\input tmp-iso.sty \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- @c %***start of header @setfilename ahidev.info @settitle @sc{Ahi} Developers's Guide @setchapternewpage odd @iftex @afourpaper @end iftex @c %***end of header @c *** Variables *** @c Set ahiver and docver to current release version @include ahidev.ver @c Part 2: Summary Description and Copyright @c ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ @ifinfo This file documents AHI release @value{ahiver}, a hardware independent audio subsystem for Amiga. The version number of this document is @value{docver}. Copyright @copyright{} 1994-1999 Martin Blom. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. @ignore Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). @end ignore Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled ``Distribution'', ``GPL'' and ``LGPL'' are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. @sc{This publication is provided by the author ``as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the author be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this publication, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.} @example $Id: ahidev.texinfo,v 4.15 1999/09/19 14:05:03 lcs Exp $ $Log: ahidev.texinfo,v $ Revision 4.15 1999/09/19 14:05:03 lcs Some polishing. Revision 4.12 1999/09/19 13:10:18 lcs Fixed some typos. Changes license. Revision 4.11 1999/03/28 22:32:46 lcs AHI is now GPL/LGPL software. Make target bindist work correctly when using a separate build directory. Small first steps towards a WarpOS PPC version. Revision 4.10 1999/01/10 19:27:46 lcs The move to GNU make is done. Revision 4.9 1999/01/10 16:07:56 lcs Moved to GNU make (still moving...) Revision 4.8 1998/01/18 19:50:42 lcs I have no idea. Revision 4.7 1997/10/21 01:33:40 lcs The version number is now the AHI release version, not the documents version. Revision 4.6 1997/08/21 01:11:30 lcs Added description of the samle formats AHI_LoadSound() understands Revision 4.5 1997/08/10 15:38:57 lcs Added @@ahi macro! Added note about LoadSound:ing the most important sounds first Revision 4.4 1997/07/27 00:13:32 lcs Fixed a mistypeing: was SetFreq() instead of AHI_SetFreq(). Revision 4.3 1997/07/15 00:50:40 lcs This is the second bugfix release of AHI 4. Revision 4.2 1997/05/11 12:38:39 lcs Added note about unrolling short sounds. Revision 4.1 1997/05/04 15:52:15 lcs Initial revision. @end example @end ifinfo @c Part 3: Titlepage and Copyright @c ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ @titlepage @title AHI @subtitle Hardware independent audio for Amiga @subtitle AHI Developer's Guide for AHI release @value{ahiver} @subtitle Document version @value{docver} @author Martin 'Leviticus' Blom @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll Copyright @copyright{} 1994-1999 Martin Blom. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled ``Distribution'', ``GPL'' and ``LGPL'' are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. @sc{This publication is provided by the author ``as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the author be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this publication, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.} @end titlepage @c Part 4: `Top' Node and Master Menu @c ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ @node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir) @ifinfo @majorheading @sc{Ahi} Developer's Guide For @sc{Ahi} release @value{ahiver}. Document version @value{docver}. Copyright @copyright{} 1994-1999 Martin Blom The latest release of @sc{Ahi} can always be found at @url{http://www.lysator.liu.se/~lcs/ahi.html}. @menu * Overview:: Brief introduction * Distribution:: What you are allowed to do and not * The Author:: Who designed it? * Definitions:: Terms used in this document * Function Interface:: The low-level API * Device Interface:: The high-level API * Data Types And Structures:: The structures explained * GPL:: The main license * LGPL:: The @code{ahi.device} license * Concept Index:: Concept Index * Data Type Index:: Data Type Index * Function Index:: Function Index * Variable Index:: Variable Index @detailmenu --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Function Interface * Guidelines:: * Opening And Closing ahi.device For Low-level Access:: * Obtaining The Hardware:: * Declaring Sounds:: * Making Noise:: Device Interface * Opening And Closing ahi.device For High-level Access:: * Reading From The Device:: * Writing To The Device:: Data Types And Structures * Data Types:: * Structures:: @end detailmenu @end menu @end ifinfo @c Part 5: The Body of the Document @c ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Overview ********************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node Overview, Distribution, Top, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Overview @cindex Overview This document was written in order to make it easier for developers to understand and use @sc{Ahi} in their own productions, and write Software That Works(TM). @code{ahi.device} has two different API's; one library-like function interface (low-level), and one ``normal'' device interface (high-level). Each of them serves different purposes. The low-level interface is targeting music players, games and real-time applications. The high-level interface is targeting applications that just want to have a sample played, play audio streams or record samples as easily as possible. As with everything else, it is important that you chose the right tool for the job---you'll only get frustrated otherwise. Not everything about @sc{Ahi} is documented here; for more information, see @cite{@sc{Ahi} User's Guide} and the autodocs. @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Distribution ***************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Distribution, The Author, Overview, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Distribution @cindex Distribution @cindex Disclaimer @cindex License @cindex Legal nonsense @cindex Software license @cindex Copyright Copyright @copyright{} 1994-1999 Martin Blom @sc{Ahi} is available under a dual license. The device itself is under the ``GNU Library General Public License'' (@pxref{LGPL}), while the utility programs and the @code{AUDIO:} device is covered by