Date: Thu, 4 Aug 88 09:15:32 EST
From: ain@j.cc.purdue.edu (Patrick White)
Message-Id: <8808041415.AA07957@j.cc.purdue.edu>
To: fys-ma@fintuvm.BITNET
Subject: comp.binaries.amiga:   binaries/amiga/volume8/perl.nroff.sh2
 
Newsgroups: comp.binaries.amiga
Subject: perl (docs 4 of 4)
Keywords: perl, script language, nroffed docs, nroff source
Approved: ain@j.cc.purdue.edu    (Patrick White)
 
Program Name:    perl  (docs 4 of 4)
Submitted by:    rminnich@udel.edu (Ron Minnich)
Summary:    A script language.  (a port from it's counterpart on unix)
Poster Boy:    Patrick White    (ain@j.cc.purdue.edu)
Archive Name:    binaries/amiga/volume8/perl.nroff.sh2.Z
tested..
 
NOTES:
   I didn't want ot learn a new language just to test this, so I only tried
a "hello world" program.  It worked.  THerefore, this has not been extensively
tested.
   The docs are apparently a copyy of the unix ones -- I don't know if there
is anything missing from Amiga Perl that is in Unix Perl.
   As for the docs, I'm posting an nroffed copy for those that don't have
nroff, and the nroff source in case anybody wants it... you probably only
want to keep one version of the docs.
.
 
 
-- Pat White   (co-moderator comp.sources/binaries.amiga)
ARPA/UUCP: j.cc.purdue.edu!ain  BITNET: PATWHITE@PURCCVM  PHONE: (317) 743-8421
U.S.  Mail:  320 Brown St. apt. 406,    West Lafayette, IN 47906
[archives at: j.cc.purdue.edu.ARPA]
 
========================================
 
#    This is a shell archive.
#    Remove everything above and including the cut line.
#    Then run the rest of the file through sh.
#----cut here-----cut here-----cut here-----cut here----#
#!/bin/sh
# shar:    Shell Archiver
#    Run the following text with /bin/sh to create:
#    perl.nroff-man.ab
# This archive created: Mon Aug  1 12:53:06 1988
# By:    Patrick White (PUCC Land, USA)
cat << \SHAR_EOF > perl.nroff-man.ab
 
    s/\|([^ \|]*\|) *\|([^ \|]*\|)\|/\|$2 $1/;    # reverse 1st two fields
 
.fi
(Note the use of $ instead of \|\e\| in the last example.  See section
on regular expressions.)
.Ip "seek(FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE)" 8 3
Randomly positions the file pointer for FILEHANDLE, just like the fseek()
call of stdio.
Returns 1 upon success, 0 otherwise.
.Ip "select(FILEHANDLE)" 8 3
Sets the current default filehandle for output.
This has two effects: first, a
.I write
or a
.I print
without a filehandle will default to this FILEHANDLE.
Second, references to variables related to output will refer to this output
channel.
For example, if you have to set the top of form format for more than
one output channel, you might do the following:
.nf
 
.ne 4
    select(report1);
    $^ = 'report1_top';
    select(report2);
    $^ = 'report2_top';
 
.fi
Select happens to return TRUE if the file is currently open and FALSE otherwise,
but this has no effect on its operation.
.Ip "shift(ARRAY)" 8 6
.Ip "shift ARRAY" 8
.Ip "shift" 8
Shifts the first value of the array off and returns it,
shortening the array by 1 and moving everything down.
If ARRAY is omitted, shifts the ARGV array.
See also unshift(), push() and pop().
Shift() and unshift() do the same thing to the left end of an array that push()
and pop() do to the right end.
.Ip "sleep EXPR" 8 6
.Ip "sleep" 8
Causes the script to sleep for EXPR seconds, or forever if no EXPR.
May be interrupted by sending the process a SIGALARM.
Returns the number of seconds actually slept.
.Ip "split(/PATTERN/,EXPR)" 8 8
.Ip "split(/PATTERN/)" 8
.Ip "split" 8
Splits a string into an array of strings, and returns it.
If EXPR is omitted, splits the $_ string.
If PATTERN is also omitted, splits on whitespace (/[\ \et\en]+/).
Anything matching PATTERN is taken to be a delimiter separating the fields.
(Note that the delimiter may be longer than one character.)
Trailing null fields are stripped, which potential users of pop() would
do well to remember.
A pattern matching the null string (not to be confused with a null pattern)
will split the value of EXPR into separate characters at each point it
matches that way.
For example:
.nf
 
    print join(':',split(/ */,'hi there'));
 
.fi
produces the output 'h:i:t:h:e:r:e'.
 
