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Conical, Conical Subdivided. 4.1.4.6 Cross-sectional Surface Construction You should have already installed the program to your hard-drive, if not window. Pure white (255,255,255) is a good choice. These are groups, which are references to a collections of points on a 1.10.2 Tube tools 1.10.3 Rounded Polygons and Polyhedrons 1.10.4 Object-Pixel Tool action affecting the object structure. The undo depth can be specified 1.8 TOOLS stored in the hierarchy. Objects take many different forms, depending 3.2.6 Word Definitions contents of the file will be overwritten. Similarly , you can type any counterparts: a magnifying glass in REAL 3D really magnifies! optical devices from glass lenses. These devices act as their real-world index of light is freely adjustable so that it is possible to create the desired menu item and release the right button, The highlighted menu item is the one which is being selected. You can experiment by selecting Extras/Refresh/Wire-frame. The program replies by redrawing the display. - At least 3 megabytes of RAM memory - A hard disk with at least 5 megabytes of free-space for the software - MC68020 (or higher, e.g. 68030/68040) processor - A math coprocessor 1.11 LIGHTSOURCES When studying this chapter, you should use the standard environment, and 7.2.10 Conditional Execution 7.2.10.1 Comparisons 7. Select Create/Visible/Polygon. Instead of using , select three easy to move the aimpoint to any desired point in the scene and redirect 6.6.2 Swimming Fish should see the points marked with a cross symbol. Then press , start using the mouse again while executing a function, activate the goes through that point. Actually, the depth of undo buffer is 3 by default, so you can undo three steps backwards. It is possible to change the undo depth to other values using the Settings/Undo/Set depth function, but remember that the greater the value, the more memory is required. 6.1.7 Moving Objects along a B-Spline Mesh peculiar. gadgets and single-key macros to extend the user interface. If the result of a modification was unexpected: 4.1 FREEFORM MODELLING AND POINT EDITING 7.2.10.5 Nesting Conditionals 7.2.11 Loops 7.2.11.1 Definite Loops 1.1 STARTING THE PROGRAM Figure T1-1: Select Window (PICTURE: T1.1) This creates the material "shiny", that is, adds the material to the is an useful shape for say 3D pie charts. We start building the table by creating the hierarchy level, which 12. Release key. --------------------- has finished; instead, he can continue with new actions while old ones Bottom row: (IN PICTURE) Rectangular, Rectangular Subdivided, Rectangular Conical, Rectangular Conical Subdivided. distribution, are good examples. When working with REAL 3D, you store the 1. Select Create/Visibles/Cube and shape a cube just as you created the rectangle. The size and position of the cube doesn't matter for this example. the relative brightness of various light sources by giving them suitable - TUTORIAL 1.13 - object on the two dimensional surface of your monitor. 1.8 SAVING AND LOADING Palette window, activate a Select window and open the Palette window from the user interface of the software. It will familiarize you with the use - CONTENTS 1.3 - indication of the selection. only to create complex shapes, but to simulate different real world Insert. When replacing Projects, you can define the sections which you want replaced from the file. For example, if you Project/Project/Replace from a file which does not The contents of the select window should change to display "level" only. 1.10.1 Lathe If your scene causes memory problems while editing, it is almost certain that you cannot render shaded images of it. function. can continue to rotate in any direction until you come right back to the starting position. results you expect then consult the TUTORIAL, it's there to help! experience of the earlier versions of REAL 3D, but if you don't get the REAL 3D supports importing AutoCAD DXF format. 1. Create an object. "Simple Shaded View of Introduction Project" 6.13.1 Piston enlarge. When you press the left mouse button, you can draw a rectangle The viewpoint primitive contains the rest of the camera information. For 28. Use the cursor keys to find a good viewing angle and select View/Render/Window or hitr. 5.18 RENDERING FIELDS activate it with a click on the title bar, so that the creation is THEREFORE I HAVE OMITTED THE IFF GRAPHIC IN ORDER TO As you see, you can use multiple select windows to quickly access Chapter 4 GETTING STARTED The REAL 3D Rendering Engine provides support for graphics hardware with 1.7 MODIFYING look into the REAL 3D universe. Two formats are available: a binary and an ASCII format. The binary format offers efficient and fast way of storing a scene description, whereas the ASCII format, based on RPL programming language, is machine independent. 4.1 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES Chapter 4 MODELING before. wooden candlestick, you first add the material wood to the material library, then create a level "Wooden-Stick", and under that level you place the stick shape object and the wood mapping object. You can 1.10.2 Tube tools With the tube tools, you can create a continuous tube. The tools can be used, for example, for creating 3D fonts. True Solid Modeling The wire-frame is drawn with a solid white line, and the name "ellipsoid" appears in the select window. Depth-of-Field Using a highly optimized algorithm, depth-of-field can be used even for very complex scenes. There is no significant impact on rendering time. nothing happens. If "Root" had been a part of a larger object, then you could have moved one step upwards in the hierarchy, and REAL 3D would have revealed all the objects in the same hierarchy level as "Root". of light is reduced so those bright parts of the scene that had become replace left mouse button clicks using either the vector stack or a 1.9 VISIBLES . Then activate the Y gadget, enter 0 and hit . have the names "ellipsoid" and "ellipsoid.1" on the list of objects. preferences. 4.3.1 Loading the Project corresponds to a solid line, 21845 gives a dense dotted line and 4369 For professional users we recommend a configuration with at least 5 but the way in which screens are used can be configured by the user. of objects, such as objects turned in a lathe. Objects which consist of 6.6 DIRECTION |ellipsoid | 4.3.3.2 "Wireframe/Ray Trace" Gadget different parts of the hierarchy. it is not necessary to take care of the individual files and directories 2.2.16 DIRECTED FORCE The ray tracing calculations of REAL 3D are strongly based on the optical 4.3.3. 1 "Jump To/Play To" and the "Time Slider" 1.11.1 The Brightness of Light Sources 3.6 I/O WORDS REAL 3D binary format is an IFF type collection of different data dimensional computer graphics. The idea is to easily and quickly obtain complex 3D solid objects by replacing the two dimensional pixels of a Delete and Duplicate functions. you created in the example above: 3.1 USING MATERIALS 3.1.1 General Information 3.1.2 Tutorial Project 3.1.3 Optical Properties 3.2 TEXTURE MAPPING 5. When the object is created, you probably don't need the original last example ended, or start from new. You have the standard 3 window You can continue modelling this example from the situation of where the Projection Type was "Parallel". This type of projection produces the kind As well as the ultra fast wire-frame refreshing, REAL 3D V.2 includes To move the cube to another position in space: 4.1 OPENING THE PROGRAM The main part of this chapter takes you step by step through a REAL 3D of wire-frame views used by most CAD programs. 9. Click the name "Rectangle". Figure T2-1: Separate IO (PICTURE: T2-1) user. As many functions as required can be placed on this list by clicking 1. Select the desired objects. 2. Choose the menu Modify/Linear/Move and move the brace. higher the specularity, the sharper the high-lights. The second specularity adjustment, specular brightness, defines the brightness of the high-lights. The default value 25% is suitable, so you do not have to change it. Brilliance is the "mirror-like" property: the higher the value, the clearer the reflections you see on the surface of the 1.12 MACROS 1.5.1 The Current Level original position. The reasons for this is that its animation is influenced by "Particle Animation" and it requires some special handling that will be discussed later in the manual. For now, just remove this part of the animation: 2.5 THE MEASURING WINDOW configuration and no objects built yet. You may also select Project/Project/New or restart the program before commencing. The names "Root" and "rectangle" are printed in different text types in the select window: "Root" is written with bold typeface, and "rectangle" is in normal type. The bold or normal gives an indication that the objects are of different "types" i.e. "Root" is a hierarchical object having a substructure, whereas rectangle does not have any sub-hierarchy. considerably, but the basic principles of creating objects using primitives, arranged in a hierarchy, remains. This window displays the names of the objects you have constructed. You materials in their correct environments. 2.2 SCREENS REAL 3D supports all Amiga display modes for the user interface display. will find that the program is logically arranged and with a little 4. double-click the topmost item, "level", on select window. quality. Also, you can re-arrange the order of the colors freely. Ray |_______________| Chapter 1 MENU FUNCTIONS 5. Select menu Project/Macros/Record. 4. Open a palette window: use Project/Windows/Palette or hit p. +------+/ +-----------+ +-----------+ / \| ellipsoid | | Root |--| Rectangle | 2.2.17 TANGENT FORCE 2.2.18 COLLISION 2.2.19 INT COLLISION Root table stand1 stand2 brace cover base As a final example of modifying object hierarchy, we consider the use of two select windows. As it has been mentioned, each select window has its private current level, which becomes the global current level when you activate it. You can use this feature in the following way: 3. Move the mouse pointer, for example, to the middle of the cube and You might want to see what your spheres look like when shaded so follow 7.4.2 Creating New Methods the gadgets as far down as the one on the right showing "Wireframe'. surface is constructed from very few data points. 6.11.2 Push a Button with the Finger-tip 6.11.3 Interactively Controlled Hierarchical Skeletons object you are creating. For example, if you are creating a rocking chair grey scale and color scale palettes. They are both optimized for ray clicks, also plays a role in the View IO system: the input plane always The input plane can be defined using the local coordinate systems of the - INTRODUCTION 1.5 - If you don't want any part of the table to belong to the base: This is the basic style of requester for loading and saving files. It shows the files that are available in the current drawer as a selection list, and a number of other gadgets for controlling which types - Ellipsoids Now you have created a table which consists of a cover only. Now lets create an object "base": and the manual will guide you through. - Make a shin rotate about the knee of the thigh. animation window. The animation window contains all the gadgets for controlling animation playback and recording (much like VCR controls). You will find out how to use some of these gadgets shortly, the rest are explained in the TUTORIAL. This window has been opened on its own private screen. For the moment slide the animation window down out of the way by following the method : and selection happens. Project/Macro/Execute Named. There is also Named_to_Current function, which makes a given macro the current one, so you can use it with the repeat and spread functions. 4. When the anImatIon play stops, click the play backwards gadget on the Animation Window. "l<-". 5. The wire-frame animation will now play backwards. Remember: x means that you first press the right Amiga key down, then you hit "x" key, and then you release right Amiga key. You can see the logical structure of your object in the select window. Appendix C UTILITY SOFTWARE 6. Select View/Grid/Visible. When you create new rectangles, it is easy without the possible redrawing delays. There are some tricks which can be helpful when meeting memory problems. There are 9 different degrees of anti-aliasing, from which the user can small object, and therefore it is easy to identify the different parts of | | teachers and everyone interested in compiler generated imagery will find The term "object" in REAL 3D is used to describe all the items which are Extensive use of object hierarchy is one of the most important principles | | | | 2.7.1 Undo and Memory Management - INTRODUCTION 1.14 - The perspective projection may be more appropriate in intuitive, less The construction of objects is done in view windows using the mouse. You megabytes of RAM memory and at least 10 megabytes of hard disk space load with instructions to follow so that you can experiment and get a mouse, is read from the hot-point position, because a mouse button click desired color and intensity. Smooth edged shadows can be produced using - TUTORIAL 1.16 - consequently more productive. modelling. (you have defined the z input coordinate). build the base, but remember that we have to instruct the program to objects. "Partition" refers to the hard disk partition you chose. the view, shape a circle and click again. selecting Settings/Oper. Level/Active menu. to be drawn using the Settings/Oper. Level/Depth function, and by is suitable, click the left button. 4. Now you can size the top cover by moving the mouse, and when the size the first point of the polygon which forms the top cover of the object. 1.9.2 Sector Visibles End Of Part 1 complete the creation process. 4.2.2 tool icons 3.3 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS SINCE v1.42 4.1.1.2 Multiple Control Points 4.1.2 Selecting Points 2.4 WIREFRAME DRAWING SPEED 2.4.1 Bounding Boxes 2.4.2 Refresh Modes 4.1.3 Freeforms as Levels 4.1.4 Freeform Surfaces - CONTENTS 1.5 - 5.16 OPTIMIZATIONS 5.16.6 Shadows menu. Just before you leave the INTRODUCTION to begin the TUTORIAL you might The name of the function you selected appears at the top of the view after the text "Next:". This tells you that the next function on the Action List will be to create a sphere. to monitor the users actions and gives immediate responses. In REAL 3D, this happens by the asynchronous execution of multiple tasks. cube you move a camera or turn your head. If you turn your head to the left realize that it is rotating the View about the objects in the same way as (left cursor key or ) then what you are looking at moves to the right. several primitives can be created fast and easily with these special 4.1.7 Example: Creating a B-Spline Head 4. Still having all the spheres multi-selected, move the spheres to the right, half the diameter of a sphere. 5. Select Project/Macro/Record to end the macro. materials you may need in a material library, which is a memory resident your disk. - TUTORIAL 1.20 - 1. Use the to hold the "knob" of the slider as you did with the "Brightness" control of render settings. Now move it to a new time. the title bar of the animation screen and drag it so you can see all The name "Particle_Sys" is now high-lighted to show that it is a When you create light sources, you don't have to worry about their brightness; the program will scale their intensities to a suitable level, and fine tuning can be done by settings of the solid model. You can set colors. A lamp having lower values for RGB components has a lower light intensity than a lamp which has higher RGB values. These differences will be preserved in automatic scaling. The automatic scaling of light intensities can be thought of as being analogous to the automatic exposure functions of a camera, where the exposure level is name again to re-select it does no harm. - Hyperbolic visibles REAL 3D includes a variety of tools for creating these visibles. Also, tools for creating sector versions of most visibles are included. Thirdly, shapes. 2.1.6 Particle System Principles 2.1.6.1 Converting Motion Properties into Real Motion 3.4.1 Return Value 3.4.2 Locking Data Structure the adjustments to the camera. The new level was inserted after the rectangle, to the same hierarchy inside it. In the same manner , a complex object can be stretched in The small window in the bottom right corner is a tool window or tool-box. This contains a number of tool icons. 3MEGS+ OF IFF GRAPHICS, LEAVE MAIL FOR CYGNUS ON DIABOLICAL SABOTAGE. defined only in grid units. This will open a Render Settings Requester Window with many gadgets that - INTRODUCTION 1.17 - 1. Activate the View, hit e and click in the middle of the View to move the hot-point (set by mouse click) near the origin. The hot- point will define the third "depth direction" coordinate of the input plane. 3.3.2.1 Multi-selecting Objects So, now you have the following hierarchy: six different rendering techniques: hidden-line wire-frames, high speed the hierarchy tree and chooses the first view-point and aimpoint it finds. The SWND tag makes the view or aimpoint window specific. 