the ``GNU General Public License'' (@pxref{GPL}). If you use this software in a commercial or shareware product, please consider giving the author (@pxref{The Author})---and preferably each one of the contributors too (see @cite{@sc{Ahi} User's Guide})---an original or registered copy or sample of your work. Should you want to distribute the @sc{Ahi} software with your own product, there is really nothing to consider, right? @c *********************************************************************** @c **** The Author ******************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node The Author, Definitions, Distribution, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter The Author @cindex The Author @cindex Author of @sc{Ahi} The author can be reached at the following addresses: @table @asis @item Electronic mail @email{martin@@blom.org} @item Standard mail Martin Blom @*Alsättersgatan 15A:24 @*SE-584 35 Linköping @*SWEDEN @item World-Wide Web @url{http://martin.blom.org} @end table @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Definitions ***************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Definitions, Function Interface, The Author, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Definitions @cindex Definitions Following are some general definitions of terms that are used in this document. @table @dfn @cindex Sample @item Sample A sample is one binary number, representing the amplitude at a fixed point in time. A sample is often stored as an 8 bit signed integer, a 16 bit signed integer, a 32 bit floating point number etc. @sc{Ahi} only supports integers. @cindex Sample frame @item Sample frame In mono environments, a sample frame is the same as a sample. In stereo environments, a sample frame is a tuple of two samples. The first member is for the left channel, the second for the right. @cindex Sound @item Sound Many sample frames stored in sequence as an array can be called a sound. A sound is, however, not limited to being formed by samples, it can also be parameters to an analog synth or a MIDI instrument, or be white noise. @sc{Ahi} only supports sounds formed by samples. @end table @c *********************************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Function Interface *********************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Function Interface, Device Interface, Definitions, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Function Interface @cindex Function Interface The device has, in addition to the usual I/O request protocol, a set of functions that allows the programmer to gain full control (at least as much as possible with device independence) over the audio hardware. The advantages are low overhead and much more advanced control over the playing sounds. The disadvantages are greater complexity and only one user per sound card. @cindex Music, games @cindex Sound effects, games @cindex Games, music @cindex Games, sound effects @cindex Realtime effects @cindex Recording, high quality If you want to play music or sound effects for a game, record in high quality or want to do realtime effects, this is the API to use. @menu * Guidelines:: * Opening And Closing ahi.device For Low-level Access:: * Obtaining The Hardware:: * Declaring Sounds:: * Making Noise:: @end menu @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Guidelines ******************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node Guidelines, Opening And Closing ahi.device For Low-level Access, Function Interface, Function Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Guidelines @cindex Guidelines @cindex Programming guidelines @subsection Follow The Rules It's really simple. If I tell you to check return values, check sample types when recording, not to trash d2-d7/a2-a6 in hooks, or not to call @code{AHI_ControlAudio()} with the @code{AHIC_Play} tag from interrupts or hooks, you do as you are told. @subsection The Library Base @cindex Library base @tindex AHIBase The @code{AHIBase} structure is private, so are the sub libraries' library base structures. Don't try to be clever. @subsection The Audio Database @cindex The Audio Database @findex AHI_NextAudioID() @findex AHI_GetAudioAttrsA() @findex AHI_BestAudioIDA() The implementation of the database is private, and may change any time. @code{ahi.device} provides functions access the information in the database (@code{AHI_NextAudioID()}, @code{AHI_GetAudioAttrsA()} and @code{AHI_BestAudioIDA()}). @subsection User Hooks @cindex Hooks All user hooks must follow normal register conventions, which means that d2-d7 and a2-a6 must be preserved. They may be called from an interrupt, but you cannot count on that; it can be your own process or another process. Don't assume the system is in single-thread mode. Never spend much time in a hook, get the work done as quick as possible and then return. @subsection Function Calls From Other Tasks, Interrupts Or User Hooks The @code{AHIAudioCtrl} structure may not be shared with other tasks/threads. The task that called @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()} must do all other calls too (except those callable from interrupts). Only calls specifically said to be callable from interrupts may be called from user hooks or interrupts. Note that @code{AHI_ControlAudioA()} has some tags that must not be present when called from an interrupt. @subsection Multitasking @cindex Multitasking Most audio drivers need multitasking to be turned on to function properly. Don't turn it off while using the device. @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Opening And Closing ahi.device For Low-level Access ************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Opening And Closing ahi.device For Low-level Access, Obtaining The Hardware, Guidelines, Function Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Opening And Closing @code{ahi.device} For Low-level Access Not too hard. Just open @code{ahi.device} unit @code{AHI_NO_UNIT} and initialize @code{AHIBase}. After that you can access all the functions of the device just as if you had opened a standard shared library. @subsection @code{Assembler} For the assembler programmer there are two handy macros: @code{OPENAHI} and @code{CLOSEAHI}. Here is a small example how to use them: @example OPENAHI 4 ;Open at least version 4. lea _AHIBase(pc),a0 move.l d0,(a0) beq error ; AHI's functions can now be called as normal library functions: move.l _AHIBase(pc),a6 moveq #AHI_INVALID_ID,d0 jsr _LVOAHI_NextAudioID(a6) error: CLOSEAHI rts @end example Note that you @strong{have} to execute the @code{CLOSEAHI} macro even if @code{OPENAHI} failed! @subsection @code{C} For the C programmer, here is how it should be done: @noindent @example struct Library *AHIBase; struct MsgPort *AHImp=NULL; struct AHIRequest *AHIio=NULL; BYTE AHIDevice=-1; if(AHImp = CreateMsgPort()) @{ if(AHIio = (struct AHIRequest *) CreateIORequest( AHImp, sizeof(struct AHIRequest))) @{ AHIio->ahir_Version = 4; /* Open at least version 4. */ if(!