, so that a threat on your right will be shown at 3 o`clock whichever way you`re heading. for enemy bombers to approach, sprint to the best position for an attack Vmax sea level Mach 1.2+ Vmax 36000 ft Mach 2.2 (ii) keyboard 2 roll rate and pitch rate proportional to how long key is WingSpan: 48ft 3in (14.7m) Length: 71ft 11.5in (14.7m) if released immediately The Tornado has a fairly small wing area compared with most air-superiority Origin: CIS | |--------------------| | Effective range: 7.5nm (12000m) by the pilot. Return to this view from any other by pressing the Front | | | | | | | | | | 20 | | 5 6 and starts climbing you will see the Countdown Clock run down rapidly as display also shows incoming ground-launched or air-launched missiles, both your direction, and there`s a SAM launcher looking at you from the left. course, but it has a significant extra capability. One of the features proposed for the Tornado GR4 is a Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS). there are several possible ways in which it might work, including detecting advantage against an opponent who`s grown complacent because he knows he`s flying one of the world`s hottest fighters, as many mock combats have The next major version (in service 1958) adopted Semi Active Radar Homing (SARH). This is a compromise solution used in many air to air missiles. By far the largest, heaviest and most power-hungry part of a radar system sensibly sized missile is extremely difficult today, and was totally and use Sky Flash to kill from as far away as possible, as quickly as possible, with the minimum of risk if the bombers are escorted then the existence or location altogether, so it must be strong enough to fight off mode, or another weapon package, you`ll need to do this manually with the Now zoom in closer While you are locked on, you may finely adjust the you can throw the bomb) and altitude (the higher you are, the furthur the would achieve the theoretical maximum range. reached. The HUD symbology changes, to show another Countdown Clock and a released them now. The steering cue directs you to pull up and steer left or right as necessary to stay lined up with the target; the small cross (the Apex Marker) moves up and down, left and right relative to the Aircraft Datum, the base line of the triangle is fixed and the middle horizontal line is drawn halfway between the two, skewing right or left as the Apex Marker moves. The position of the Apex Marker in relation to the Aircraft Datum tells you which way to steer - when you`re pointed exactly Displays range to target with two calibration marks: 900m and 1500m range (i) Track (AFDS TRACK (-) ) this mode will command the aircraft to follow a Vmax manoeuvre flaps 450 kts IAS any likely enemy reaction. aircraft`s terrain following ability to postpone or totally avoid radar Weasels" (aircraft exclusively equipped and tasked for defence-suppression work), but the Tornado IDS is already quite well suited for this, and ALARM gives it a good capability. The demand or defence suppression is already centre position as the aircraft climbs or dives. Its scale is calibrated useful during landing. Once the target is designated, hitting the Fire / Commit button will launch Width: 11ft 2in (3.4m) One 12.7mm machine gun, anti aircraft less than for the "strike package in any case" since the route is planned to avoid known threats and the formation is a smaller, lower and more difficult target. miles back at low level, relying on the defence-suppression capabilities of the leading IDS to clear a path where necessary. Though the ADV has no terrain following capability, and the pilot must work a lot harder in order to fly low safely, it shares with the IDS all the other features which make the aircraft relatively easy and pleasant to fly at low level, and it just because the RAF doesn`t do it that way at the moment. Every airforce Don`t give your opponent an easy target. Manoeuvering will also sweep your One 7.62mm machine gun, coaxial SWP wing sweep failure fighters - this is part of the reason why it can fly fast at low level. Acknowledgements Weight: 94798lb (43000kg) Performance: speed: 46mph (75km/h) range: 248nm (400km) Warrior Weight: 31700lb (14379kg) Radius of action 685nm g limit +7.3 Vmax mid flaps 280 kts IAS Royal Air Force video and photograhic material British Aerospace Warton video and photograhic material, sound effects and for permission to use the Tornado logo Janes Information Systems photographic material Spectrum HoloByte for their help in the final stages of the to producing quality flight simulators. Our special thanks to RAF Honington, the pilots and navigators of XIII and XV squadrons, technicians, air traffic control, the Community Relations Panavia Tornado Dr. Alfred Price Category: single-seat close support aircraft One launcher for AT-5 Spandrel anti-tank missiles While this means that the turn performance suffers, it also confers a very Cockpit key. 9 10 18 28 28 33 35 23 fast roll rate up to 180 per second. In this respect the Tornado is equal Think Energy Conservation you`re about to run out of options. HAVE FUN GUYS AND REMEMBER ITS ALL FOR FUN / | \ | \/ \/ & | _ \ | \ |_\/ \/ WEAPONS TRAINING IN THE SIMULATOR An inverted V on the heading strip showing the required aircraft heading in Don't overshoot your target from behind the right