1. Choose Create/Compound Tools/Rounded Circular. current data with the one loaded from disk. The special 68040 optimized program version has been tested to be up wire-frames do not have a visible surface when they are rendered. -------------------------- to the s: directory, real-startup and RPL-startup. Real-startup is a is contained in this section. - CONTENTS 1.2 - 1.11.1 The Brightness of Light Sources - Constant radius/varying radius ("Conical" option) Note that Project/New function clears the undo buffer, thus deleting its This configurable environment allows the creation of user-defined tool moments to load. to learn. Also the calculations involved in rendering them are staggering, upon their purpose. Not all objects have wire-frames, and some with with REAL 3D from the original version. To get immediately into learning the new program just go to Chapter 4; but if you are interested in the history of REAL 3D's development then read on... - INTRODUCTION 1.6 - 3.2.4 Real-1.X User About 4 man-years of programming effort has been put into developing version 2.0 from 1.42. Understandably the program has changed To use the lathe tool: 1. Choose Create/Compound Tools/Lathe. It is just here to allow you to see how realistic the images are that as methods. These textures also effect objects in the same level. You can also see a window containing a number of tool icons which provide | the camera that way. Secondly, the distance from the viewpoint to the - Make a thigh rotate about a hip. then form a list which can be used as a target for any of the modification 5. Select Extras/Vectors/Average. This operation replaces the two topmost can also use a perspective arbitrary view (perhaps the final camera 1. If you intend to enlarge an object on a View, choose the operation 3.3.4 Free-form Curves and Surfaces 3.3.3 Hierarchy 6.12.3 Sing the Same Song Ten Times +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ REAL 3D V.2 is an extremely powerful tool for creating realistic computer 5.13.1 Rendering an Animation Using External Screen information which defines the characteristics of a real world material 3.2.1.1 fStAngle & fEnAngle When the rendering engine produces the image this time, the over-all level The main purpose of the View window is visualization (seeing) the selected object. 6.19.2 Customized Friction aimpoint defines the focal length of the camera in the depth of field rendering effect: objects near the aimpoint (and at a similar distance in general) are sharper in the image. Now you have defined a macro which consists of three modifying operations. To execute the macro: 1. Select the object to modify. 2. Now change time slightly. The animation system updates the position of the animated objects and (object) to produce extremely complex properties. 6.1.6 Talking Head 3. Define the radius. complex object up in stages: Now the table is ready. The final hierarchical structure of the table is the following: +------+ - Compound tool objects are fast to render which displays the latest given coordinate position in space. You can move gray shaded surfaces. As it was when you pressed r, the view has been refreshed using the simple shaded surface rendering mode called "Draft". This is a special very high-speed technique used by the 3 3.3.1 Animation System 3.3.3.2 Materials covers most of the screen. scene, only the visible part of the window is shaded at once. the compound or freeform objects may not be accurate enough. it allows you to pick a grid from the current grid collection. This grid a wide variety of different fonts available, and furthermore, there are an infinite number of ways to define the object with which the pixels are replaced. For the creative user, pixel tool offers an excellent Chapter 2 THE ENVIRONMENT ------------------------- 7. Now select the function Modify/Structure/Delete. Motion Blur Polygonal Surfaces Conventional polygonal surfaces with optional Phong Shading are included. | Root | 11. "Cube" is not a good name for the cover of the table, so change it: also used in particle animations where the tag data attached to an object can determine the behavior of the object. for example 1 instead of the default 3 steps. displayed. As it was shown in the previous chapter, as long as the current called current grid. The current grid can be "activated" so that the 4. Hit the key "m" (move) which is the default keyboard short-cut for Move 1.4 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 2. Select View/Drawing_Set, activate the "Abs Grid" gadget and select OK. The examples presented earlier already have explained how to create some 1. Choose the menu Create/Visibles/Rectangle. Chapter 2 THE ENVIRONMENT in precisely the required place. Also a texture is just another object so 3. click in the center of the cylinder. directions perfectly, adjust the coordsys using Modify/Linear/Rotate. . If the coordinate system directions do not match the wall 2.2.15 RADIAL FORCE 4. Right mouse button ends the function. measuring window. These will be described in detail later. The visible range of an object can be defined in relation to the current cylinder. 2. Define the direction of the axis of the lathe by selecting two 6. Select menu Project/Macros/Repeat Current. You have modified the hierarchy of your table to be as follows: 5.19 MOTION BLUR Root Example 7: Testing the "Time Slider" controls. 2. Create, for example, a small sphere in REAL 3D. Make sure that it 2. Activate a view and select View/Render/Window. The program starts shading the window. view) while moving the object along the ground surface. The way that hierarchy is used to control and construct objects has been Load Sections, Save Sections or Replace sections functions and by selecting the "Grids" gadget in the sections requester. 1. Activate the "Origin" and "Polar" gadgets. Notice that if you position a light source near an object, there will be 2. Define the diameter of the tube by shaping a circle. These operations are a powerful way to create and modify objects. When modelling technical objects these boolean operations are especially indispensable. 6.20.1 A Sphere Tube 6.7 MOVE&DIR infinite distance. When using this projection, you cannot see any 1.12 MACROS If you want to consider only the points of the selected objects instead of the whole scene, keep the key pressed when dragging. A new level appears in the select window: name "Particle_Sys". Testing refreshing and view projection types. animation environment; 18. Move the copy to the right place by choosing Modify/Linear/Move. +------+ | such a very realistic image. 6.5 STRETCH 3.3.2.2 Multi-selecting Functions 3.3.3 Hierarchy 3.3.3.3 Boolean Operations 3.3.3.4 Hierarchy References and Order 3.3.4 Freeform Curves and Surfaces 3.3.5 Built in Programming Language 4.2 FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE MENUS & TOOLS 4.2 1 Menus 4 2.2 Tool Icons 4.2.3 Hot keys 4.2.4 Conclusion 6.10 SKELETON Tutorial. REAL 3D is on the cutting-edge of 3D graphics software, and contains many new ideas and principles which make it probably the most powerful computer graphics development tool available on ANY platform. It is quite different from other packages; but in this difference lies its power. REAL 3D V.2 gives you, the user, a highly flexible editor for creating the shapes and materials you desire using a working environment you can configure to your own personal requirements (or even the requirements of a particular project). This editor is smoothly integrated with a highly optimized rendering engine that will provide you with ray-traced images 1.2 CREATE - CONTENTS 1.1 - 5.16.7 Other Optimizations Left mouse button "dragging", moving the mouse while keeping the left One very useful technique which utilizes asynchronous action is material editing. When testing materials, you can open a material window, edit a material, and then activate the rendering of a view without closing the material editor. While the rendering proceeds, you can edit the material library and restart the rendering as soon as the changes are made. Especially useful is the technique using "Box" rendering (see the chapter "Rendering") where you can very quickly and interactively test critical If you select the menu Project/Environment/Open screen, a requester is level is "base", every new object or primitive you create will become a RPL Language 7. Activate the view window by clicking it and hit e. Now you've got the standard front view. 2. Press the "r" key. Pressing the shift key is unnecessary, the hot-keys are not case sensitive. The brace cube probably doesn't fit between the stands properly. So: Chapter 3 USING THE MANUAL - TUTORIAL 1.12 - When the program is started from its program icon, it loads the environment definition stored in the s:real-startup file. The original environment contains a basic 3 window interface in which all the creation and modifying functions can be done. The largest window, a view window, shows the object under construction. By default, it displays the object from the front as parallel projection. it is possible to use an unlimited number of light-sources with any 3.8 MISCELLANEOUS WORDS 3.9 USER INTERFACE WORDS 3.10 AREXXWORDS 6. Now use the cursor keys to adjust the View angle so that it is no logical groups. This approach makes, for example, object modifications With the polygon tool, you can create plane polygons. Use it in the settings requester and find the gadget labelled "Mode". You will see that the actual button is showing that it is in "Draft" mode. Click once on this cycle-gadget and the rendering mode will change to "Environment. 5.16.1 Rendering Mode 2. Move the mouse pointer on the name "level" on the select window and B-spline Surfaces - You can store several "important" camera positions to multiple cameras making it possible to quickly check the scene from those critical Light sources don't show directly in shaded pictures. So, if you want to see lamps or reflections of the light source on reflecting surfaces, you must put a cover made of, say, matt glass around the light source. graphics modes are supported. The rendering engine is the part of the edge of the space. 1. Select "table". displayed which will include the, display modes which are supported by A set of crosses should appear on the View. These crosses show the it to the bottom, select cylinder and move it above the rectangle. Select the light sources and move them well above the cylinder. ----------------- | | Hopefully this introduction has whetted your appetite and demonstrated a little of the power of REAL 3D V.2. In the TUTORIALS that follow, you practice you will very soon be able to create fantastic images and animations. selecting the menu View/Camera/Camera->View. When playing and rendering animations, it is sometimes necessary to 7.1.1 Basic Concepts 7.2 TUTORIAL 7.2.1 Getting Started diffuse light-sources. Anti-aliasing REAL 3D V.2 includes adjustable anti-aliasing. select a suitable level. The most accurate level uses 256 * 256 adaptive over-sampling, which is enough for any application! The purpose of the aimpoint is to define where the camera aims. It is very example, by rotating the viewpoint, you can adjust the tilt angle. invokes the rendering engine to update the view. The system continues shading new images until the time value you gave is reached. You can stop 7.3 USING RPL FOR CUSTOMIZING EDITOR 7. Estimate the number of spheres needed to form the entire ball bearing 2. Open the palette window (p). 3. Select the palette window menu Project/Fetch. The color of the cover is read and displayed in the color square above the OK gadget. Also the RGB sliders are adjusted accordingly. 6.15 DIRECTED FORCE The active View window will be centered around the objects, and the scale level a rectangular parallel projection would be represented by a dotted rectangle on the editor screen, they can be modified just like any other geometric. If you want to move the base now, you won't move any of the parts of the 1.6 TUTORIAL EXAMPLE 2: 3D MODELLING GLOSSARY - REAL 3D V.2 uses a number of special terms and phrases to describe the items you create and how certain functions operate. These are all defined in this section. The third coordinate value for the points, which the user defines with the of files are shown and for moving to different drawers and partitions of Open a View window and a measuring window: | | | | Example 4: basic visibles. The main classes of visibles are: Note: sections. This means that a file can contain both objects and materials, but you can only load the objects from it using Objects/Replace or contain an environment section, you do not lose your current user interface definition. Also, you can specify which sections you want replaced by using Project/Project/Replace Sections. When you create objects, it is advisable to compose them of reasonable sub-objects, which can be saved to appropriate sub-directories. Although this means more work in the beginning, it does allow you to create libraries of reusable objects. Texture Mapping The texture mapping properties of REAL 3D V.2 are not restricted to any 2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS values: for editing, with the ability to easily jump between them. internally. You can use the camera object consisting of the aimpoint and single click access to many of the most frequently needed functions. correctly. 6.9 RESULT STRINGS FROM OTHER APPLICATIONS A device will then appear on the screen. With the file requester, you 1.6 TUTORIAL EXAMPLE 2: 3D MODELLING No Gadgets function. This gives more work space. for example, move it to an appropriate location. picture with some three dimensional objects, such as spheres. Note: 1. Open a second select window. object containing two primitives: - INTRODUCTION 1.18 - Figure T1-3: Table (PICTURE: T1-3) There is also one of the most powerful particle animation systems 1.10 COMPOUND TOOLS - Drawing speed of B-Spline objects can be adjusted using the View/ can restore the state of the scene several steps earlier. After restoring using Settings/Undo depth function; if the depth is greater than one, you of Example 1 . Select a point away from your first sphere so that the pointer movements. 6.13.2 Hesitating Piston - TUTORIAL 2.2 - Naturally, you can also select an existing file. In this case, the old | pressing the right mouse button twice. When the macro has been fully defined, the recording is stopped by selecting Record again. Tag Expansion given file, which you can find in the "Examples" directory of the REAL 3D REFERENCE - This contains concise descriptions for the menu functions and APPENDICES - All the miscellaneous information: diagrams of icons, descriptions of hot-keys, and using the support software the earliest state included in the undo buffer, the undo function jumps back to the current situation. This means that you can safely step through 2.7.1 Undo and Memory Management to your startup-sequence (preferably to the s:user-startup file), where This means they can be re-positioned, sized, and stretched until they are of course it can be animated! in a scene from the "Objects" directory of r3d2: 6.4 RETURN VALUES - Excellent rendering quality - INTRODUCTION 1.13 - dimensional objects. For example, solid modelling offers general boolean 7.2.6 Stack Manipulation Words 7.2.7 Compiling New Words 7.2.8 Constants and Variables 7.2.8.1 Constants 2. Select View/Display/Auto Focus. the hot-point to a new location by clicking in a desired place. TUTORIAL -------- Chapter 1 OBJECT CREATION & MODIFICATION As it was mentioned, every View window contains a full camera description the viewpoint to store a suitable viewing angle more permanently. The To move the rectangle 0.2 units to the X direction and 0.3 units to the formulas defining the color, bump-mapping, and other material properties. choose the menu Modify/Properties/Name. Enter the name "cover" and 2. Click the once somewhere near the middle of the view. 4.1.4.1 Example: Creating a Simple Mesh 4.1.4.2 Coplanar Sweeping To move the whole base: 2. Select Create/Sectors/Cylinder. 3. Enter X = 0, Y = 0 , Z = 0, and press ACCEPT. 4. Enter X = 0,Y = 0,Z = 2 and press ACCEPT. 27. Extend the brace just as you extended the cover earlier, until it 4.3 INTRODUCTION PROJECT 4.3.1 Loading the Project expanded. Animation is no longer based upon "exposed' frames or objects but upon new structures created in the hierarchy to describe how objects should move and transform. | | --------------------- This means the sphere was inserted under "level", not immediately under +-------+ primitives, but you will only look at the first four in this chapter. "Root". The whole hierarchy is: interpret this so that the wooden stick consists of stick and wood, shape 2. Choose Modify/Structure/Cut. 3. Double-click the name "base" on top of the select window; the window changes the current level to be the parent level, "table". 4. Choose Modify/Structure/Paste. 4.3.2 Refreshing and Rendering 4.3.3 Animating 4.3.3.1 "Jump To/Play To" and the Time Slider | cover | | base | +-------+ +------+ appear on the left to show that this type is now selected. REAL 3D can operate on multiple screens simultaneously. The user can gives a less dense dotted line. WoodenStick Stick use fixed maximal rounding radius, whereas "Ellipsed" tools round the corners all the way to the middle of each edge. The following figure You have just used the hot-key r to start rendering. The rendering engine will produce a shaded image of your two spheres using its Draft setting. Your environment was set up with 8 levels of gray, but most other REAL 3D system that draws your objects as shaded surfaces instead of wire-frames. 4.2.4 Conclusion object radiates all the main components (R,G,B) of light in the same amounts. 4. Now move down to the bottom left corner and select "OK" to confirm the change. This will close the window. - A third material can have mathematically defined circular "ridges" bump- mapped onto the ends of the can using a procedural handler. contents permanently. Undo stores only the object data structure. material. Brilliancy level 0 produces a matt surface with no reflections, "s:real-startup". The directory paths are included in the project file, Support example: Examples/..... When modelling objects with exact coordinates, it may be difficult to 1. Use Project/Project/Replace to load a new copy of "Intro.prj". 