(AHIDevice = OpenDevice(AHINAME, AHI_NO_UNIT, (struct IORequest *) AHIio, NULL))) @{ AHIBase = (struct Library *) AHIio->ahir_Std.io_Device; // AHI's functions can now be called as normal library functions: AHI_NextAudioID(AHI_INVALID_ID); CloseDevice((struct IORequest *) AHIio); AHIDevice = -1; @} DeleteIORequest((struct IORequest *) AHIio); AHIio = NULL; @} DeleteMsgPort(AHImp); AHImp = NULL; @} @end example @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Obtaining The Hardware ******************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node Obtaining The Hardware, Declaring Sounds, Opening And Closing ahi.device For Low-level Access, Function Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Obtaining The Hardware If you wish to call any other function than @itemize @bullet @item @code{AHI_AllocAudioRequestA()} @item @code{AHI_AudioRequestA()} @item @code{AHI_BestAudioIDA()} @item @code{AHI_FreeAudioRequest()} @item @code{AHI_GetAudioAttrsA()} @item @code{AHI_NextAudioID()} @item @code{AHI_SampleFrameSize()} @end itemize @findex AHI_AllocAudioA() @tindex AHIAudioCtrl @vindex ahiac_UserData @dots{}you have to allocate the actual sound hardware. This is done with @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()}. @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()} returns an @code{AHIAudioCtrl} structure, or @code{NULL} if the hardware could not be allocated. The @code{AHIAudioCtrl} structure has only one public field, @code{ahiac_UserData}. This is unused by @sc{Ahi} and you may store anything you like here. If @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()} fails it is important that you handle the situation gracefully. @findex AHI_FreeAudio() When you are finished playing or recording, call @code{AHI_FreeAudio()} to deallocate the hardware and other resources allocated by @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()}. @code{AHI_FreeAudio()} also deallocates all loaded sounds (@pxref{Declaring Sounds}). @subsection @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()} Tags @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()} takes several tags as input. @vtable @code @vindex AHI_DEFAULT_ID @item AHIA_AudioID This is the audio mode to be used. You must not use any hardcoded values other than @code{AHI_DEFAULT_ID}, which is the user's default fallback ID. In most cases you should ask the user for an ID code (with @code{AHI_AudioRequestA()}) and then store the value in your settings file. @vindex AHI_DEFAULT_FREQ @item AHIA_MixFreq This is the mixing frequency to be used. The actual frequency will be rounded to the nearest frequency supported by the sound hardware. To find the actual frequency, use @code{AHI_GetAudioAttrsA()}. If omitted or @code{AHI_DEFAULT_FREQ}, the user's preferred fallback frequency will be used. In most cases you should ask the user for a frequency (with @code{AHI_AudioRequestA()}) and then store the value in your settings file. @item AHIA_Channels All sounds are played on a @dfn{channel}, and this tag selects how many you wish to use. In general it takes more CPU power the more channels you use and the volume gets lower and lower. @item AHIA_Sounds You must tell @sc{Ahi} how many different sounds you are going to play. @xref{Declaring Sounds} for more information. @tindex AHISoundMessage @vindex ahism_Channel @item AHIA_SoundFunc With this tag you tell @sc{Ahi} to call a hook when a sound has been started. It works just like Paula's audio interrupts. The hook receives an @code{AHISoundMessage} structure as message. @code{AHISoundMessage->ahism_Channel} indicates which channel the sound that caused the hook to be called is played on. @item AHIA_PlayerFunc If you are going to play a musical score, you should use this ``interrupt'' source instead of VBLANK or CIA timers in order to get the best result with all audio drivers. If you cannot use this, you must not use any ``non-realtime'' modes (see @code{AHI_GetAudioAttrsA()} in the autodocs, the @code{AHIDB_Realtime} tag). @item AHIA_PlayerFreq If non-zero, it enables timing and specifies how many times per second @code{PlayerFunc} will be called. This must be specified if @code{AHIA_PlayerFunc} is! It is suggested that you keep the frequency below 100-200 Hz. Since the frequency is a fixpoint number @code{AHIA_PlayerFreq} should be less than 13107200 (that's 200 Hz). @item AHIA_MinPlayerFreq The minimum frequency (@code{AHIA_PlayerFreq}) you will use. You should always supply this if you are using the device's interrupt feature! @item AHIA_MaxPlayerFreq The maximum frequency (@code{AHIA_PlayerFreq}) you will use. You should always supply this if you are using the device's interrupt feature! @item AHIA_RecordFunc This hook will be called regularly when sampling is turned on (see @code{AHI_ControlAudioA()}). It is important that you always check the format of the sampled data, and ignore it if you can't parse it. Since this hook may be called from an interrupt, it is not legal to directly @code{Write()} the buffer to disk. To record directly to harddisk you have to copy the samples to another buffer and signal a process to save it. To find out the required size of the buffer, see @code{AHI_GetAudioAttrsA()} in the autodocs, the @code{AHIDB_MaxRecordSamples} tag. @vindex ahiac_UserData @item AHIA_UserData Can be used to initialize the @code{ahiac_UserData} field. You do not have to use this tag to change @code{ahiac_UserData}, you may write to it directly. @end vtable @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Declaring Sounds ************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node