way, the Apex Marker is in the exact centre of the ring of the designator spot by moving the mouse while holding down the left mouse camera view on either TAB display or the MFD. Panel illumination The Simulator provides the ideal environment for practicing any kind of even an "infinite weapons" option which instantly replenishes any package Altimeter submunitions in a wide curve You may notice vibration and noise while the classified. We have provided for two different modes of operation which Horizontal situation indicator (HSI) (b) Thermal Imaging and Laser Designating (TIALD) used. Select the Simulator from the Flight options, and look through the with the letters TWCU - for Tornado Weapons Conversion Unit. Select the first of these, titled "IDS - TWCU Freefall Bombs". Make sure that the Simulator Options switch for infinite Weapons is ON. Now Commit, and you will move straight to the aircraft in flight. Engage the AFDS in Track mode - you will find yourself Terrain-Following at a ride height of 1000 feet. GP bombs for Laydown delivery There are two other packages loaded, one with described in detail later Clarity / contrast of the symbology is adjustable Pressing the Front Cockpit key when already in the front cockpit will select the "forward and up" view. The upper portion of the canopy framework will be visible This replaces the aircraft datum. Weight: AA-8A 121lb (55kg) AA-8B 132lb (60kg) Warhead: proximity and impact fuzed blast fragmentation MLRS two retarded bombs, and one with two BL.755 cluster bombs. For the moment, Radius of action 250n m C-130H Hercules Category: heavy transport helicopter Origin: CIS Main rotor diameter: 105ft 0in (32.0m) Altitude limits: (5000m) Weight: 198411b (9000kg) number of craters in the desired section of runway. This should normally This is the view looking left from the pilot`s position, selected by pressing the Look Left key. Releasing the key will return to the forward | | | | waypoint up to thirty seconds late or early respectively. If time of arrival differs from plan by more than thirty seconds then the marker will flying in the general direction of a timed waypoint. thus permitting a meaningful calculation of time of arrival. The HUD in AIM9 mode - no IR acquisition yet Altitude clock units of 100 feet. One full "revolution" of the marker represents 1000 view. If you wish to continue looking left, either hold down the key or |16| | | | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 21 25 26 2 25 Radar "on" indicator 26 ECM "on" indicator Analogue dial showing barometric altitude. Each revolution of the large Otherwise known as an artificial horizon, this instrument shows the pitch and roll attitude of your aircraft relative to the ground. For example, artificial horizon rolls left. A small "bug." travels around the 27 Radar warning receiver Illuminated when reverse thrust selected. the throttle slightly. symbology. Because you`ve selected Infinite Weapons, you wont need to make any new selections on the SMD - your GP bombs will be replaced the moment they`re dropped. Once you`re comfortable with the bombsight, try the same attack with requires that the target position should be known to the navigation for a 'countdown clock' on the HUD to count down to zero. When that Line along which the bomb will fall after release. feet. Illuminated when autopilot (AFDS) engaged. particularly useful when your aircraft is pitched so far up or down that the Horizon is no longer visible. Autothrottle engaged indicator Assuming that you are still well lined up on the target, the Apex Marker range: 5nm (8km) AA-7B Apex Firstly, it indicates your aircraft's heading by means of a "bug" examples: bug at 12 o`clock heading due North Time early/late Angle of attack (Alpha) The position of this symbol relative to the HUD pitch ladder indicates the bug at 3 o`clock heading due East bug at 6 o`clock heading due South bug at 9 o`clock heading due West . Autopilot and Flight Director System (AFDS) plus Autothrottle if active . Local map Radar warning receiver we`re going to attack target X as planned, with the four GP bombs. easy to line the aircraft up on the target, whereas judging the exact moment of release by eye is difficult to do consistently. depressed. Roll and pitch rates maintained when key released. MFD Function Select" key: horizon will only correspond to level flight at higher speeds. infra red and radar-guided. Discretes on the right of the display will illuminate as follows: SAM you are being tracked by a SAM launcher AAA you are being tracked by anti-aircraft artillery This is a steerable plan view camera with laser designator. It is capable MSL incoming missile. infra-red or radar-guided, ground or air-launched and the Late Arm Switch flips back down. Max. level speed sea level clean M1.1 Radius of action 810nm Wait until the aircraft passes the Initial Point and starts turning towards X. The first thing to do is hit the "arm air-to ground" switch, which you can do from either seat. From the back seat, you`ll see the selected package on the SMD start flashing. In the front seat you`ll see the Late limit +9 Digital readout of Indicated Airspeed (IAS) in knots or Mach number Arm Switch cover raised, and the HUD mode will change to show the Bomb Fall which may well be partly hidden behind the Bomb Fall Line (see diagram 10,4 to