2. Click on the view and then change the View/Type to "Perspective". 2.1 ASYNCHRONOUS ACTION structures created by the program. For example, you may choose to start the program from different environment files instead of the program icon Instead of using menus, most functions can be activated using keyboard equivalents (Hot-Keys) or tool window icons. writes the modified color back to the cover. programs can be integrated into REAL 3D. Conversely it may also be possible to integrate into those packages that also use public screens. Now that the properties are defined: cover 8. Hit z. Now you've got top view; now click in the middle of the The other important combinations are: 1.10 COMPOUND TOOLS surface structure, colouring, and optical properties. Basic material properties can be adjusted easily using slider gadgets. More accurate control over properties can be achieved using so called This is a very powerful method for creating symmetrical objects. As an In the next example, we will test different light sources. The example 1. Activate the View and hit e to reset it. For your convenience, REAL 3D maintains information of the DOS directories In real life, it is usually very difficult to observe objects in but the quality when rendered is significantly higher even when the 2. Select Modify/Linear/Move COG, and click twice in the middle of the Compound tools have some advantages over freeform based creation methods: the selected objects, incrementing the number of macro repetitions by one 2.7 THE UNDO FUNCTION 4. To re-display your starting position use View/Display/Reset or e. positions during the model creation. complex objects. To create a primitive "rectangle": disk and follow the instructions. For successful installation, there must F or example: it is possible to modify a material and immediately see how the rendering engine by clicking on the check-gadget labeled "Backgr. and enter this value. ---------------------- wait state feature: even though the wireframe is complex, REAL 3D responds selected are moving. rendering engine which just gives you the fastest possible truly three Root - Circular/rectangular intersection shape ("Circular/"Rectangular") - Automatic subdivision/no subdivision ("Subdivided" option) is called a freeform in REAL 3D terminology. freeforms - A collection of points describing a free-form line or surface Note: If you find the direction of the rotation confusing then you should The view returns to its original viewing position and the wireframes are re-drawn. The greater the depth, the more chip memory the display requires. Also the display updating slows as the screen depth increases, but on the other hand, shading quality is improved. Objects can have multiple textures and materials. Furthermore, the materials can be faded and mixed. gradient". A check mark will appear on the button to show that this feature is enabled. Everything else should be just perfect so click "OK". 4. Create another rectangle. This time the shape of the rectangle can be 5. Create a third rectangle beside the second one. Observe how easy it is to match one edge of the new rectangle with an edge of the second rectangle. - TUTORIAL 2.10 - 6.7.1 Rocking Logo Moving along a Straight Line 3.1 USING MATERIALS / \ - expanding the program features Note: Right mouse button cancels the modification. operations. Your scene "Root" consists of one single primitive, "rectangle". If you To change the current level: planes parallel to the absolute space axes, regardless if the Separate IO process for menu selection as described in Example 1 above. A standard file selector is opened. 4. Now you can shape a curve. When the shape is suitable, click the left window, which still displays those objects. You can use all the four tools in a similar way as when you created the disk operating systems: the level "Root" corresponds to a directory in DOS, and the counterpart of the object "rectangle" is an actual DOS file. 2.1.6.2 Forces in the Particle System 3. Now immediately select another creation function; create a sphere, freely. 5. Now use the measuring window: enter the angle to the X gadget. When the angle is suitable, hit ACCEPT. As you see, it is possible to swap from the normal mouse input to the measuring system input. If you want to View by clicking its title bar. 12. Choose Create/Structure/Level. Producing an image with soft-shadows and depth-of-field. Then use - twice to zoom the display out. | | | - Input-plane oriented or absolute space oriented coordinate directions. In the following, some compound tools are introduced. The rest work in quite a similar manner. Exact details can be found in the reference A REAL 3D project contains the information necessary to define a scene or animation in the REAL 3D universe. attribute, the "WITH PAINT" effect from the earlier versions is produced. INDEX - A full index. For example, to use the rounded circular tube tool: Load a new project. 2.2.2 ROTATION 2.2.3 SWEEP 2.2.4 SIZE 2.2.5 STRETCH 2.2.6 DIRECTION 2.2.7 MOVE & DIR level and make it RT-invisible. Then it shows the size and the location of the invisible object quickly, but the "cube" is not visible when test rendering. The measuring window can be used to substitute for the mouse or for numerical input when accurate control is required. Obviously it will take some practice to create complex scenes and animations, but follow the next sub-chapter through and you will begin to see the potential... rectangle This may seem to be a very simple arrangement, but it provides you with all the basic windows and tools you will need to experiment with the 1.5.2 Object Multi-selection the realsoft Logo, and the base has a chequered pattern. 7.4.2.3 Chain 2.3.4 booming and Positioning the View in the minimum of time. If draft rendering is used on a fast workstation then it is quite practical to edit using shaded surfaces. - The camera tilt angle controls - Although these have wire-frames, they do not have any surface Note: This means hold the down and slide the pointer along the top menu strip until you come to the second heading "Create". Then move the pointer down to the first sub-menu called "Visibles" . Still holding the down move over the sub-menu until the pointer is over the function rectangle, assuming that the two objects do not lie originally in the Most of these types also have some sub-types. can get some idea of REAL 3D's powerful hierarchical object oriented construction method. All three methods are used throughout the manual, depending on which one 6.9.3 Elastic Skeleton and Logo Text 6.9.2 Rotate a Simple Skeleton around an Axis it in the View and put it back. You can adjust the camera settings visually and interactively through the View. collection of individual materials. A material is a collection of such as wood, glass, steel, marble, water, etc. Time goes immediately to the new value, and the view is refreshed showing the position of "Animation Obj" for that time. If you cannot clearly determine the position from the wireframes just click on the view and use r to render the image. Remember: 1. Select the cover. 4. Modify the red component to 100 by moving the R-slider. 5. Click OK. This changes the current color. 6. Activate the view window and select Modify/Properties/Color. This Next we will study some basic functions of the select window. For this, object which describes its purpose. Therefore: placement of the texture (material object) on the object (target solid Example 6: - The window borders of normal Views can be removed using Project/Windows/ Objects can be made from primitives and even other objects. One final selection works it the key to unlocking the power behind REAL 3D. abbreviated to . The program is quite large and will take a few table. The base is now empty, and the structure of the table is quite First of all, often you have to adjust the material properties afterwards; a little. 5.16.2 Resolution 3. Draw the tube in space as long as you want and then cut it with the Now the contents of "Root" level are displayed again. You are now on the ellipsoid If you want to move the cover to be a part of the base: camera position. The scene is re-drawn, only this time the big sphere is striped and shows Normally, both planes are automatically connected to each other so that hierarchy tree, just as you can move files and directories in DOS to 4.3.4 Rendering Revisited Creating a shiny sphere standing on a marble cube is a suitable exercise to demonstrate various aspects of using materials. First create a simple to browse through the menu lists. Soon you will find that they are very Just use the right mouse button (this will be shown as from now on) 3 2.4 Real-1.X User 3.2.3 As a User with Previous 3D Graphics Experience The x, y, and z keyboard shortcuts set the input and output is selected or not. Cursor keys rotate and move the output plane only when the Separate IO is used. Multiple objects can be selected from a Select Window using the object to be drawn which can be useful when creating complex scenes. 17. Choose the menu Modify/Structure/Duplicate, having the stand as the selected object. 3. Click the left mouse button in the position to which you want to place brand new materials using the material editor , and add them to the library. - Menu/Item. - CONTENTS 1.4 - grid. The grid system is based on a set of grids, of which one is the so - The scale factor (the angle of the lens) previous versions of REAL 3D then you should pay special attention to the The next sub-chapter is directed at users who already have some experience Wood background color (color 0) are replaced, and the colors of objects As an example of sector visibles, we will create a cylinder sector, which Grids can be modified using the View/Grid/Modify function and individual grids can be deleted using the View/Grid/Delete function. When using the left mouse button, use sharp clicks instead of keeping the like unpolished paper. animations when they are rendered. Animation effects (called methods) i.e. PATH, SWEEP, COLLISION, etc., are now attached to objects in the hierarchy. These "methods' can effect all those objects at the same hierarchical level, and some can even effect other methods. This means it is possible to build the animation of a - Make the whole leg run along a path. 6.17.5 A Rolling Ball rectangle When using REAL 3D, the mouse is the most important input device, and the actions the user can do with it can be divided in two categories in the a great difference in light level (in other words contrast is high). Now you can begin to investigate the features of the project. The whole user-interface has changed radically and many new features have been added. Once you discover the power behind these new features they will rapidly become essential tools that you would not want to do without. Almost all of your old friends are still there, they are just living in different places! Some functions have been replaced by much more powerful and flexible tools to cope with the expanded features of the program. can be viewed for that time. Moments in time, or frames, only become This whole object can then be positioned anywhere in space and it will sources is unlimited, they should not be used indiscriminately. The time will be rendered in their "true" colors. Although the number of light taken by rendering is greatly dependent on the number of light sources. 10. Hit s to get the Render settings requester. When it opens, set Mode to Normal and click OK. 2.6 GRIDS real world. 2. Choose Project/Objects/Save. As well as using image files to define material properties, an unlimited REAL 3D V2.0 DOCS... CYGNUS REAL 3D V2 - FULL DOCS ---------------------- By: DIRTYBUSH (aka: SNUSKIS) of DUAL CREW SHINING (DCS) ------------------------------------------------------- 3.2 SUGGESTED METHOD OF READING a soft shadow: "Sphere". Finally release the . Note: stored in hierarchy is very important to understanding REAL 3D, but for 3.4.3 Word Definitions Chapter 5 RENDERING Note: "Environment mode is the first rendering mode that uses materials when it 2.8 VECTOR STACK following way: can select an object by clicking on its name in the select window. If "Environment" mode is too slow for your workstation then change it to - Flat planar visibles using REAL 3D will be a real experience! You should go straight to Chapter 4 and follow the instructions carefully. Take your time, be patient, the whole world of Virtual Reality and Computer Generated Images & Animations lies before you... If you don't remember which one you created first, there is one further and the material. Natural, isn't it! Note: objects which you have selected by mistake without starting the whole selection process from the beginning. The use of the hierarchy has been substantially expanded by the addition animation window) for controlling time. Time is continuous and any moment in time can be selected and the position and state of all animated objects | | | | | | | | Using boolean operations between objects, you can for example, split an object into two pieces and move the pieces apart so that the inner structure of the object is revealed. Operations can alter the properties of the material of the target object using the properties of the tool. By using a shiny cylinder, a shiny hole can be drilled into a matt object. - INTRODUCTION 1.2 - Compound Tools Complex shapes constructed by automatically combining basic primitive 7.4.2.1 Do Nothing Method by defining new functions and binding them to icons and keys. - INTRODUCTION 1.11 - 3.1.1 General Information creates the image. If you want to create realistic looking scenes you have - Using lower screen depth, for example 2 instead of 4, may speed up You can check which object is the active one by hitting key. The you take some action to alter their basic nature. primitives. The same structure can be described using indentation: 1. Select Create/Sectors/Cylinder. carry out its actions when animated. It is possible to initiate new tasks even though the program is redrawing To move a triangle so its top will be in the middle of an edge of a 2. Select the center for the sphere using the as you did in step 2 new one will not overlap. time in the desired place. 3. Click the drawer name "Objects" on the file selector, unless "Objects" 2.4.3 The Visible Range of the Objects 2.3 VIEW WINDOWS | |_| | The 3D images rendered by REAL 3D are easily integrated with digital backgrounds. By using other objects to act as "mattes", rendered objects can be made to "pass behind" parts of the background. When used correctly with the animation system these techniques allow direct combination of 3D graphics and "live" action. This chapter introduces some new visibles. The rest are described in the reference section. you can start the program by opening the icon for that object as described animation methods include such features as: basic motion and shape description is a natural part of the object structure. The built-in 2.6 GRIDS rendering engine supports the rendering of both types of projections; the parallel projection the faster of the two to render. functions, current one and the next one in the FIFO list of the view. The window in the top right corner of the display is called a selection window. - TUTORIAL 1.1 - The tube tools are divided into sub-classes according to the following properties: As a second example of tube tools, we consider the Conical tube. With this tool it is possible to create spheres connected with cones. The - TUTORIAL 1.15 - All methods can be copied and modified by the modification functions just like any other object. If their animation effects are controlled by other objects which have some geometry then their effect will be modified with them. So the running leg can be duplicated to make a pair and, with a little bit of modification of size and position, can also become the arms for a running man. These animated objects can then be saved by the user. of the hierarchy and basic creation and modify functions. 2.1 ASYNCHRONOUS ACTION and so do not render. As their name implies, they are used for controlling 3.7 MATERIAL WORDS 6. Select Modify/Linear/Stretch, click on the top left corner of the 3.2.5 Sector Mappings 3.2.6 Spline Mapping 3.2.7 Index Format String Some suggestions: 2.2.20 FRICTION 2.2.21 CREATION 2.2.22 PROCESSOR 2.2.23 RPL Chapter 3 RPL SYNTAX To create a square rectangle: To change the current level back to "Root": We will now have a look at some of the features of the animation system. 1.10.1 Lathe Field Rendering The following examples demonstrate how the dragging feature can be used. to 8 times faster in rendering than the 68030 version running equal clock frequency. 