Declaring Sounds, Making Noise, Obtaining The Hardware, Function Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Declaring Sounds @cindex Loading Sounds @cindex Unloading Sounds @findex AHI_LoadSound() Before you can play a sample array, you must @code{AHI_LoadSound()} it. Why? Because if @sc{Ahi} knows what kind of sounds that will be played later, tables and stuff can be set up in advance. Some drivers may even upload the samples to the sound cards local RAM and play all samples from there, drastically reducing CPU and bus load. You should @code{AHI_LoadSound()} the most important sounds first, since the sound cards RAM may not be large enough to hold all your sounds. @code{AHI_LoadSound()} also associates each sound or sample array with a number, which is later used to refer to that particular sound. There are 2 types of sounds, namely @code{AHIST_SAMPLE} and @code{AHIST_DYNAMICSAMPLE}. @c and @code{AHIST_INPUT}. @vtable @code @item AHIST_SAMPLE This is used for static samples. Most sounds that will be played are of this type. Once the samples have been ``loaded'', you may not alter the memory where the samples are located. You may, however, read from it. @item AHIST_DYNAMICSAMPLE If you wish to play samples that you calculate in realtime, or load in portions from disk, you must use this type. These samples will never be uploaded to a sound cards local RAM, but always played from the normal memory. There is a catch, however. Because of the fact that the sound is mixed in chunks, you must have a certain number of samples in memory before you start a sound of this type. To calculate the size of the buffer (in samples), use the following formula: @example @math{size = samples * Fs / Fm} @end example where samples is the value returned from @code{AHI_GetAudioAttrsA()} when called with the @code{AHIDB_MaxPlaySamples} tag, Fs is the highest frequency the sound will be played at and Fm is the actual mixing frequency (@code{AHI_ControlAudioA()/AHIC_MixFreq_Query}). @c @item AHIST_INPUT @c This sound type is used to use @sc{Ahi}'s DSP-effects in real-time. [It @c does not work yet. FIXIT] @end vtable The samples can be in one of four different formats, named @code{AHIST_M8S}, @code{AHIST_S8S}, @code{AHIST_M16S}, and @code{AHIST_S16S}. @vtable @code @item AHIST_M8S This is an 8 bit mono sound. Each sample frame is just one signed byte. @item AHIST_S8S This is an 8 bit stereo sound. Each sample frame is one signed byte representing the left channel, followed by another one for the right channel. @item AHIST_M16S This is a 16 bit mono sound. Each sample frame is just one signed 16 bit word, in big endian/network order format (most significant byte first). @item AHIST_S16S This is a 16 bit stereo sound. Each sample frame is one signed 16 bit word, in big endian/network order format (most significant byte first) representing the left channel, followed by another one for the right channel. @end vtable @findex AHI_UnloadSound() If you know that you won't use a sound anymore, call @code{AHI_UnloadSound()}. @code{AHI_FreeAudio()} will also do that for you for any sounds left when called. There is no need to place a sample array in @dfn{Chip memory}, but it @strong{must not} be swapped out! Allocate your sample memory with the @code{MEMF_PUBLIC} flag set. If you wish to have your samples in virtual memory, you have to write a double-buffer routine that copies a chunk of memory to a @code{MEMF_PUBLIC} buffer. The @dfn{SoundFunc} should signal a task to do the transfer, since it may run in supervisor mode (see @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()}). @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Making Noise ***************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Making Noise, , Declaring Sounds, Function Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Making Noise @findex AHI_ControlAudioA() @vindex AHIC_Play After you have allocated the sound hardware and declared all your sounds, you're ready to start playback. This is done with a call to @code{AHI_ControlAudioA()}, with the @code{AHIC_Play} tag set to @code{TRUE}. When this function returns the @dfn{PlayerFunc} (see @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()}) is active, and the audio driver is feeding silence to the sound hardware. @subsection Playing A Sound @findex AHI_SetSound() @findex AHI_SetFreq() @findex AHI_SetVol() All you have to do now is to set the desired sound, it's frequency and volume. This is done with @code{AHI_SetSound()}, @code{AHI_SetFreq()} and @code{AHI_SetVol()}. Make sure the @code{AHISF_IMM} flag is set for all these function's @var{flag} argument. And don't try to modify a channel that is out of range! If you have allocated 4 channels you may only modify channels 0-3. The sound will not start until both @code{AHI_SetSound()} and @code{AHI_SetFreq()} have been called. The sound will play even if @code{AHI_SetVol()} was not called, but it will play completely silent. If you wish to temporary stop a sound, set its frequency to 0. When you change the frequency again, the sound will continue where it was. @findex AHI_PlayA() When the sound has been started it will play to the end and then repeat. In order to play a one-shot sound you have use the @code{AHI_PlayA()} function, or install a sound interrupt using the @code{AHIA_SoundFunc} tag with @code{AHI_AllocAudioA()}. For more information about using sound interrupts, see below. A little note regarding @code{AHI_SetSound()}: @var{Offset} is the first sample frame that will be played, both when playing backwards and forwards. This means that if you call @code{AHI_SetSound()} with @var{offset} 0 and @var{length} 4, sample fram 0, 1, 2 and 3 will be played. If you call @code{AHI_SetSound()} with @var{offset} 3 and @var{length} @minus{}4, sample frame 3, 2, 1 and 0 will be played. Also note that playing very short sounds will be very CPU intensive, since there are many tasks that must be done each time a sound has reached its end (like starting the next one, calling the @dfn{SoundFunc}, etc.). Therefore, it is recommended that you ``unroll'' short sounds a couple of times before you play them. How many times you should unroll? Well, it depends on the situation, of course, but try making the sound a thousand samples long