find out which is which). range: classified JP 233 be catered for at the Mission Planning stage, but be aware that very Select the Simulator Mission "TWCU - JP.233" and start it up. You should be approaching the Initial Point of your attack run on Target Waypoint X at 500 knots, at 200 feet. When the aircraft starts its turn to line up on with no Safety Height cue, the Target Marker and the CCIP. As usual, the Release Point matches the direction of the runway under attack. The Pitch ladder of looking ahead, behind and to the sides of your aircraft. Its range self-adjusts with time of day and red or green cockpit lighting is seem to us to be among the most useful of those claimed for the real happens, the second phase starts as the HUD changes to display a "rubber calibrated every 10. The bars will always remain parallel with the horizon are solid, bars below the horizon are broken. Heading strip Performance: speed: Mach 3 Aircraft compass heading across the bottom of the HUD, calibrated in units heading is off scale, the V will remain at full deflection on the appropriate side of the heading strip Upper left: aircraft heading Upper right: bearing to position of cursor Lower left: estimated time to reach position of cursor ranges from 0.75nm, 1.5nm, 3nm, 6nm, 12nm and 24nm with the base origin. designation is by means of the mouse. As the camera looks ahead of your aircraft, the designator symbol changes to confirm this fact. It is continuous zoom facility allows pin-point accuracy Prior to take-off this 9. Apply wheelbrakes approach, and learning to cope with either one of these problems should dispense the full load. Remember that any radical turn will spray a single ALARM from the selected package on a direct trajectory. Provided ILS steering marker The steering marker is linked to the runway localiser and glidescope ILS transmitters. If you are aligned with the runway centreline and following the required glidescope the steering marker will overlay the aircraft datum symbol in the centre of the HUD. If the marker is off centre, steer towards it. Aircraft Datum. pull straight up If you`ve flown this far under AFDS control, now is the that the ALARM package is not empty, the arm status will not cancel automatically on launch. If you want to disarm in order to select Indirect "Cancel Arm" key combination. When the package is empty, however, the Il-76 Candid Continuously computed impact point (CCIP) indicator". When active, the normal throttle control is used to set the time to cancel it. Pull back firmly on the stick, and hold it back - the Aiming point For the moment the autopilot has control, but to do this manually, your first step would be to line up the Bomb Fall Line so that it passes through the bomb goes off, You can see how this works in diagram 10.5. If you 45 on either side of the nose, no target will be designated and you will not be permitted to launch in Direct mode. When launched in Direct Mode an ALARM will normally fly a direct trajectory to the target, accelerating to about Mach 2 while the motor burns and then Ground target marker GROUND FORCES Larger red sight which appears when cannon armed but no target is designated. Origin: United Kingdom Performance: speed: 40mph (65km/h) The CCIP is the other element of the bombsight symbology. The point where Position of designated target as seen through the HUD. Countdown clock must press and hold the Commit button to permit the automatic release. should look like, try it again manually. You can quit and restart, or turn the aircraft around and come back to X, or you can use the Scrollable Map Counts down to the "pull up point" and the start of stage 2 to set up a Target of Opportunity waypoint to attack (don`t forget to select T). If you want to make another pass on X, you`ll need to hop into Ground target marker wide zoom, placing the point, zooming in closer and adjusting position, Position of designated target as seen through the HUD Position of designated target as seen through the HUD. The large panel to the right of the Stores Management Display is used to when the front cockpit attention getters are flashing. You may cancel the range: 373nm (600km) Countdown clock Shows the difference between the range to the target and the distance your then closer for a further adjustment until you are satisfied that the laser spot is on the precise point you wish to hit. Clicking the right mouse button cancels the lock, letting the camera view roll forward over the ground at the aircraft`s speed. The HUD during Air to Air Guns Attack range. bombs would be thrown if you released them immediately. Unwinds as your The HUD during run in for a JP.233 Attack Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Continuously computed impact point (CCIP) Marker across the bomb fall line showing the bomb`s computed impact point if released immediately. Countdown clock the back cockpit and check that waypoint X is still the currently selected (highlighted) waypoint. If it isnt, use the skip to next waypoint, key to sweep --------- Category: surface-to-surface battlefield missile launcher range: AA-8A 6nm (10km) Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Safety height cue gives indication of safety margin so that pilot may avoid flying through debris hemisphere of exploding weapon. Marker across the bomb fall line showing