2.4.4 Other Methods base stand1 stand2 brace - TUTORIAL 1.11 - includes a cylinder floating above a rectangle (floor), and two light 1. Create a sphere with a suitable size and place it near the top of the 3. You may undo the points one by one using key. 5. key cancels the function. Note that the edge curve of the polygon is closed automatically. Creating a polyhedron (extruded polygon) happens exactly in a similar direction from your "eyes" toward the objects) can be more difficult than when using the perspective projection. Nevertheless, accurate modelling is easier. For example, a front view of a cube in parallel projection is a rectangle, and it is easy to align other objects with the sides of the cube regardless of their positions in the depth direction. If the type is Perspective, the objects can be seen in a natural hierarchy instead of between just two operand objects. This means that if 2.2 INSTALLING THE SYSTEM your workstation. You can adjust your display with the folloWing options: matches the stands (See the figure T1-3). | table | +-------+ - TUTORIAL 1.19 - produce images faster. Rectangular areas of an image can be individually selected and rendered with any desired techniques: resolution, anti-aliasing level, etc. You may find it useful to save some suitable light sources as objects to disk so light sources can be brought to use as the need arises. Nevertheless, if you want to produce a ray traced picture of an object, you don't always have to create light sources. The rendering unit of REAL 3D includes some fast ray tracing modes in which one light source 16. Multi-select the three objects in "Root" level as you did before. can see a symbol _+_ in the view window. This symbol is the "hot-point", defines only two coordinates at a time. number of mathematical handlers can be used. The user can write arbitrary An object you have created, or any part of it, can be saved on disk and later be recalled to be used again. just a very fast way of representing the shape of a three-dimensional text using the built in programming language. With macros the user can After creating the cube, it should be automatically selected, unless Settings/Creation/Auto _selected feature is switched off. Clicking the 2. Choose the menu Modify/Linear/Move. Note: Make sure you have the view window active. Click on it or check to see if it is "highlighted". That is how easy it is to create and render objects using REAL 3D. 6.23.4 Waves and Ripples can define all the names and paths that REAL 3D needs to load and save data. In the device, you can see a DOS directory. Using the mouse, you can select any of the names moving in the directory tree until you have reached the directory you want. Then you can type the name to save the object with to the "File" field in the lower part of the device. 5.14 BOXES 5.15 OBJECT ATTRIBUTES AND RENDERING 5.15.1 Scene gadget The object-pixel tool is a very powerful link between two and three - TUTORIAL 1.6 - of the triangle top from the vector stack. click the left mouse button. Compound tools include functions for creating polygons and polyhedrons 6.3.2 Tracking Guns single level "robot arm", then you can rotate the whole arm, and there material library. 3.2.1.2 wGeomFlags You can also pick any RPL program/macro and execute it using the menu way to select primitives: a box containing the points of desired primitives. This operation pushes the points included in the drag 3.3.3.2 Materials 1.7 MODIFYING By default, the average is projected to the input plane, which is the plane in 3D space along which the coordinates run when you move the mouse. You should now go to Chapter 4 "Getting Started". Chapter 3 MATERIALS 3.2.1 General Information 6. The image looks a bit "over-exposed" so you should make another small sources casting shadows onto the floor. Before you use your REAL 3D disks, make working copies of the originals To use the software, you need a hard disk. To install the software to your hard disk, just double click the InstallHD-icon on the first program be at least five megabytes of free hard disk space. 1.10.3 Rounded Polygons and Polyhedrons Materials are now associated with objects in the hierarchy in the same way This means that several material properties can be applied to a visible For example: by using either Workbench-duplicate operation or some copying program. The grid function of REAL 3D rounds the mouse coordinates to a desired coordinates snap to it, and it can be made visible. The number of grids is not limited, and the current grid collection can be edited and expanded If you do not know the grid function yet, experiment with it in the following way: Z direction: 7.2.13 Loading a File 7.2.14 Using RPL Windows | | | | /+-------+ \ +-----------+ This guarantees that if a disk is corrupted accidentally, you will still have a good copy. polygon, but the tool automatically rounds the corners. "Rounded" tools shows example shapes created with the tools. 5.13.2 External Screen Aspect Ratio ellipsoid 6.6.1 Move a Logo Text along a Direction Path 6.7.2 The Rally Driver it is sufficient to modify only one material to get the desired change in 4.3 INTRODUCTION PROJECT 2.4.4 Other Methods You must just quickly click the button, don't hold it down otherwise you will get a box which has a special use. If you do get a box don't worry, just let go of the and REAL 3D will automatically - CONTENTS 1.9 - 1.4 VIEW 1.3 MODIFY 1.5 ANIMATE 1.6 EXTRAS This means that no matter how much a sphere created by REAL 3D V.2 is Support example: 3. Click the "Play Forwards" gadget labelled with "->|". 1.1 STARTING THE PROGRAM menu function in order to get proper results. You can change certain screen properties using the screen window of REAL 3D; for further If you worked through Chapter 4 GETTING STARTED of the INTRODUCTION, then you have already created some spheres, and you will have seen a few of the other objects which can be created when you looked at the Intro.prj. This first chapter of the tutorial is intended to give you an overview of the same time, keep the right mouse button down and select the menus with separate parts to the program. In REAL 3D V.2 object creation, modification, animation, and rendering can all be carried out on ONE screen. It is possible and often necessary to use more than one screen 3.2.8 Animated Textures s:real-startup) and by including "Grids" to the selected sections. 1.2 THE WINDOWS 6.20.2 Boiling Water 6.20.3 A Wriggling Snake of the rectangle. 5. Hit. 4.2 BOOLEAN OPERATIONS - TUTORIAL 1.18 - the object. Anyway, it is usually wise to give a name to each part of the 23. The cover is too narrow, so select menu Modify/Linear/Extend. view. The result is that all the spheres are collected to the same position. Object and material data structures can be expanded using tags. Tags are - INTRODUCTION 1.8 - 7.2.2 Stacks 4.3.3 Animating These gadgets are easy to learn and will give you complete control of how the rendering engine converts your scene into an image. After installation, remember to add "assign R3D2: Partition:R3D2" command - A "shiny" material with no geometric texture can be used with a cylinder to make a metal tin can Also, menu multi-selection is supported: to select several menu items at - macro recording - scene description and saving - particle and procedural animation methods - procedural material properties cube click the once on the "Perspective" item. A check mark will The TUTORIAL explains all the details of creating and using materials. 1.1 PROJECT For example, to save the table you created before to the directory "Objects" of drawer R3D2: overexposed are now at a more natural level. This is just like adjusting the initial RPL definitions of which the most important are the default 5. Enter X = 45, Y = 0 , Z = 2. By modifying Z and N values, you can adjust the size and the depth of the sector. X defines the angle. reference to one of the materials in the library, and at the same time, defines certain geometric properties which are used in the precise object) when texture mapping. This new material reference object is called the mapping object. All the objects in the same hierarchy level with the mapping object are affected by the material to which the mapping refers. REAL 3D includes a menu based "3D-calculator", which can do vector 1.7 SETTINGS Chapter 2 ANIMATION METHOD SYNTAX Try these examples if you are already familiar with the software. (come back to these later, once you've learned the basics) resultant images are of very high quality. subtraction, addition and other useful operations. It uses the vector 1. Start the program with the standard environment. Note: / \ 4.4 END OF THE BEGINNING selecting objects from the hierarchy which is the special way that REAL 3D new version. By all means experiment with the new features using your developments, but it is not supposed to be a substitute for learning the The next sub-chapter is for you. It describes briefly most of the new 2.2 SCREENS - Polar or normal 3D coordinates. 4. Press the ACCEPT gadget. middle point of the rectangle edge is put into the stack. 12. Open render setting requester again (you can do it while the program is still rendering!) and adjust the Lightsamples slider at the right side of the requester to the value one. Then hit OK. way. Polymids are slightly different. A Polymid is a pyramid type of shape with a sharp top peak.A Cut polymid is the same shape with a cut top. Use the latter in the following way: 1. Click on the icon in the tool-box. The icon is second one of the fourth icon row. 3. Follow steps 3 & 4 above. directories found in the software package. You can change them by using Settings/Paths function and then by using Project/Environment/Save function , save the working environment as 1. Multi-select all the spheres. enlarged, no edges, corners, or other artifacts become visible on its surface. This makes the program much faster, and most importantly, the When creating photorealistic images and animations, it is necessary not - True volume representation is produced The disadvantage is the inherent geometric restrictions, although this is So, the principle is to have a library of materials and to use the hierarchy tree to combine shapes with materials. For example, to model a 13. Hit r to re-render the view. insert the new objects under the "base" level: 3. Now change the "Jump To" control for the time slider to "Play To" and set the time to about half-way through the animation. Remember: If you want the bouncing ball to be correct, you can only move timeforward. 6. Now use the two slider gadgets above "Backgr. gradient" to set "Antialiasing" to 3 and "Lightsamples" to 1. A special set of files have been prepared to accompany this manual, you will use the first of these now in order to get a brief taste of the power of REAL 3D V.2. If you are new to REAL 3D and especially if the of things in order to create a material. selecting Extras/Refresh All/Ray Trace: Views are rendered independently of each other. Support example: Examples/Objects/Table. In the example, we named the objects so that the name of an object described the purpose of it, to make the identification easier. If your model includes several objects of the same name, you can identify them according to the order you created them; the first object you created 3.3.1 Multiple Materials 3.3.2 Procedural Handlers 3.3.3 Nonhomogeneous Materials world situations. +------+ +-----------+ Using the Create/"Sphere" tool icon to create a second sphere. - Polygonal visibles - Cylinders - Cones Move, Rotate, Color and Stretch are functions which affect only the physical structure of the table. Next we turn to functions which change the hierarchical structure. In fact, you already know some, namely the The hierarchical structure of the table created in the previous example seems to be quite a logical one. The stands are a part of the base, but the cover is not. Anyway, you can move the parts of the table in the new directories. 8. Go back to front view by hitting x. 1. Select the menu Create/Visibles/Cut polymid. With REAL 3D V2, objects can be created with hierarchical structure. This now move the pointer on the name "Root" and click the left button, you can see the name being highlighted on the instruction window as an Next we will experiment with modifying an object. But first, since we are going to consider multi-selection, continue with the previous example by creating one more primitive (make sure that "Root" is the current level): 1. Select the cube by clicking its name on select window. 1.9.1 Polygon/ 2.1.2 Built-in Methods 6. Move the pointer onto the select window and click once on the object INTRODUCTION 1. Use Create/Compound tools/Circular subdivided to create a tube; use to your mouse moves easily. 2. Create two shapes using Create/Visibles/Cube and Sphere functions. The hierarchy tree should look like the following: button pressed, has some special functions in REAL 3D. If you try this in the view window, you see that a box is shaped according to the mouse 19. Choose Settings/Creation/Qry Prim. Name. That the hierarchy tree contains references to the materials, not the materials themselves. This approach has several advantages. name in the file field with its directory path regardless of which directory is shown in the device. TUTORIAL -------- Chapter 1 OBJECT CREATION & MODIFICATION ---------------------------------------- Chapter 6 ANIMATION 6.1 PATH 6.1.1 Move Object along a Path 6.1.2 Move Objects along a Path Like a Snake You can also specify the grid origin. The visible grid plane position, 6.9.4 Moving Objects along a Skeleton one or more of the objects in the level. By setting an objects "Paints" 2. Click in the center point of the cylinder. 2.1.7 Creating New Methods animation system, materials, and boolean operations. following example demonstrates this: of all the vectors in the stack. The vectors are removed from the stack fixed patterns. Any image file can be used to paint objects. You can also relocate the table by choosing Modify/Linear/Move COG. This part of the base. Chapter 1 FEATURES OF REAL 3D V.2 This shows a grid pattern on the horizontal XZ plane, which is helpful - Multiple cameras are needed when animating the camera using the morphing 6.16 TANGENT FORCE You have used the hot-key r before, so you can use it from now on accurate modelling such as creating compositions from the camera view. Multi-selection happens by pressing the key down and clicking the 3.3.3.1 Animation System 3.3.3.3 Boolean Operations simulating the laws of optics, and consequently they represent reality names, or by dragging with the in the select window. The names of selected objects are highlighted as an indication of the selection. +-------+ +------+ select the start point for your sphere. 3.3.1 System integration & Configurable interface The object "Particle_Sys" has been deleted. Its name is removed from 5. Move the object with the Move function. This is handled by allowing the user to open screens that suit a screen (OS 2.0 feature). This means that certain OS 2.0 compatible 3.2 OBJECT CREATION WORDS 5.16.3 Recursion 5.10 RENDERING AN ANIMATION 5.11 RENDERING TO A FILE 5.12 CONTINUING A CANCELLED RENDERING PROCESS 5.13 RENDERING TO AN EXTERNAL SCREEN +-------+ +------+ / | \________ View/Render/HAM. This will open render settings so you can make any last minute adjustments before rendering. You can look at one more feature of REAL 3D automatically opens a HAM screen with a full-screen window with 1.3 THE MOUSE 1.4 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 1.5 TUTORIAL EXAMPLE 1: Views input coordinate data from the mouse in an intuitive way, making it easy to construct and modify objects. The whole modelling process can also be entered using written instructions in a RPL window, but the approach is much less intuitive. Using RPL written input can provide you with exact modelling precision if need be. is possible, so you should be careful when selecting the colors of light The Rendering Engine also supports a sophisticated motion blur evaluation 2.1 PRINCIPLES 2.1.1 General Information 2. Choose Project/Objects/Insert. 3. Select the drawer "objects" and the file "table" from the file requester and choose OK. 6.8 CONTROL CURVES is actually spherical), you cannot lift an object above the ground by applying the Move function. You can just slide the object along the ground. The input and output planes can be the same or separate planes. In the previous "ground surface" example, the input and output planes coincide when you look at the ground directly from above or from below. But you Two fractal generators are included for constructing "landscapes" and Note: 4. Move the cube to a new location and click. Now experiment with multi-selection: 1. Activate a View window and hit e to reset it. like to look at the full power of the rendering engine. The following principles you will find it very interesting to use. This manual is designed to gently take you through the learning process. Very soon you will be creating some very cool images and animations that previously you didn't think possible on a desktop 3D platform. 3.2 Suggested Method of Reading 3.2.1 All Users - The scale 7.2.9 Flow Control 7.2.10.2 IF.ENDIF Structure 7.2.10.3 IF.ELSE.ENDIF Structure 5.16.4 Re-interpreting B-splines stores all its objects. In some ways this is the most important of all the later when creating or modifying objects, you can pick vectors from the stack, instead of using clicks. measuring windows input fields can modify the coordinates. The 1. Select Create/Compound Tools/Conical section of the manual. spatial points with the mouse. blue lighting, because a red object does not reflect any blue light. view again. method. - When designing your animation, it is possible to "take" from one camera Continue saving with the following actions: 1. Select "cover". 1. Hit x to get a front view, and use Create/Visibles/Cube to create a cube (just something to look at). There are some restrictions about using B-splines and some basic tricks all objects which are made of that material. Secondly, a material is very large collection of information and therefore this method saves a lot of ------------------ example, let us create a set of ball bearings: Testing Animation Refresh 7.3.1 Communicating with RPL Programs Deactivating the undo feature using the Settings/Undo/Active menu usually helps with low memory problems. You may also define a lower undo depth, Many built in procedural handlers are included. | | is played from the current time to the new value. SELECT WINDOWS AND HIERARCHY - TUTORIAL 1.4 - - Menu/Item/Sub-item. For example: Create/Visibles/Sphere. button down and moving the mouse. Left mouse button dragging is reserved 2.4.3 The Visible Range of the Objects Polyhedron/ 5. Move the mouse pointer over "rectangle" on the select window, press and keep down, move the mouse down until all the three names under "Root" are highlighted, and release the . 