if you can. Naturally, if you need your @dfn{SoundFunc} to be called, you cannot unroll. @subsection Playing One-shot Sounds And Advanced Loops @vindex AHISF_IMM In version 4, some changes have been made since earlier releases. One-shot sounds and sounds with only one loop segment can now be played without using sample interrupts. This is possible because one of the restrictions regarding the @code{AHISF_IMM} flag has been removed. The @code{AHISF_IMM} flag determines if @code{AHI_SetSound()}, @code{AHI_SetFreq()} and @code{AHI_SetVol()} should take effect immediately or when the current sound has reached its end. The rules for this flags are: @itemize @bullet @item If used inside a sample interrupt (@dfn{SoundFunc}): Must be cleared. @item If used inside a player interrupt (@dfn{PlayerFunc}): May be set or cleared. @item If used elsewhere: Must be set. @end itemize What does this mean? It means that if all you want to do is to play a one-shot sound from inside a @dfn{PlayerFunc}, you can do that by first calling @code{AHI_SetSound()}, @code{AHI_SetFreq()} and @code{AHI_SetVol()} with @code{AHISF_IMM} set, and then use @code{AHI_SetSound(ch, AHI_NOSOUND, 0, 0, actrl, 0L)} to stop the sound when it has reached the end. You can also set one loop segment this way. @code{AHI_PlayA()} was added in @sc{Ahi} version 4, and combines @code{AHI_SetSound()}, @code{AHI_SetFreq()} and @code{AHI_SetVol()} into one tag-based function. It also allows you to set one loop and play one-shot sounds. To play a sound with more than one loop segment or ping-pong looping, a sample interrupt needs to be used. @sc{Ahi}'s @dfn{SoundFunc} works like Paula's interrupts and is very easy to use. The @dfn{SoundFunc} hook will be called with an @code{AHIAudioCtrl} structure as object and an @code{AHISoundMessage} structure as message. @code{ahism_Channel} indicates which channel caused the hook to be called. An example @dfn{SoundFunc} which handles the repeat part of an instrument can look like this (SAS/C code): @example __asm __saveds ULONG SoundFunc(register __a0 struct Hook *hook, register __a2 struct AHIAudioCtrl *actrl, register __a1 struct AHISoundMessage *chan) @{ if(ChannelDatas[chan->ahism_Channel].Length) AHI_SetSound(chan->ahism_Channel, 0, (ULONG) ChannelDatas[chan->ahism_Channel].Address, ChannelDatas[chan->ahism_Channel].Length, actrl, NULL); else AHI_SetSound(chan->ahism_Channel, AHI_NOSOUND, NULL, NULL, actrl, NULL); return NULL; @} @end example This example is from an old version of the @sc{Ahi} NotePlayer for @dfn{DeliTracker 2}. @code{ChannelDatas} is an array where the start and length of the repeat part is stored. Here, a repeat length of zero indicates a one-shot sound. Note that this particular example only uses one sound (0). For applications using multiple sounds, the sound number would have to be stored in the array as well. Once again, note that the @code{AHISF_IMM} flag should @strong{never} be set in a @dfn{SoundFunc} hook! @subsection Tricks With The Volume @cindex Surround sound Starting with V4, @code{AHI_SetVol()} can take both negative volume and pan parameters. If you set the volume to a negative value, the sample will, if the audio mode supports it, invert each sample before playing. If pan is negative, the sample will be encoded to go to the surround speakers. @c *********************************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Device Interface ************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Device Interface, Data Types And Structures, Function Interface, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Device Interface @cindex Music, streams from disk @cindex Playing audio streams @cindex Audio streams, playing @cindex Sound effects, system @cindex Recording, quick and easy The I/O request protocol makes it very easy to play audio streams, sounds from disk and non time-critical sound effects in a multitasking friendly way. Recoding is just as easy, on behalf of quality. Several programs can play sounds at the same time, and even record at the same time if your hardware is full duplex. If you want to write a sample player, play (warning?) sounds in your applications, play an audio stream from a CD via the SCSI/IDE bus, write a voice command utility etc., this is the API to use. Note that while all the low-level functions (@pxref{Function Interface}) count lengths and offsets in sample frames, the device interface---like all Amiga devices---uses bytes. @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Opening And Closing ahi.device For High-level Access ************* @c *********************************************************************** @menu * Opening And Closing ahi.device For High-level Access:: * Reading From The Device:: * Writing To The Device:: @end menu @node Opening And Closing ahi.device For High-level Access, Reading From The Device, Device Interface, Device Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Opening And Closing @code{ahi.device} For High-level Access Four primary steps are required to open ahi.device: @itemize @bullet @item Create a message port using @code{CreateMsgPort()}. Reply messages from the device must be directed to a message port. @tindex AHIRequest @item Create an extended I/O request structure of type @code{AHIRequest} using @code{CreateIORequest()}. @code{CreateIORequest()} will initialize the I/O request to point to your reply port. @item Specify which version of the device you need. The lowest supported version is 4. Version 1 and 3 are obsolete, and version 2 only has the low-level API. @vindex AHI_DEFAULT_UNIT @item Open @code{ahi.device} unit @code{AHI_DEFAULT_UNIT} or any other unit the user has specified with, for example, a @var{UNIT} tooltype. Call @code{OpenDevice()}, passing the I/O request. @end itemize Each @code{OpenDevice()} must eventually be matched by a call to @code{CloseDevice()}. When the last close is performed, the device will deallocate all resources. All I/O requests must be completed before @code{CloseDevice()}. Abort any pending requests with @code{AbortIO()}. Example: @example struct MsgPort *AHImp = NULL; struct AHIRequest *AHIio = NULL; BYTE AHIDevice = -1; UBYTE unit = AHI_DEFAULT_UNIT; /* Check if user wants another unit here... */ if(AHImp = CreateMsgPort()) @{ if(AHIio = (struct AHIRequest *) CreateIORequest(AHImp, sizeof(struct AHIRequest))) @{ AHIio->ahir_Version = 4; if(!