the bomb`s computed impact point if released immediately Boresight Air target marker Origin: USA Position of air target projected onto HUD display. Range clock When the missile`s l seeker has acquired the target this symbol moves from The HUD in SKY FLASH mode (ADV only) selectable at night Marker) in the centre of the aircraft datum ring. As you do, the clock winds down. When it reaches zero the bombs are released (provided that the Commit button is down) and you are free to get the aircraft out of the way. or near the target. In a typical Loft attack, an aircraft running in at 550 knots at 200 feet would start its pull-up about five or six miles from the target and release turns to run in on target waypoint X, hit the arming switch. The HUD will now show the Target Marker, a solid Bomb Fall Line, and a Countdown Clock slowly unwinding anti-clockwise around the Aircraft Datum. Use the Bomb Fall Line to line up on the Target Marker, or let the AFDS do it in Track Mode, and whether manually or under AFDS, set your altitude to about 200 Look left from the navigator`s position by pressing the Look Left key. attention getters by pressing "master warning reset" key. feet and your airspeed to about 550 knots. The Clock is counting down to standard practice is to pull up at about 3.5 G. As the aircraft pitches up Length of rocket: 12ft 11in (3.94m) Dianmeter: 2ft 9in (0.84m) Weight: 140431b (6370kg) Performance: range: 50 to 174nm Red Captions: your bomb throw distance increases, and the Apex Marker will also move down Diameter: 7.3in (0.185m) CNFG flap configuration error ECM ECM failure UC gear configuration error WB wheel brake failure WEAPON DATA Origin: CIS Guidance system: semi active active radar FLPS flaps failure MFD1 MFD failure - pilot deflecting sideways. If it does, bank towards it to line up again, but dont overshoot on the correction. When the Clock and the Apex Marker are indicating that you`re nearly at release, hold down the Commit button and of release the HUD reverts to normal nav mode symbology and the Arm status with which it runs on your computer. For example, reducing the visibility will mean that ground objects cannot be seen until you get closer to them. Less ground detail on the screen will give a smoother simulation on slower computers Selecting the "plain" options in 2 to 5 will also improve (i) keyboard 1 roll rate and pitch rate proportional to how long key is Five autopilot modes are available: This is a slewable map on which the navigator may designate and select a target of opportunity waypoint (waypoint T). Map scale is selectable from 0.75nm up to 24nm. Unlike the Local map where your aircraft is fixed at craft symbol scrolls with the map and may leave the display altogether. depressed Roll and pitch rates reduce to zero when key released - if active (b) Local map (c) ILS Depending upon the mode selected, the autopilot will take control of your altitude (ALT), your heading (HDG) and your Indicated Air Speed (IAS). (i) Track cancels as for any other delivery mode. Diagram 1O.1O shows a complete sequence of HUD images for a loft attack, from the start of the run through to just before release. (i) to (iii) described above. Selection is confirmed by IAS changing from (ii) Altitude/Heading Acquire (iii) Terrain Follow Pressing the "locate aircraft" key will centre the map at your current target" key will centre the map at the position of waypoint T ie set flight plan defined during your pre flight briefing or to fly to a waypoint Accuracy in a Loft Attack set at a target of opportunity during flight (waypoint T). The aircraft manual (MAN) to acquire (ACQR) and illumination of the "autothrottle engage in a steep climb or dive or high "g" turn. Finally, if you disengage the autopilot, pitch and roll control revert to manual (MAN) and the MFD will confirm AFDS OFF if autothrottle is not active, or AFDS THROT if autothrottle is active. As with any other form of attack you must line up exactly on the target If you can see any heading error at all you must correct it before release or your bombs will be wasted. (b) Local Map map origin, heading along the dotted flightpath. The scale of the map is Additional navigational data is presented in each corner: Tornado GR4 (e) Forward looking camera This display provides a daytime forward view for the navigator and an Category: two seat all-weather multi purpose combat aircraft Origin: United Kingdom Wing span: fully spread: 45ft 7.5in (13.91m) The other great factor in loft accuracy is the pitch rate just before fully swept: 28ft 2.5in (8.6m) Maximum weapon load: 198401b (9000kg) g limit +7.5 release. Remember that the bombs will be automatically released the instant that the throw distance is equal to or greater than the range to Tornado F3 Category: two seat all weather air defence interceptor Origin: United Kingdom Wing Span: fully spread: 45ft 7.5in (13.91m) Origin: USA F-16C Fighting Falcon Category: single-seat multi role fighter distance at very frequent intervals, but each calculation takes time. If Origin: USA Wing span: 31 ft 0in (9.45m) Length: 47ft 8in (14.52m) you are pulling up steeply, the throw distances from successive calculations go up by leaps and bounds and the throw distance at release may overshoot the target by hundreds of feet. Diagram 1O.11A illustrates away at the maximum possible rate.