6. Repeat the Move function and verify that all the three objects you 5. You should now render the view again. whole process of using the Amiga is new to you, take your time and read Multi-selection can also be accessed in the following manner: 3.11 VECTOR OPERATIONS longer directly from above. The output plane is rotated but the input Figure T1-10: Candlesticks turned in a lathe. (PICTURE: T1-10) To create text with the pixel tool: - Two depth of field factors. 5.13.3 Other Information "Draft" using render settings. the CLI stack command to set a proper stack size. 2.1.3 User Defined Methods Then the program updates only the active View window. 2. Select Create/Visibles/Rectangle and shape a rectangle. Observe that 2. Set the current level of the original select window to "base". 5. Select a suitable current color for the light sources using palette - TUTORIAL 1.17 - REAL 3D includes a set of special tools to ease creation of certain types tools. 3. Set the current level of the new select window to "table". - A picture of a label can be used as an image and "wrapped" onto the tin with a cylindrical texture. Since the textures can also have a geometrical representation, that is, In Chapter 4, "Getting Started", there is a special project for you to 6.14.2 The Simplest Possible Particle Animation 6.17 INTERACTIVE COLLISION DETECTION 6.8.1 Beating and Moving Slime Ball 6.8.2 Elastic Flying Carpet - CONTENTS 1.7 - 3.3.2.2 Multi-selecting Functions An Action List is maintained for keeping all functions selected by the either on the Tool Icons or on a menu selection. These functions can details, see the reference manual. is selected. 3. Choose Create/Compound Tools/Object-Pixel Tool. Now the file selector is displayed, and you can select the brush you saved to ram disk. 900 pixels. A slightly larger brush, say 80 times 80 pixels, includes The most immediately obvious change is that there are no longer three particular requirement and opening one or more windows on that screen.- These windows do have specific functions depending upon their type, 7.2.10.4 Inverting Flags The top border of the view displays some useful information. First, you can see a window name identifier. Second, the projection type of the view; parallel or perspective. Finally, the view border displays two selected The select window is very important part of the working environment. following way: +------+ | Root | +------+ / \ 3.3 MODIFICATION WORDS Polymids 1. Select Create/Visibles/Polygon. This initial environment consists of just three windows. The large almost square window with a thin border is a view window. Through this window you The third window on the right is a select window. This is used for result is a tube with a changing radius and rounded joints. lighting which has only one wavelength. Also, there is not any 2. Choose Project/Macros/Repeat Current. 2. First define the intersection shape of the object, in other words, the shape of the bottom plane of the object. You can do this in the same way as with the polygon tool. Use the right mouse button to end the shape definition. 2.4 WIREFRAME DRAWING SPEED Boolean operations are now applied to all objects at the same level of a level is turned from boolean type OR (the default) to AND then the resultant visible will consist of the over-lapping volume of ALL the Speed REAL 3D contains a fully featured programming language called RPL. The language offers the most powerful interface to the software and can even be used for accessing operating system functions. RPL is used for: AutoCAD Interface Mattes and Background plane. - , which creates a point group for point editing of freeform objects. 2.4.2 Refresh Modes regardless of which level is the current one. The View displays the objects according to this information. The depth of field information becomes relevant only when the scene is rendered using ray tracing. - TUTORIAL 1.3 - 2.7 THE UNDO FUNCTION The undo function can be used to restore the situation before the latest the undo buffer, because it works as a closed loop. To use the undo feature, select Extras/Undo or hit the U keys. Note: If you have used 3D graphics packages before, but never any of the but each can be configured to meet your needs. To lengthen a cylinder: 1 . Activate the cylinder and select the Extend function. 7.6.4 SphereMan you can freely control the size of the rectangle. to align them with the previous ones because you can follow the visible 7. Hit APPLY button. The second material can be created in a similar way. REAL 3D can be activated from the Workbench interface by double-clicking Chapter 7 RPL 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2.3 Reverse Polish Notation To move a View window in space: 1. Choose menu View/Display/Position. 7.2.8.2 Variables You will notice that the small bouncing sphere has not ended up in its in the following ways: position to the next similar to directing an actual movie set. 4. Activate the new select window. 1. Multi-select stand1, stand2, brace and cover. usually automatically stored as t:macro.rpl, is deleted. After this, all 5.9 RENDERING A WIREFRAME PREVIEW OF AN ANIMATION point of terminology; a primitive is an object, but not all objects are When you want to use a material for an object in your scene, you create a This adds a new primitive to your hierarchy. The select window displays: there is no substructure to be displayed on the select window. 3. Move the mouse until the distance from the center point is correct. A particular configuration of screens and windows can be saved as an 1.5.1 The Current Level You can store 3D coordinates to the vector stack by entering the 2.5 THE MEASURING WINDOW Figure T1-6: Front View After Step 15. 1.5.2 Object Multiselection It is also possible to declare one of these screens the default public REAL 3D has loaded a new set of windows as part of the working environment objects in that level, including any other booleans. The AND NOT operation is achieved by applying the "Inverted" attribute to All these settings are available in the object attributes requester opened with MODIFY/properties/Attributes, or there are functions under the CREATE/Boolean menu which use operands selected from the hierarchy with multi-selection to create the final composite. of REAL 3D. 5.16.5 Reflections & Not Reflected. to control screen updates in order to obtain more speed. It is normally used when the final images are rendered. Note that the grid lines. Experimenting with rendering techniques. The macro facility, an important feature of REAL 3D, is very useful when you must execute the same modifying operations to a large number of objects. A macro is a series of modification operations which the user example does not describe any details of the functions you will use. Macro definition is started by the operation Record. The current macro, these new operations are stored in the t:macro.rpl file. These operations include all functions of Modify/Linear, Modify/Structure, and Modify/Bend functions. structures - These primitives have no wire-frame and do not render, but despite that, they are in many ways the most important kind of primitive in the hierarchy. Structures control how other primitives are arranged and accessed by all the different functions of REAL 3D. For drafting purposes it is possible to render with low resolutions to REAL 3D V.2 includes CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) modelling. Solid modelling is the most sophisticated way to represent three in Amiga user interface manuals. The same method is valid for all data itself, depending on what kind of modelling you are planning to do. If the purpose is to create animations, run the program directly to the 3.3.3.4 Hierarchy References and Order 2. Use the left mouse button to add new edge points when drawing a polygon. - INTRODUCTION 1.4 - Alpha channel Nearly one hundred non-linear transformations and bending functions are project file, containing the default user interface. RPL-startup contains Also, the line which the function draws defines one side of the sector, so direct it accordingly. Then click again. The auto focus function offers a fast way to position and scale the View around the selected objects: 1. Select the menu function Project/Project/Replace using the same chapter 2.3.3. | |_| | | | Example 5: active window, then press the key. 1. Move the pointer onto the view window, click to make it the that contain the data structures created with the program, for example: project, material, and object structures. The default directories are the and when you next run the program and try to load some data, the relevant REAL 3D makes extensive use of the Amiga multitasking operating system. Most other IO menus include a similar group of three functions: Insert, This deselects "level". This way it is possible to deselect individual adjustment to the render settings. To open the render settings 1. Use one of the Time controls to set the animation at the start. Now - The position of the camera (viewpoint) possible to select and modify very complex levels without having to deal then be used consecutively until the list is empty. The list operates on a First In First Out (FIFO) basis. - INTRODUCTION 1.7 - with rounded corners. They are handy for example for logotype creation. Figure T1-12: Rounded Polyhedron (left) and Ellipsed Polyhedron (right). (PICTURE: T1-12) sphere any longer, so delete it. 2. Use the cursor keys to find a suitable viewing angle. basic surface rendering, simple ray tracing with non-interactive environment-mapped reflections, single light-source ray tracing, rendering without shadows, and full featured ray tracing. function inverts the object with respect to an axis defined by you. ellipsoid or graphical presentation: perspective way which corresponds to normal cameras. In this projection, the View window area corresponds to the film in the camera; the film is perpendicular to the line from the camera to the point of focus of the camera. 2.3.2 Input &Output Planes The term "output plane" means the image plane to which the rendering algorithms project the shape of the model. You can consider the - , which pushes the points inside the drag box onto the vector stack. This operation does not project the average into the input You should now have two wire-frames of spheres and the Select Window will 4. To start the rendering, click on the view and select View/Render/HAM Replace and Save. They work in a similar way: Save is for saving to disk, 6.13.3 Three Dimensional Time properties of materials in the real world. REAL 3D produces images by Note: Figure T1-13: Text Created with Object-Pixel Tool. (PICTURE: T1-13) provided including: co-planar and orthogonal sweeps, rotation, cross- when doing perspective modelling. | stand1 | | stand2 | | stand3 | This will take a few minutes to produce the finished image, as REAL 3D we need an object hierarchy which is a bit more complex: 4. another box around the two points of an edge of the for the final rendering of animations. wire-frame representations of the objects in this REAL 3D universe. 5.17 USING ALPHA CHANNEL 5.20 TROUBLESHOOTING trace rendering, but you can adjust them slightly without loosing shading screen refreshing considerably. Ray Tracing with astonishing accuracy. Innovative methods and new ray tracing algorithms make REAL 3D extremely fast. Ray tracing in REAL 3D V.2 is so incredibly fast that it is usable as a primary re-drawing method instead of wire-frames during the interactive modelling process. The major new feature is the addition of cubic B-spline curves and surfaces for the construction of free-form objects. B-splines can be controlled in a similar way to the original free-form objects in v1.42, so although the rendering engine has been specially optimized to cope, - INTRODUCTION 1.1 - Rendering of separate fields is also supported by the software. An example of macro definition: the window. Another useful test can be opening more views and then the select window and the wire-frame of the bouncing ball is missing - All the other actions are done using the left mouse button, such as drawing. Remember: Left mouse button is abbreviated as , and right one as . All the necessary functions for modifying the basic shape and properties of objects are included. Non-linear Transformations available for altering the shape of free-form surfaces. requester, you can use the menus, or the hot-key s. Now find the value of "Brightness' as 100. Move the slider until this value is 5. Use Create/Visibles/Sphere to create a new primitive. It appears under "table" level in hierarchy. 6. Activate original select window and create another sphere. It appears under "base" in hierarchy. 1. Activate the triangle and select the Move function. 2. To ensure the operation is done correctly in all three dimensions, press and drag a box around the top point of a triangle; this puts the top point to the vector stack. ------------------- Chapter 3 MATERIALS Using r ONLY affects view windows, so you must make sure that one is selectively. The use of adaptive over-sampling makes this evaluation faster than other software on equivalent platforms. In addition to the old feature of "logical objects" (now called levels), which allowed new objects to be grouped at different levels of hierarchy, there are two new objects which alter the evaluation of the hierarchy. free-form, and links, which allow other parts of the hierarchy to be referenced at the current level. 7.6 OBJECTS C.2.2 DeltaConvert C.2.3 DeltaPlay 4. Now rotate the mouse counter clockwise until the sector angle is desired. Then click. - TUTORIAL 2.4 - 3. Now rotate the whole house to an arbitrary angle using Modify/Linear/ The Color gadget slider allows you to select the number of colors to be used for the screen display. The minimum value 1 allows two colors, and the current maximum value of 8 allows 256 (or more in HAM) colors. | | | | | | | | Note: Note: whenever you want the rendering engine to refresh a view. Example 2: obtain high enough accuracy using the mouse. In such a situation, you can - TUTORIAL 1.2 - 7.2.4 Parameter Stack 6.1.3 Bouncing Sphere logically laid out and it is easy to remember where each function lives. The user interface is designed using the "zero wait state" principle: example, IO functions (saving and loading). Secondly, modal requesters, such as render and drawing settings block the view where they are opened, design different working environments to meet requirements of different 1.8 SAVING AND LOADING 3.3.4 Mappings and Hierarchy 3.3.5 Some Material Morphing Examples 2. Grab an object and move it to any place you want. Instead of moving the 4.1.4.3 Orthogonal Sweeping 4.1.4.4 Rotate - Creating a Wine Glass 4.1.4.5 Swinging The third window, in the bottom right corner of the screen, is a tool 6.8.3 Flying Viewpoint 3.3.3 Word Definitions 3.4 OBJECT WORDS Although the averaging operation is simple, it is very useful. Using this feature, you can easily lock the mouse coordinates to any existing point when modifying or creating an object; just drag the box around the one NOTE: README. DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE IFF FILES THAT WAS WITH THE the coordsys primitive parallel to the walls of the cube and press 3. Move the pointer. In the previous example, the internal default grid of 0.1 units was used. You can specify another grid by using the View/Grid/Select function: collection can be loaded, saved, or replaced using the Project/Project/ You can also save a suitable grid collection as a part of your working 4. a box containing the two end points of the desired edge Uniform cubic B-spline surfaces provide the user with a very powerful way The manual contains six different sections: Some objects cannot be seen at all, except as a name in a select window. - INTRODUCTION 1.15 - environment by using Project/Project/Save Sections (e.g. to is already displayed (check the drawer field). All the objects created by REAL 3D consist of so called primitives. according to their types. This is handy when you are making a relatively The input plane can be set to the object coordinate system by using the or in the same way as selecting icons on WorkBench. These objects You can speed up screen updates by choosing menu Settings/Refresh/Current. For example, this tool is suitable for creating a robot finger. Figure T1-15: Ball Bearing Macro (PICTURE: T1-15) "environment" and then loaded at any time. - TUTORIAL 2.6 - 25. Select the brace object again using the select window. 26. Move the brace so its left edge matches the inner side of the left window. It contains tool icons from which you can activate functions. It is possible to modify the contents of the tool window and add user- defined icons. 3.3.2 Multi-selection Support 7. Click on select window below all the names in order to deselect all modification, morphing and skeletonal control using inverse kinematics. Particle Animation 4.1.1 Surface Definition 2. Select the sector and select Modify/Linear/Rotate. 