(AHIDevice = OpenDevice(AHINAME, unit, (struct IORequest *) AHIio, NULL))) @{ /* Send commands to the device here... */ if(! CheckIO((struct IORequest *) AHIio)) @{ AbortIO((struct IORequest *) AHIio); @} WaitIO((struct IORequest *) AHIio); CloseDevice((struct IORequest *) AHIio); AHIDevice = -1; @} DeleteIORequest((struct IORequest *) AHIio); AHIio = NULL; @} DeleteMsgPort(AHImp); AHImp = NULL; @} @end example @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Reading From The Device ****************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Reading From The Device, Writing To The Device, Opening And Closing ahi.device For High-level Access, Device Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Reading From The Device @cindex Reading @cindex Recording @vindex CMD_READ @vindex io_Command @vindex io_Length @vindex io_Data @vindex ahir_Type @vindex ahir_Frequency @vindex io_Length @vindex io_Offset You read from @code{ahi.device} by passing an @code{AHIRequest} to the device with @code{CMD_READ} set in @code{io_Command}, the number of bytes to be read set in @code{io_Length}, the address of the read buffer set in @code{io_Data}, the desired sample format set in @code{ahir_Type} and the desired sample frequency set in @code{ahir_Frequency}. The first read command in a sequence should also have @code{io_Offset} set to 0. @code{io_Length} must be an even multiple of the sample frame size. @subsection Double Buffering @cindex Double Buffering, reading To do double buffering, just fill the first buffer with @code{DoIO()} and @code{io_Offset} set to 0, then start filling the second buffer with @code{SendIO()} using the same I/O request (but don't clear @code{io_Offset}!). After you have processed the first buffer, wait until the I/O request is finished and start over with @code{SendIO()} on the first buffer. @subsection Distortion @cindex Distortion, recording The samples will automatically be converted to the sample format set in @code{ahir_Type} and to the sample frequency set in @code{ahir_Frequency}. Because it is quite unlikely that you ask for the same sample frequency the user has chosen in the preference program, chances that the quality is lower than expected are pretty high. The worst problem is probably the anti-aliasing filter before the A/D converter. If the user has selected a higher sampling/mixing frequency than you request, the signal will be distorted according to the Nyquist sampling theorem. If, on the other hand, the user has selected a lower sampling/mixing frequency than you request, the signal will not be distorted but rather bandlimited more than necessary. @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Writing To The Device ******************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Writing To The Device, , Reading From The Device, Device Interface @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Writing To The Device @cindex Writing @cindex Playing @vindex CMD_WRITE @vindex io_Command @vindex ln_Pri @vindex io_Length @vindex io_Data @vindex ahir_Type @vindex ahir_Frequency @vindex ahir_Volume @vindex ahir_Position @vindex ahir_Link @vindex io_Length You write to the device by passing an @code{AHIRequest} to the device with @code{CMD_WRITE} set in @code{io_Command}, the precedence in @code{io_Message.mn_Node.ln_Pri}, the number of bytes to be written in @code{io_Length}, the address of the write buffer set in @code{io_Data}, the sample format set in @code{ahir_Type}, the desired sample frequency set in @code{ahir_Frequency}, the desired volume set in @code{ahir_Volume} and the desired stereo position set in @code{ahir_Position}. Unless you are doing double buffering, @code{ahir_Link} should be set to @code{NULL}. @code{io_Length} must be an even multiple of the sample frame size. @subsection Double Buffering @cindex Double Buffering, writing To do double buffering, you need two I/O requests. Create the second one by making a copy of the request you used in @code{OpenDevice()}. Start the first with @code{SendIO()}. Set @code{ahir_Link} in the second request to the address of the first request, and @code{SendIO()} it. Wait on the first, fill the first buffer again and repeat, this time with @code{ahir_Link} of the first buffer set to the address of the second I/O request. @subsection Distortion @cindex Distortion, playing The problems with aliasing are present but not as obvious as with reading. Just make sure your source data is bandlimited correctly, and do not play samples at a lower frequency than they were recorded. @subsection Playing multiple sounds at the same time If you want to play several sounds at the same time, just make a new copy of the I/O request you used in @code{OpenDevice()}, and @code{CMD_WRITE} it. The user has set the number of channels available in the preference tool, and if too many requests are sent to the device the one with lowest precedence will be muted. When a request is finished, the muted request with the highest precedence will be played. Note that all muted requests continue to play silently, so the programmer will not have to worry if there are enough channels or not. @subsection Suggested precedences @cindex Precedences The precedences to use depend on what kind of sound you are playing. The recommended precedences are the same as for @code{audio.device}, listed in @cite{AMIGA ROM Kernel Reference manual -- Devices}. Reprinted without permission. So sue me. @example Precedences | Type of sound -------------+---------------------------------------------------------- 127 | Unstoppable. Sounds first allocated at lower | precedencies, then set to this highest level. 90 - 100 | Emergencies. Alert, urgent situation that requires | immediate action. 80 - 90 | Annunciators. Attention, bell (CTRL-G). 75 | Speech. Synthesized or recorded speech | (narrator.device). 