7.2.5 Data Types table 3. Open the material editor using the menu Project/Windows/Material 8. Press key down and keep it there. In the next paragraph, we will modify the table in different ways so you Now you already know how to use some modification functions. You also know that modifications are done to the selected objects. You can select any - The right button is used for menu selection. In addition to this, certain object creation procedures can be cancelled by clicking the right mouse button. Macros can be saved, loaded, and bound to keys and icons. an alpha-information channel. By using the alpha-channel as a video key, ray traced scenes can be combined with video without the need to digitize it in advance. 1.9 VISIBLES The table is now the active object, so you can modify it in various ways, visibles - These primitives produce a visible surface when rendered unless the action of various REAL 3D functions. This may seem a little confusing at first, but as you work through the tutorial, how, when, and where to use each of these objects will become clear. system that can be applied to whole scenes or individual objects 5. Press ACCEPT 6. When the sector is suitable, press ACCEPT. 6. Select Project/Macro/Spread Current. If you repeated the steps correctly, you got a horizontal row of spheres. - They perform certain shape constructions very easily and quickly 4. REAL 3D already proposes the name "table" in the File field, so choose the instructions carefully. Everything has been arranged in a concise 3.3.5 Built-in Programming Language 1. First you should close the HAM screen. Select the function Project/Environment/Close - Current. and logical fashion to make it easy for you. Just follow the instructions To select a file, move the pointer over the name of the file in the list 2. Choose Modify/Structure/Cut. is created automatically. For more information, see the chapter on Rendering. for certain point selection functions. stack to store the parameters and results of such operations. When you want to take a particular camera view and you have multiple cameras, you can specify which one to use by selecting it and then important definitions are the "Name" and the three "Grid" gadgets, which image Output Free-form Construction 11. Adjust the viewing angle with the cursor keys and hit r to When using the pixel tool, the user can define which object replaces picture, resizing the room does not help. The problem could be best solved OK. 1. For the simplest rendering select the function View/Render/Window. Specify the lengths of the grid units. It is good idea to name the grids according to the grid unit sizes, so that selecting them using the name is 1.3 THE MOUSE the left mouse button. The multi-selected actions are executed in First between 70 and 80; then confirm the change with "OK', and render the REAL 3D V.2 a very useful and unique tool. This new version introduces a large collection of state-of-art features, 2. Choose Project/Macros/Record. A checkmark will appear in the menu showing that macro recording is active. 8. Hit RESET button to remove old material properties. 1.9.1 Polygon/Polyhedron/Polymids 1.9.2 Sector Visibles 2.3.1 Projection Types 2.3.2 Input&Output Planes 2.3.3 View Coordinates & Cameras 3.2.2 Textures 3.2.3 Texture Mapped Materials 3.2.4 Mappings Rotate. Change the View angle using the cursor keys and rotate it again defines the "lens angle" of the camera; it is a certain kind of a 5.8 HIERARCHY AND RENDERING - INTRODUCTION 1.10 - logical entity separately or collectively. When copying a DOS directory, 13. Press key down and keep it there. Pixel tool tends to create a "heavy" object. For example, in a paint program a brush of 30 times 30 pixels looks very small, but it includes 6400 pixels already. This may lead to memory problems. configurable and you may customize it to suit your needs. environment with plenty of grids. The user interface of REAL 3D is if you are going to do accurate CAD type modelling, pick a tri-view 3. Double-click the level "base" on select window, so it becomes the current level. 4. Choose Modify/Structure/Paste. Root operations and makes it possible to simulate optical devices, like lenses, Mathematical Surfaces 7.2.5.1 Integers 7.2.5.2 Floating-points 7.2.5.3 Strings single point. 2. Drag a box around the points of one end of the cylinder. 6.9 SIMPLE SKELETON 6.9.1 A SIMPLE SKELETON and a Logo Text 6.9.5 Rocking Spheres 6.9.6 A Hydrogen Atom and its Electron Orbit 6.10.1 Another Logo Text Animation objects. Highlighted names now become normal. Draft rendering In addition to polygonal surfaces, REAL 3D V.2 includes several curved surfaces such as: ellipsoids, cylinders, cones and hyperboloids. - TUTORIAL 2.1 - An object is any item like a shape or surface that is stored in the special structure called the hierarchy. The principle of how objects are now just think of the hierarchy as like your hard-drive. It can contain different types of objects and can have different The OS principle of multi-selection has been included in v.2. It is now times Extras/Vectors/Pull (or hit.), and then use to finish Most of the actions in REAL 3D can be performed by menu selection in a way which is defined by the Workbench user interface: to select a menu item, press the right mouse button, point to the menu bar, then point to In First Out order (FIFO). level is called the current level. It is quite simple once you experiment 3.2.1 Geometry 3.2.1.3 wFreeType The camera distance does not matter at all on parallel projection Views. even create your own in the TUTORIAL section. 7.2.11.2 Indefinite Loops 7.2.11.3 Nested Loops 4.1.1 Curves 4.3.3.2 "Wireframe/Ray Trace" Gadget There is one last gadget that you should look at while "Getting Started". even if the user starts a time consuming process, the program continues easily create complex symmetrical forms or produce animation effects. 3. Select Project/Macro/Record. You can save the macro by using Project/Macros/Current to Named function (or by copying/renaming t:macro.rpl with a suitable name). Current macro is just an ascii file stored in system t: directory. It is a small RPL program, and you can edit it with any text editor. This helps make using the software more comfortable, faster, and possible to select lists of objects or even menu selections or tool icons. they are not as fast as Phong Shaded surfaces. The quality is well worth the wait though. 4. Create a cylinder (Create/Visibles/Cylinder) to the middle of the rectangle. +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ 6.16.1 Centrifugal Force 6.17.1 Colliding Spheres 6.17.2 Multiple Collisions stands and a brace. We will create the table only using cubes. The following picture illustrates the structure of the table: The protocol for output devices is well designed and flexible. This allows Before you start to read the tutorials, remember that most tutorial Width and Height gadgets define the size of the screen in pixels. When you 2. To see the wire-frames in perspective select the View/Type menu, and Note: Before you clicked on "Perspective" you may have noticed that the View 3. Now try pressing each of the different cursor keys several times. You will see that as you press the keys the wireframe image rotates. You 9. Define the name of the second material, "marble". is the topmost in the select window. 2. Click on the cycle-gadget which is showing "Jump To". It will change to "Play To". Now when you change time with the slider the animation This controls how the animation system refreshes your view while it plays back the animation. Example 8: click on the cycle-gadget showing "Wire frame". It changes to "Ray Trace". the Y gadget, enter 0.8 and hit . You should see the rectangle 2.1.4 Evaluating Parameters from the view. This is because the Particle_Sys object was actually camera automatically follows the airplane regardless of the complexity of GLOSSARY Every View window includes a description of its internal camera system. the pixels. Only the pixels which have some other color than the If you illuminate the object from a distance, the light falling on the 3.3 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS SINCE v1.42 to be able to describe how an object affects the light which falls on it. easy. You can also give a name to the screen you open. The name can be used for Note that each window type may have its own menu system which may be 4.3 OBJECT ATTRIBUTES +-------+ A well known example of this kind of a hierarchical data management are 3.2.3 As a User with Previous 3D Graphics Experience 3.3 ADVANCED MATERIAL FEATURES 1.11 LIGHT SOURCES A light source is a primitive which radiates light of its own color. If the primitive is black, it does not radiate light at all. A white select a screen mode, the dimensions are updated automatically to the system default values, but you can modify them freely. If you specify larger than default dimensions, a virtual screen is automatically opened. example in the Animation window when rendering animations; you can specify Figure T1-8: Side View After Step 21. Spread macro is another useful macro feature. It spreads the macro over functions or as operands for some creation functions. This is an essential for graphics hardware manufacturers to easily write the software needed CONTENTS INTRODUCTION the process by clicking the CANCEL button. 4.3.4 Rendering Revisited 15. Release key. This is done by defining a material and applying it to the object. The surface descriptions of these surfaces are defined mathematically. Boolean Operations of representing curved free-form surfaces and organic shapes. just be described as double-clicking and the left mouse button will be - INTRODUCTION 1.9 - which screen should be saved using the name. 1.5 TUTORIAL EXAMPLE 1: SELECT WINDOWS AND HIERARCHY Chapter 6 AREXX INTERFACE OF REAL 3D 1. Reset the view window by activating it and then pressing e. Textures and images can be mapped over the surface of a B-spline mesh so Root ellipsoid This opens a new window with many gadgets. Don't worry, most gadgets contain good default values, and you will only have to define a couple 4. Type the name of the first material "shiny" to the name field. - They produce memory efficient models partly compensated for by the large number of different compound tools - INTRODUCTION 1.12 - 4.3.2 Refreshing and Rendering Pressing has refreshed all the windows. Now you can see the 6.17.3 Bowling Alley 6.17.4 Drop a Ball to a Tube 4.1.1.1 Special Curve Shapes 4.1.4.7 Mesh-Pixel Tool 4.1.5 Modifying Curves and Meshes If you try Modify/Linear/Move to move the tube, you will see another zero change the current level back to root and select the cover. 4.1.6 Bending Functions - TUTORIAL 2.3 - method to produce 3D pictures and animations. It is especially handy If the previous technique is not fast enough, select Settings/Refresh/ 7.3.2 "Master" ENVIRONMENT move the mouse until the shape is desired. table, then click on the bottom right corner of the table. Then - TUTORIAL 1.10 - Note: 4.2.1 Wireframes of Booleans Note: animation window, and the animation will behave exactly as you expect. The quality of shaded B-spline surfaces is far superior to polygonal surfaces with Phong Shading. In the REAL 3D universe, a primitive cannot be divided into smaller sub-objects. They are a bit like the fundamental particles of matter. 3.2.2 iColor 3.2.3 Attributes You cannot undo e.g. window closing or material modifications. but leaves the hot-point unaltered. This is necessary to measure the 6.10.2 Rotating Skin around Bones The wire-frame image is quickly replaced by one showing the objects as The following test demonstrates this: 10. Click the name "level". technique for those functions which require two or more objects as REAL 3D as easily as one part of it. means that the objects are made of sub-objects, and these sub-objects may "drawers" for putting objects in. and click . The file name will be high-lighted and at the same time slider-gadget labelled "Brightness'. (It's on the left, near the The properties of "shiny" can be adjusted using a couple of sliders: different from other windows menus, and some windows may have part of the menus inactive. For example, it is not possible to select the function 2. Move the mouse pointer to a desired location and click the left button. several objects, including the visible ones, contained in a single 4.3.1 Infinite Primitives Drawing_Set function. The lower the Surface and Curve subdivision, the faster the updating. Control Polygon representation without Knots and Curves is the fastest method. A large collection of free-form surface construction functions are sectional building, etc. The camera information can be stored to the object hierarchy tree by available. freely create a multiple screen configuration. For example, you can have windows in the REAL 3D system. Understanding how hierarchy and object introduction project. Later you will learn how to re-configure your operands. of many new primitives and the functions to control them. Probably the most important changes to the hierarchy concern: the The animation system is completely new. Animations are no longer based upon frames and exposed objects. Instead time is now a global value that controls how objects are animated and there is a special window (the Finally, REAL 3D V.2 has its own programming language, RPL, which allows any function the user requires to be integrated easily into the software. hit . Chapter 4 GETTING STARTED ------------------------- to let go of the screen bar. dimensional representation of your visible objects. It is possible, on a fast workstation, to use this mode as part of your interactive editing of objects. 3. Drag a box around the other end. object will be much more evenly distributed. 11. Click the name "cube". 1.10.4 Object-Pixel Tool You can also rotate the table with the Modify/Linear/Rotate function, or 5. If you want to make a sharp edge, use right mouse button to cancel the Multiple Textures environment to suit your own requirements. level can define to best suit his/her needs. Macros can be stored to hard disk, bound to keyboard short-cuts, and made into tool window icons. They can later be executed on any object. 7. Drag multi-select the objects under "table" using the new select - TUTORIAL 1.14 - 3. Then click the starting point and define the direction of the surface at that point by drawing a line segment. Click when the direction is suitable. Note: for using their hardware with REAL 3D. Figure T1-14: Light Source Test Scene (PICTURE: T1-14) 6.11.4 An Animated Robot Arm Double-click . current level. Each select window stores the information of its own Rendering Techniques and the result (the average) is pushed to the stack. So, only one cross size, color and line pattern can be controlled. The default pattern 65535 2. Select the function View/Render/Settings. 5.15.2 Backdrop and Matte Objects Linear Modifications mouse button and shape the next curve. current curve shaping and then define the new direction. 8. Select Modify/Hierarchy/Cut. Sharp Circular, Rounded Circular. current level are drawn. The next test explains another useful trick: Furthermore, the measuring unit can be specified to be meters, millimetres, inches etc. The following examples demonstrate how to use the measuring window. after processing each selected object. Try the following with the spheres different part of the window. To finish this example, do the following: 2.4.1 Bounding Boxes Furthermore, the HAM gadget and overscan selectors are included. Note that not all the mode combinations are possible at the same time. You will get an error message if a mode is incompatible. a HAM screen open for color shading and a fast four color HIRES screen current contents of the vector stack. 3. Select Extras/Vectors/Average All. This operation calculates an average the icon of the program "Real", or from the command line interpreter A good example of this phenomenon is the comparison of sunlight and lamp For each View window, you can define the so called projection type. This type defines how the shape of the model is rendered to the window. 4.4 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 4.4.1 Use of Animation Methods for Creation REAL 3D can produce. is left in the middle of the sphere. material which would reflect only one wavelength . In REAL 3D, all this the polygon. This chapter takes you through the first stages of using REAL 3D V.2. project which has been prepared specially to introduce you to most of the fundamental principles. It should also show you the potential of this incredibly powerful computer graphics design tool. 4.4.2 COG Modifications 5.1 LIGHTING SETTINGS 5.2 COLOR/IMAGE SETTINGS function View/Input Crd./Obj. Space to View. To get the full advantage of this feature, it is recommended that you add a reference coordinate system to objects when originally creating them. Using the default orientation of The following example demonstrates this: or use h. 4. Enter X = 0.2, Y = 0, Z = 0.3. Every time you enter a new value, you see the rectangle moving. 5. Move the Specularity slider to the middle, so that the percentage displayed at the right end of the slider becomes approximately 50%. Remember: active by clicking it; otherwise nothing will happen. 9. Go back to front view by hitting x. function moves the target to a given point using the so called COG point of the object (COG = Center of Gravity). Every primitive you create has 7.2.12 Words and the Vocabulary 2.1.5 Animation Oriented Tags 2.1.6.3 Real Time and Particle Motion 2.2.1 PATH 4.1 OPENING THE PROGRAM plane remains unaltered. These are the basic components and tools from which you can construct more 5. When render settings opens, change the "Mode" to "Normal", set Now "level" is the current level, which can be seen in the following way: 5.3 RENDERING QUALITY SETTINGS Again, you multi-selected the same three items, this time one by one. 3. Flatten the object with the Stretch function. go through the steps in 2.2 above before proceeding. Now open the drawer where you installed the REAL 3D system and double- 2.2 ANIMATION METHODS If you are going to modify a project that you have created earlier, then The "Environments" drawer of the software package contains some sample examples include an example of the finished result. You will be informed (CLI/SHELL) by the command REAL. of the camera. any other object, for example: morph between key positions and attributes To rotate the cylinder 1 5 degrees around its center: at least 10 clicks to define the tube shape and use 10 subdivisions. This should create a rather complex object. and start shaping it in the view which is still rendering. If you start the program from CLI, make sure that the stack size is large enough. We recommend the stack size be at least 40 000 bytes. You can use drawer-like object which is called a level in REAL 3D terminology. 8. Now you can try all the other "VCR-like" button-gadgets on the 3. Move the pointer over the dark bar at the top of the Animation Screen, press and hold the and then move the pointer down to slide the screen out of the way. When you can see all the view then release the 2.2.8 CONTROL CURVES - CONTENTS 1.11 - 2.2.10 SKELETON bottom.) To the right of the slider is a number, currently it shows the 6. To ensure accurate positioning, select View/Grid/Snap to Grid. From now well known in the context of disk operating systems in which directories that they exactly follow the curvature of the mesh object. The B-spline object can be modified or animated and its texture will move with it like Chapter 2 INSTALLATION directory is immediately displayed (if it still exists). 9. Activate the old select window. Note that certain functions can momentarily block your actions. For but other windows are still fully available. For example, if you are In the same manner, you may want to insert the name and object "table" contains all the parts of the table: 1. Create a level called "house" and add a cube (walls) and a triangular specify, whether a View should follow motions of an animated camera or 7. Finally click the pointer in the numeric-gadget box labelled "DOF scale" , then enter the value 1.0. Check the settings, then confirm 5.4 RAY TRACING QUALITY SETTINGS 5.5 RENDERING MODES polyhedron (roof) under the house level to represent a simplified shape part of the table and modify it, regardless of the complexity of the modification. 3. Select View/Camera/Create Camera. The carefully selected camera To move the slider, just position the pointer over the dark rectangle, A violet object looks red under yellow lighting. ---------------- | | | | | | | | hold the , and move the mouse from right to left. material properties. REAL 3D includes excellent tools for this purpose. light. If you place a lamp near an object to act as a spot light, and sources. For example, a totally red object is not visible at all under representation instead of accurate wireframe drawing. You can select this The automatic installation procedure creates a directory under which it 1. Make the object in which you want to insert the table (for example a the "Contrast' control of your monitor. Using the hierarchical structure it is possible to construct objects garden furniture set) the current level. If the object is found, it will become a part of the garden furniture set. Note: click the icon "Real" using the left mouse button. From now on this will When the program first loads you will be presented with your first REAL 3D working environment. copies the contents of the program disks. Furthermore, it adds two files "Brightness" to about 75, and enable "Background gradient" as you did them and start the rendering with "OK". properties can be adjusted without any restrictions. Even the refractive Pictures created with any paint program, video digitizer, or scanner can all be used to color the surface of an object. For example, by digitizing a wood-grain pattern, it is easy to create wooden objects that look very realistic. In REAL 3D V.2 textures are treated as objects and are a part of the object hierarchy which means that textures can be modified and animated just as easily as any other object. 6.21 PROCESSOR 7.6.3 Grouping Objects Together 4.2 FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE MENUS & TOOLS 7. If you want to see what this scene looks like now in color, select no border. This type of window is called a borderless view. The rendering engine is also started. You will see the scene rendered in color this 2.2.11 INV KINEMATIC 3. Select menu Create/Visibles/Sphere, click once in the middle of level 6.11 INVERSE KINEMATICS 6.11.1 Curl a Finger 1. Choose Create/Structure/Level. REFERENCE 7. Select Modify/Linear/Move, grab the cube and move it. The cube moves keyboard binding definitions or Hot-Keys. Chapter 3 USING THE MANUAL 5.6 DITHERING 5.7 SPECIAL SETTINGS View/Render/Window when a "select" window is active. You must have a perpendicular to the direction you are looking at through the View 15. Choose Create/Primitives/Cube and shape a narrow, high cube to Figure T1-4: The Name Input Device (PICTURE: T1-4) 6.1.8 Customized Paths 4. Extend the object. To create a circle precisely in the middle of another circle: 1. Select the circle creation function. quick taste of the power of REAL 3D V.2. 3.2.2 As a New User Program Description 3. Create a rectangle (Create/Visibles/Rectangle), almost filling the Usually, it is advisable to create white light sources, so all objects 5.20.1 Not Enough Memory 5.20.2 Disappearing objects If you try the same with Conical Subdivided tube tool, you get more defining the render settings for a View window and you need to open the have their own sub-structure and so on. This kind of tree structure is 2.2.12 MORPHING OPEN & CLOSED 2.2.13 TRANSFORM 2.2.14 WAVE 22. Also, the cover of the table should be modified so it becomes wider than the stands. The side view you have now is suitable for this: Then select menu Modify/Linear/Move and move the cover slightly (e.g. 2 grid units) to the left. Then click on the top left corner of the cover and then on the top Fractal Generators The scale alone defines the object magnification. 6. Sometimes the smooth profile curve breaks because of precision problems in calculations. This can be avoided by defining the shape in shorter segments. average of all the points of the scene inside the dragged box, and moves the hot-point to the average point. There are six main classes of 3. Now you can shape the rectangle by moving the pointer. 4.2.1 Menus 3.2.3.1 Name 3.2.3.2 Object Flags 4.1.2 COG - INTRODUCTION 1.3 - As you play with the gadgets notice what happens with the "knob" on the Example 9: You may have to press the key to get the "-" function. is having to carry out a phenomenal number of calculations to produce 7. When the required shape has been defined, turning can be terminated by - Rounded edges/sharp edges ("rounded" option) The tube tools use various primitives like cylinders, polyhedrons, and spheres to create the tube you define. 2. Shape as many circles as needed. These circles define the joints 5. Select the whole "table". 4. Rotate the object with the Rotate function. 6.1.4 Hierarchical Animations and Bouncing Sphere rectangular surface of the View window to be this plane; it is always 2. Take a top view by hitting z. whole view. 6. Choose Create/Light-sources/Point and click on the left side of the 6.1.5 Move Elastic B-Spline Mesh along a Path 6.2 ROTATION 6.2.1 Rotating Objects Around an Axis 6.2.2 Rotating with Different Speeds and Directions another further away to give ambient light, the latter should have much | level |--- rectangle is a plane, and therefore it appears as a line when you look at of a finger. Example 1: window in question. Each View window has its own private output plane | | 4.4 END OF THE BEGINNING The window displays the mouse coordinates of the active View. The | | 4.2.3 Hot-keys 3.1 welcome to the world of REAL 3D V.2 6.12 MORPHING 6.2.3 Hierarchical Rotations 6.2.4 Tornado - CONTENTS 1.13 - texture maps, which are bitmap images whose colors can be used to define to guard against mistaken overwriting, unless the Settings/General/ Confirm_save gadget is deactivated. Figure T2-1: Simple Object Hierarchy 10. Select material editor menu Texture/Define. Create a sphere with a menu function. 1. Select the menu function Create Visibles/Sphere. Procedural Textures 6.3 SWEEP As you move the pointer you will see the wire-frame representation of the sphere you are creating drawn with a dark broken line. A wire-frame is B-spline Mapping about the presence of this kind of support material in the following way: - TUTORIAL 1.5 - 6.1 GENERAL 6.22 RPL for producing particle groups for particle animations (text which is exploding etc.). | | | | | |_| | | | 3. End the joint definition by clicking the button. "trees". view. This moves the hot-point to the middle and guarantees that the third coordinate (z-coordinate) will be correct when you do front view 10. Choose Create/Visibles/Cube, and shape a low but wide cube to represent the cover as it is seen from the front. 12. Activate both Tile gadgets, X and Y it. joints and smoother result. Try the previous example with the subdivision memory. This means that you can verify the result of the tutorial example by box onto the vector stack of REAL 3D. If dragging was successful, you object surface colouring and other material properties. Mathematical 1. Activate the "Origin", "I-Plane" and "Polar" gadgets. "view" window active (selected). factor 5, just to see the difference. - CONTENTS 1.8 - |_______________| creating a camera object. This makes it possible to animate the camera as to them. 1. Choose View/Display/Reset or hit e keys. 6.3.1 Walking Legs environments. There are no other factors involved. So, if you try to find a good camera definition, which can be also described as the "internal camera" function. The palette requester includes two built-in palette options: The Vector stack of REAL 3D is a general purpose storage for 3D vectors. 4. When the sphere is the size you want just click the again to There are more icons available, only the basic ones are currently in the the following example. wireframe of the selected object will flash. - CONTENTS 1.6 - graphics images and animations. Once you have grasped a few basic INTRODUCTION - Introduces you to the program and gets you started. 3.1 KERNEL WORDS C.1 CONVERSION SOFTWARE You can use undo to restore an animation to its original state after the playback. This is handy when creating particle animations, which cannot be "rewound". TUTORIAL - Takes you through all the functions in easy steps with lots of A real example of using materials will clarify this rather abstract description. We will experiment with materials in the following tutorial project. tool window. You can find out how to add more icons to your tool box and Example 3: 4. Next, you can define the size and location of the object which will The third entry in the Project/Objects menu: Replace, replaces the whole object hierarchy starting from root with the new one loaded from the disk. Where as Insert, inserts the loaded object to the old object structure. examples. There are also text and files in the "Examples" 13. Press APPLY. ORIGANAL RELEASE BY DUAL CREW SHINING CAME TO A TOTAL 7.4.1 Modifying Objects Directly Invoking the rendering engine using a hot-key. 1. Press and hold the right Amiga key ( from now on). therefore start the program from its icon. 1.2 THE WINDOWS In this manual menus are represented in the following way: Figure T1-11: The Tube Tools. (PICTURE: T1-11) directory to help. Now the view displays a rectangular wireframe. You can look at the method using the Modify/Draw mode menu. replacing your current project (use menu Project/Project/Replace) with the drawer. Note: - TUTORIAL 2.11 - created are the same as the colors of the pixels. With 24 bit and HAM images, all the pixels are replaced. For example, you can create 3D text using the usual 2D fonts. There is 1. Start a paint program, choose a suitable font, write the word "Real", +-----------+ +-------+ Light-sources Material Properties from different materials having suitable physical properties. All material a skin. for each gadget on all the requesters. Insert adds new data to the current project, and Replace replaces the Top row: (IN PICTURE) Circular Subdivided, Rounded Circular Subdivided, camera angle is wide, and a big part of the scene fits into the View even For example, when shaping a rectangle, click on the top left corner, and then release the button. Then you may freely move the mouse, or even select some menus, or have a cup of coffee. When you are certain of the position of the bottom right corner of the rectangle, click a second and a viewpoint, under it. They together include all the camera it will appear in the "File" text-gadget box. time. The background will be shaded from a light to a darker gray. 2. Select the "Intro.prj" file. Then move the pointer over the OK button- of modelling purposes. 2. Drag a box around the points of the circle; this defines the middle Second row: (IN PICTURE) define a brush containing the word and then save the brush for example, to the RAM disk. are created inside other directories. In REAL 3D the counterparts of these directories combine objects into extremely easy because it is possible to perform operations to each Animation Support 6. Adjust Brilliance to 80%. Specularity creates high-lights, which make the object look shiny. The Figure T1-7: Front View After Step 18. PART 1 change the size of it using Modify/Linear/Size function. The Mirror 7.3.3 Binding Macros to Keys 7.3.4 Binding Macros to Icons 7.4 CREATING ANIMATIONS USING RPL gadget and click . To create a cylinder sector of 45 degrees: in the XZ plane and you see it growing when it comes nearer to the - Select Extras/Undo or hit u key. - The Undo-function restores the situation to the situation before the 6. Choose Projects/Macro/Record again. 2. Choose Project/Macros/Execute Current. If you want to execute the macro 20 times: for the "Intro" project. You can see a view, a select window, and an Example 6: Playing an animation. trace shading with color scale palette on non-HAM screens works properly - The borderless window, because it fill the whole screen, is often used - The superbitmap window can be used for rendering selected parts from the 2.3.1 Projection Types 6.23.1 Waving Sea 11. Select the file "r3D2:textures/marble1", using file selector. 6.20 CREATION 6.22.1 An Easy Way to Write a RPL Procedure 6.23 WAVE 6.23.2 A Water Drop 6.23.3 Parallel Waves 6.23.5 Waving Particles object, REAL 3D moves the window so that the object will show in a Many built-in functions use it in their operation, and you can use the The new version introduces a revolutionary animation system which extends 7.4.2.2 Move Absolutely Along a Path | rectangle | | level | 6.4 SIZE 21. Shape a narrow, high cube in the middle of the stands (see figure below). When REAL 3D asks the name of the primitive, type "brace". 7.6.1 Object Creation 7. Choose Create/Light-sources/Wall and shape a small square to the right side of the cylinder. <------- move point of the new circle. 6.4.1 Beating Spheres 6.4.2 Bubbles An example: creating a polygon using information from existing objects of object-oriented programming, takes extensive advantage of multi-tasking 3. Write the name "table" and hit or select OK. 6.5.1 Elastic Cube 6.5.2 Bouncing Elastic Sphere be created by shaping a rectangle in a view window. REAL 3D closes the borderless view and the HAM screen leaving you with your original environment. the object-orientation principles to the process of defining the animation - TUTORIAL 2.5 - stand. We can continue to modify the table of the previous example (You can load the file Project/Project/Replace Examples/Objects/Table). only if the screen depth is at least 6 (AGA machines). If you use the color palette, you have to activate the Render settings/Color shading 2.3 VIEW WINDOWS 9. All the objects lie at the same level. Select the rectangle and move render. 2. Use the same method as you did in Example 4, step 3 to get hold of This will play a wire-frame pre-view of the animation. methods for each object. In the new animation system, the motion Now you should see the shadows of the cylinder on the floor. The edges of the shadows from both lights appear both to be sharp. Do this to see Examples/Objects/lightsources This time, one of the shadows has a smooth edge. Rendering is much slower 6.12.1 Second Talking Head (about 4 times), but probably the extra realism is worth the time penalty. C.1.1 RealConvert You can adjust the size of the smooth area on the shadow edge by increasing the size of the wall light source. Nevertheless, you may then have to increase Lightsamples level respectively, which again slows down the rendering. So, the smoother the shadows, the more calculations and rendering time is required. 14. Click the name "level". inside a house, it is of no use to draw the house all the time. The house If this is the first time you have ever used a 3D graphics program then same plane: available integrated into the animation system. Using these animation methods objects are treated as particles that can have various physical properties like: velocity , spin, mass, and surface-friction. 1. Select menu Create/Structure/Level. - INTRODUCTION 1.16 - "Time" slider gadget and to the numbers in the box to the right of it. from the original top right corner, so that the right edge reaches out over the edge of the stands as much as the left edge does. higher intensity than the former to produce any visible effect. 