50 - 70 | Sonic cues. Sounds that provide information that is not | provided by graphics. Only the beginning of of each sound | should be at this level; the rest should ne set to sound | effects level. -50 - 50 | Music program. Musical notes in a music-oriented program. | The higher levels should be used for the attack portions | of each note. -70 - -50 | Sound effects. Sounds used in conjunction with graphics. | More important sounds should use higher levels. -100 - -80 | Background. Theme music and restartable background sounds. -128 | Silence. Lowest level (freeing the channel completely is | preferred). @end example @c @multitable @columnfractions .15 .75 @c @c @item Precedences @tab Type of sound @c @c @item 127 @c @tab Unstoppable. Sounds first allocated at lower precendencies, then set @c to this highest level. @c @c @item 90 - 100 @c @tab Emergencies. Alert, urgent situation that requires immediate action. @c @c @item 80 - 90 @c @tab Annunciators. Attention, bell (CTRL-G). @c @c @item 75 @c @tab Speech. Synthesized or recorded speech (narrator.device). @c @c @item 50 - 70 @c @tab Sonic cues. Sounds that provide information that is not @c provided by graphics. Only the beginning of of each sound @c should be at this level; the rest should ne set to sound @c effects level. @c @c @item @minus{}50 - 50 @c @tab Music program. Musical notes in a music-oriented program. The higher @c levels should be used for the attack portions of each note. @c @c @item @minus{}70 - @minus{}50 @c @tab Sound effects. Sounds used in conjunction with graphics. More @c important sounds should use higher levels. @c @c @item @minus{}100 - @minus{}80 @c @tab Background. Theme music and restartable background sounds. @c @c @item @minus{}128 @c @tab Silence. Lowest level (freeing the channel completely is preferred). @c @c @end multitable Right. As you can see, some things do not apply to @code{ahi.device}. First, there is no way to change the precedence of a playing sound, so the precedences should be set from the beginning. Second, it is not recommended to use the device interface to play music. However, playing an audio stream from CD or disk comes very close. Third, there are no channels to free in @sc{Ahi} since they are dynamically allocated by the device. @c *********************************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Data Types And Structures **************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Data Types And Structures, GPL, Device Interface, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Data Types And Structures @cindex Data Types And Structures In this chapter some of the data types and structures used will be explained. For more information, please consult the autodocs and the include files. @menu * Data Types:: * Structures:: @end menu @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Data Types ******************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node Data Types, Structures, Data Types And Structures, Data Types And Structures @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Data Types @cindex Data Types @subsection @code{Fixed} @tindex Fixed @code{Fixed} is a signed long integer. It is used to represent decimal numbers without using floating point arithmetics. The decimal point is assumed to be in the middle of the 32 bit integer, thus giving 16 bits for the integer part of the number and 16 bits for the fraction. The largest number that can be stored in a @code{Fixed} is +32767.999984741, and the lowest number is @minus{}32768. Example: @example Decimal | Fixed --------+---------- 1.0 | 0x00010000 0.5 | 0x00008000 0.25 | 0x00004000 0 | 0x00000000 -0.25 | 0xffffc000 -0.5 | 0xffff8000 -1.0 | 0xffff0000 @end example @subsection @code{sposition} @tindex sposition @code{sposition} (stereo position) is a @code{Fixed}, and is used to represent the stereo position of a sound. 0 is far left, 0.5 is center and 1.0 is far right. @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Structures ******************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node Structures, , Data Types, Data Types And Structures @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Structures @cindex Structures @subsection @code{AHIUnitPrefs} And @code{AHIGlobalPrefs} @tindex AHIUnitPrefs @tindex AHIGlobalPrefs These structures are used in the @code{AHIU} and @code{AHIG} chunks, respective, which are part of the settings file (@file{ENV:Sys/ahi.prefs}), The file is read by @sc{Ahi} on each call to @code{OpenDevice()}, just before the audio hardware is allocated. @code{AHIUnitPrefs} specifies the audio mode and its parameters to use for each device unit (currently 0-3 and @code{AHI_NO_UNIT}; unit 0 is also called @code{AHI_DEFAULT_UNIT}). @code{AHIGlobalPrefs} contains some global options that can be used to gain speed on slow CPUs, the global debug level and a protection against CPU overload. The debug level specifies which of the functions in @sc{Ahi} should print debugging information to the serial port (the output can be redirected to a console window or a file with tools like @dfn{Sushi} @footnote{Available from AmiNet, for example @* @url{ftp://ftp.germany.aminet.org/pub/aminet/dev/debug/Sushi.lha}.}). @c *********************************************************************** @c **** GNU General Public License *************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node GPL, LGPL, Data Types And Structures, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE @center Version 2, June 1991 @display Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. @end display @unnumberedsec Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. @iftex @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION @end iftex @ifinfo @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION @end ifinfo @enumerate 0 @item This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. @item You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. @item You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: @enumerate a @item You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. @item You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. @item If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) @end enumerate These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. @item You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: @enumerate a @item Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, @item Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, @item Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) @end enumerate The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. @item You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. @item You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. @item Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. @item If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. @item If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. @item The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. @item If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. @iftex @heading NO WARRANTY @end iftex @ifinfo @center NO WARRANTY @end ifinfo @item BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. @item IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. @end enumerate @iftex @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS @end iftex @ifinfo @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS @end ifinfo @page @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. @smallexample @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. @end smallexample Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: @smallexample Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. @end smallexample The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: @smallexample @group Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice @end group @end smallexample This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. @c *********************************************************************** @c **** GNU Library General Public License ******************************* @c *********************************************************************** @node LGPL, Concept Index, GPL, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @unnumbered GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE @center Version 2, June 1991 @display Copyright @copyright{} 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. [This is the first released version of the library GPL. It is numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.] @end display @unnumberedsec Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for your libraries, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. 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If the library is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original version, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that companies distributing free software will individually obtain patent licenses, thus in effect transforming the program into proprietary software. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary GNU General Public License, which was designed for utility programs. This license, the GNU Library General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries. 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Note that it is possible for a library to be covered by the ordinary General Public License rather than by this special one. @iftex @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION @end iftex @ifinfo @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION @end ifinfo @enumerate 0 @item This License Agreement applies to any software library which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Library General Public License (also called ``this License''). Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. A ``library'' means a collection of software functions and/or data prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs (which use some of those functions and data) to form executables. The ``Library'', below, refers to any such software library or work which has been distributed under these terms. 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If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library does not specify a license version number, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. @item If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into other free programs whose distribution conditions are incompatible with these, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. @iftex @heading NO WARRANTY @end iftex @ifinfo @center NO WARRANTY @end ifinfo @item BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBRARY IS WITH YOU. 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You can do so by permitting redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the ordinary General Public License). To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. @smallexample @var{one line to give the library's name and an idea of what it does.} Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{name of author} This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Library General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. @end smallexample Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the library, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: @smallexample Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the library `Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker. @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1990 Ty Coon, President of Vice @end smallexample That's all there is to it! @c Part 6: The End of the Document @c ŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻŻ @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Concept Index **************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Concept Index, Data Type Index, LGPL, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @unnumbered Concept Index @cindex Recursion @printindex cp @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Data Type Index ************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Data Type Index, Function Index, Concept Index, Top @unnumbered Data Type Index @printindex tp @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Function Index *************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Function Index, Variable Index, Data Type Index, Top @unnumbered Function Index @printindex fn @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Variable Index *************************************************** @c *********************************************************************** @node Variable Index, , Function Index, Top @unnumbered Variable Index @printindex vr @c *********************************************************************** @c **** Contents ********************************************************* @c *********************************************************************** @contents @bye