5.2 RESERVED TAG IDENTIFIERS OF 3MEG+ CRUNCHED. SO IN ORDER TO DISPLAY ALL FILES 3 3.1 System Integration & Configurable Interface They can then be made to collide and interact just like objects in the adjustments to the camera object using View/Camera/View->Camera. 4. Click the left button, and REAL 3D creates a primitive "rectangle". 3.2.4 Tags 3.2.5 Return Value 3.3.1 Modify Flags 3.3.2 Locking Object Data is no need to pay any attention to each finger etc. I WOULD HAVE HAD TO RELEASE A 4 DISK LSD DOCS DISK. Interactive Replay This is just like in the real world! If the program does not execute a selected function, but gives a message They show the animation time which is always between 0.0 and 1.0. 6.12.4 Morphing Hierarchical Objects 6.12.5 Morphing Texture Maps and Materials 3 2.1 All Users RELEASE THE REAL 3D V2.0 FULL DOCS ONTO ONE DISK..... represent a stand, as shown below. the motions involved. HOWEVER, IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN HAVING THE FULL THANX TO DIRTYBRUSH FOR DOING A GREAT JOB ON THE 6.12.2 Singing Heads 6.12.6 Camera Flight Animation values. when you adjust one (e.g. using cursor keys), the other follows. The 2.3.4 Zooming and Positioning the View 3. Hit . (right-Amiga-period). This pulls the true 3D coordinates properties and the shapes of the models created by the user. Secondly, 6.13 TRANSFORM There is one special class of object, which you need to know about, called a "primitive". A primitive is the most basic kind of object. If no special keys are pressed while dragging, the program calculates an rectangle from different directions using cursor keys, or X for (front view), y for (side view), or z for (top view). The 7.6.2 Object Instances Out. Then you can define a rectangle that will, after reduction, contain that part of the space that is visible on the View when the operation was started. A quick way to change the scale is to use the - and + keys which correspond to the Zoom In and Zoom Out functions. REAL 3D supports a variety of different Amiga window types including it from the side. You can also see a peak perpendicular to the rectangle. The purpose of this peak is explained in the context of Boolean - CONTENTS 1.10 - 3. Press the ACCEPT gadget to "grab" the rectangle. The camera object can be created using the menu View/Camera/Create Camera. This function creates a new level, and puts two primitives, an aimpoint information, and the currently displayed situation on the view is stored "NOT ENOUGH MEMORY", it is recommended that the scene is saved before | | |brace | The object type, which "Root" represents, is called a level in REAL 3D. REAL 3D uses levels to collect the parts of an object into groups. It is with their substructures. For example, if you have grouped all the parts of a robot arm under one level as the rectangle. This happens because "Root" is the so called 1. Select the object to modify. definition of the View. This is presented in more detail in the next - CONTENTS 1.12 - 3. Type 20 into the requester, then click OK. view window. current level, and the program inserts new objects under the current level of the select window which was used last. This global object insertion 3.5 ANIMATION WORDS Chapter 4 GEOMETRIC OBJECT PROPERTIES +-----------+ +-------+ | +----------+ +----------+ C.1.2 DxfToRPL The camera object consists of two primitives in order to allow easy tracking of animated objects. For example, if the viewpoint primitive is placed in a moving car and the aimpoint primitive is in an airplane, the position becomes safely stored. Root rectangle further actions. 2.8 VECTOR STACK vectors stack for storing and manipulating coordinate data for all kinds borderless and superbitmap windows. Their usage is not restricted; the level is the most convenient. vectors in the stack with their average. So, the result is that the If you double-click name "rectangle", the result of the action is highlighting the name of the object in the select window. This is because 2. Select menu Project/Macro/Record. 3. Modify/Structure/Duplicate the sphere. of a house. to enhance and expand the built-in material features of REAL 3D. the object "rectangle" represents the lowest level of the hierarchy, and environment can be freely configured according to your personal If the type is Parallel, the scene is drawn as if it was seen from an 4. Modify/Linear/Rotate the sphere around the center point of the view. perspectivity in objects, and visualizing the depth direction (the is modified so that the objects fill the window. REAL 3D also includes software for showing rendered animations Macro Functions The base is a hierarchy level, which so far has nothing in it. The term "input plane" means the plane in which the mouse coordinates run. For example, the input plane can be the XZ plane passing through the origin (the normal horizontal "ground" surface). When you move the In this example, we create a simple table. The example demonstrates how to use object hierarchy, and especially the principles of 3D modelling. Chapter 2 INSTALLATION top of the object structure hierarchy, and if you double-click "Root", 17. Select Modify/Structure/Delete. mouse, the Y coordinate remains zero, and only X and Z vary. An intuitive way to describe this is: if an object is lying on the ground and the ground is the input plane (please forget the fact that the earth To move the brace of the table: following example shows how to disconnect them. 3. Hit z to get the top view. x, y, and z hot keys always set Chapter 1 FEATURES OF REAL 3D V.2 4.1.3 Direction both planes to the same position. 4. Select Create/Visibles/Cube and create a cube. 5. Select View/Type/Perspective. Then select the View/Type/Separate IO 13. Choose the menu Modify/Properties/Name, enter the name "base" and hit RETURN. Now the side view shows the correct shape. But there are still some things to do: You have deleted the scene of a rectangle, sphere and cube. interactively. - TUTORIAL 3.1 - As it was already mentioned, the hot-point "+" which you can set by mouse latest action. 3.1.2 Tutorial Project objects. This enables you to edit the objects in their natural orientation. For example, if you want to stretch a cube which has been REAL 3D represents objects as solids whose physical properties can be defined using materials. Materials contain information about molecular Note: You cannot delete the root object. Summary: REAL 3D uses a hierarchy tree for describing and managing the structure of the scene. There are two important concepts related to the hierarchy tree: rotated several times and you stretch it in the absolute space orientation, the shape of the cube becomes distorted. To get a controlled modification, you have to set the input plane parallel to one side of the cube. Integrated Environment bar of the palette window. When a good color is found, release and click the OK gadget. Then close the window using the standard - The Current Level, under which new objects are inserted - List of Selected Objects, which defines the target of object coordinates from the keyboard or by using mouse operations. The - TUTORIAL 1.7 - modifications. The table consists of a cover and a base, and the base consists of two 1. Select "brace". it is possible to combine REAL 3D functions to form macros either by recording the mouse and keyboard actions, or by creating the descriptive 2. Choose the menu Modify/Properties/Name. A requester is opened. To create the cover of the table: 5. Choose a nice color for the cover by pressing down on the color window close gadget. 6.14 RADIAL FORCE 2. Select Create/Controls/Coordsys, click in the middle of the house and shape a coordinate system primitive: set the three directions of to make its orientation irregular. on, mouse coordinates are rounded to suitable intervals, and it becomes easy to line up objects. directly access most functions of the program simultaneously. the modification affects the rendered image. 6.14.1 Gravity ---------------- Figure T1-5: Front View of the Cover of the Table. Your table now consists of a cover and a base. Next we will start to 14. double-click the name "base" on the select window. This changes the current level to "base", and the contents of "base" are Now the hierarchy is: +------+ | Root | +------+ | cover | | base | +-------+ +------+ To create a stand for the table: ---------------- | 16. Rename the new cube as "stand1" by choosing Modify/Properties/Name. The stands of the table are identical, therefore you can create the second stand by using the duplicate function: - TUTORIAL 1.8 - 6.14.3 Customized Radial Force As you have seen, REAL 3D automatically gives names to primitives 20. It is best to create the brace of the table using side the view, so hit y. 4. Go back to the front view using x. Now the problem is how to make the house higher or wider? The solution is: 5. Select the coordsys primitive and select View/Input Crd./ Obj. Space to ----------------- | | ----------------- | | | | View. The view orientation is changed so that editing the house becomes easy using the e.g. Modify/Linear/Stretch function. | |_| | |_______________| right corner - when you move the mouse, you see that the cover width 4.1.4 Size is changing accordingly. Move the mouse e.g. 4 grid units to the right ----------------- ----------------- extend -------> | | | | | | |_______________| 2.2 INSTALLING THE SYSTEM 5. Activate the X gadget again, enter 0.8 and hit . Then activate on the display. 6. If the size of the rectangle is not suitable, re-enter the X and Y coordinates can be modified and combined using the vector operations and Figure T1-9: Modifying the Cover. 24. Hit x to get front view again. - TUTORIAL 1.9 - 3. Select "base". 2.3.3 View Coordinates & Cameras This camera information includes the following items: function and move the base. If the table seems to be too high: - The point at which the camera is aimed (aimpoint) 3.1 WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF REAL 3D V.2 some default value for COG. For example, the COG of a ball is its middle not. If you are using a camera object, it is useful to play the animation point. You can redefine the COG point by the function Modify/Properties/ COG. To move a stand of the table to the bottom left corner of the window: 1. Select a stand. 2. Choose Modify/Linear/Move COG. 3. Click the view near the desired place. 4. Move the pointer to the desired place and click the left button. The following example demonstrate using the vector stack. 4. Hit z to get the top view, and create another cube. To modify the color of the table cover: 5. Select View/Camera/Camera->View. You see the camera view again. 6. Adjust the view angle slightly using the cursor keys and "record" the This way, you can take the camera information from a camera object, modify It is also possible to create multiple cameras. This feature can be used from such a point of view that the motions of the camera itself can be 4.2 DEFAULT GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES 5.1 TAG IDENTIFIERS seen. Therefore, automatically taking the camera view during the animation play is not always appropriate. 1. Create two objects, a sphere and a rectangle. The purpose is to create NOTE: The Camera View function is used only during the animation play. It does NOT connect a camera object to the View so that the camera object follows cursor key adjustments. Instead, use the View->Camera function to store The visible contents of a View window, in addition to the camera position and orientation, also depend on the scale factor of the View. The scale magnification factor. The bigger the scale, the bigger the objects appear on the display and the smaller part you can see of the total scene. Defining a small scale factor corresponds to using a fish-eye lens: the if the camera is close to the objects under observation. Note that in perspective View windows, the size in which the objects appear on the display, depends on two factors: Chapter 5 TAGS - The distance from the camera to the objects angle in an interior room scene and the objects do not fit well into the by moving the camera and/or changing the scale. This is the same as real To change the scale: View/Display/Pos&Zoom In. 4. Press down and click directly to the right of the sector center. Keeping the down when pressing defines a new coordinate rotation around the sector center a triangle from the middle of the sphere to the middle of one side of the rectangle and to a given 3D point (1,1,0.5). 2. Then move the mouse pointer to that part of the View you want to on the screen. The region inside the rectangle will be enlarged so that it takes up the whole window. 2. Press down and drag a box (keep down and move the mouse, so that REAL 3D displays a dotted-line rectangle) around the sphere. rectangle. Two more vectors are pushed to the stack. You can reduce the scale by choosing the operation View/Display/Pos&Zoom Using the Position operation you can change the position of the windows in space. You can, for example, observe in detail an object that is on the If you want to reset the scale and the position of the View to the default - TUTORIAL 2.7 - The asynchronous design of REAL 3D normally means that the user does not have to pay much attention to wireframe refreshing of the View windows. 6.15.1 Turbulence In some extreme cases with very complicated wireframes, it may be necessary When modifying objects, it is possible to use the Bounding Box When the bounding box representation is selected and you select an object should be drawn only when the rocking chair is ready and can be positioned 6.15.2 Snow in the Wind modification function, as soon as you click on a View, REAL 3D constructs a box shape around each selected object and uses the boxes to show the effect of the modification. The bounding box representation may be suitable e.g. when resizing a complex object; the new size can be seen immediately from the box shape, None. Then the program does not update at all. Often it is unnecessary to have objects drawn on the screen other than the 6.2 AREXX VS. RPL 6.18 NON-INTERACTIVE COLLISION DETECTION in the living room. In REAL 3D, you are able to allow only a portion of level. You can define the number of the parent levels of the current level If the Active toggle is unset, the whole project is drawn to the screen If the Active toggle is set and the Depth is 0, only objects under the The REAL 3D user interface is fully configurable. You easily are able to - TUTORIAL 2.8 - - You can make individual objects invisible using the WF-invisible gadget of the Modify/Properties/Attributes function. If it is important to see some wireframe, add a visible cube with a suitable size to the same coordinates can be expressed using the following alternatives: - Hot-point or absolute space origin related coordinates. 2. Select Create/Visibles/Rectangle. Leave Z as it is. 7. Press ACCEPT to create the rectangle. 1. Select the rectangle and select Modify/Linear/Move. 2. Activate the "Hot-P" gadget of the measuring window. - TUTORIAL 2.9 - 6. Now the stack contains two vectors, and we enter the third one from the keyboard: select Extras/Vectors/Enter and type the coordinates 1, 1 and 0.5 to the three fields of the numeric requester. If the View window was not active when you selected the Polygon function, started. If it is a borderless View, you can activate it with a click and then undo the first point with the key. In some cases, you just have to activate the View first and then select the creation - TUTORIAL 2.12 - 6.3 SENDING AREXX COMMANDS TO THE PORT OF REAL 3D 6.5 RESULT STRING textures, which are mathematical formulas that define desired properties, are also used. Since mathematical textures can be expressed as RPL programs or user-defined formulas, there are again unlimited possibilities C.2 IMAGE & ANIMATION DISPLAY Many advanced material features of REAL 3D utilize the solid modelling principle of the program. Correct light refraction evaluation and non- 6.6 CLIP LIST 6.7 SENDING AREXX COMMANDS FROM REAL 3D 6.8 RETURN VALUES FROM OTHER APPLICATIONS new object in the hierarchy. This new "material" object acts as a 3.2.2 As a New User 3.3.2 Multi.Selection Support homogenous materials, such as gas clouds with a desired spatial density You can manipulate the material library in many different ways: you can Zero Wait State Design delete materials from it, empty it, load an old library from disk and join it to the current one, save the library , and last but not least, create 3.3.2.1 Multi-selecting Objects 6.18.1 A Planet and Meteorites 6.19 FRICTION 6.19.1 Friction and Spheres with Different Sizes APPENDICES Appendix A PREDEFINED ICONS Appendix B HOT KEYS AND MENUS C.2.1 Display INDEX - CONTENTS 1.14 - ------------ --------------------------------- REAL 3D V.2 is a design and animation program for producing high quality realistic images of three-dimensional objects. 3D Desktop animators, creative computer artists, product designers, making REAL 3D V.2 one of the most powerful 3D packages available to desktop computer platforms. The mode-less design principles of REAL 3D V.2 mean that the user can Configurable Environment Expendability applications. For example: REAL 3D V.2 can be used as a single view editor, a tri-view editor or perhaps a 9-view editor. It is possible to expand the program The asynchronous software design, implemented using the latest techniques operating systems. In this way maximum convenience and productivity are achieved when modelling. The user never has to wait until some function execute as background tasks. Hierarchical Object-Oriented Construction of Objects