The pattern /PATTERN/ may be replaced with an expression to specify patterns
that vary at runtime.
As a special case, specifying a space ('\ ') will split on white space
just as split with no arguments does, but leading white space does NOT
produce a null first field.
Thus, split('\ ') can be used to emulate awk's default behavior, whereas
split(/\ /) will give you as many null initial fields as there are
leading spaces.
.sp
Example:
.nf
 
.ne 5
    open(passwd, '/etc/passwd');
    while (<passwd>) {
.ie t \{\
        ($login, $passwd, $uid, $gid, $gcos, $home, $shell) = split
(\|/\|:\|/\|);
'br\}
.el \{\
        ($login, $passwd, $uid, $gid, $gcos, $home, $shell)
            = split(\|/\|:\|/\|);
'br\}
        .\|.\|.
    }
 
.fi
(Note that $shell above will still have a newline on it.  See chop().)
See also
.IR join .
.Ip "sprintf(FORMAT,LIST)" 8 4
Returns a string formatted by the usual printf conventions.
The * character is not supported.
.Ip "sqrt(EXPR)" 8 3
Return the square root of EXPR.
.Ip "stat(FILEHANDLE)" 8 6
.Ip "stat(EXPR)" 8
Returns a 13-element array giving the statistics for a file, either the file
opened via FILEHANDLE, or named by EXPR.
Typically used as follows:
.nf
 
.ne 3
    ($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid,$rdev,$size,
       $atime,$mtime,$ctime,$blksize,$blocks)
           = stat($filename);
 
.fi
.Ip "substr(EXPR,OFFSET,LEN)" 8 2
Extracts a substring out of EXPR and returns it.
First character is at offset 0, or whatever you've set $[ to.
.Ip "system LIST" 8 6
Does exactly the same thing as \*(L"exec LIST\*(R" except that a fork
is done first, and the parent process waits for the child process to complete.
Note that argument processing varies depending on the number of arguments.
The return value is the exit status of the program as returned by the wait()
call.
To get the actual exit value divide by 256.
See also exec.
.Ip "symlink(OLDFILE,NEWFILE)" 8 2
Creates a new filename symbolically linked to the old filename.
Returns 1 for success, 0 otherwise.
On systems that don't support symbolic links, produces a fatal error.
.Ip "tell(FILEHANDLE)" 8 6
.Ip "tell" 8
Returns the current file position for FILEHANDLE.
If FILEHANDLE is omitted, assumes the file last read.
.Ip "time" 8 4
Returns the number of seconds since January 1, 1970.
Suitable for feeding to gmtime() and localtime().
.Ip "times" 8 4
Returns a four-element array giving the user and system times, in seconds, for
 this
process and the children of this process.
.sp
    ($user,$system,$cuser,$csystem) = times;
.sp
.Ip "tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/" 8 5
.Ip "y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/" 8
Translates all occurences of the characters found in the search list with
the corresponding character in the replacement list.
It returns the number of characters replaced.
If no string is specified via the =~ or !~ operator,
the $_ string is translated.
(The string specified with =~ must be a string variable or array element,
i.e. an lvalue.)
For
.I sed
devotees,
.I y
is provided as a synonym for
.IR tr .
Examples:
.nf
 
    $ARGV[1] \|=~ \|y/A-Z/a-z/;    \h'|3i'# canonicalize to lower case
 
    $cnt = tr/*/*/;        \h'|3i'# count the stars in $_
 
.fi
.Ip "umask(EXPR)" 8 3
Sets the umask for the process and returns the old one.
.Ip "unlink LIST" 8 2
Deletes a list of files.
LIST may be an array.
Returns the number of files successfully deleted.
Note: in order to use the value you must put the whole thing in parentheses:
.nf
 
    $cnt = (unlink 'a','b','c');
 
.fi
.ne 7
.Ip "unshift(ARRAY,LIST)" 8 4
Does the opposite of a shift.
Prepends list to the front of the array, and returns the number of elements
in the new array.
.nf
 
    unshift(ARGV,'-e') unless $ARGV[0] =~ /^-/;
 
.fi
.Ip "values(ASSOC_ARRAY)" 8 6
Returns a normal array consisting of all the values of the named associative
array.
The values are returned in an apparently random order, but it is the same order
as either the keys() or each() function produces (given that the associative
 array
has not been modified).
See also keys() and each().
.Ip "write(FILEHANDLE)" 8 6
.Ip "write(EXPR)" 8
.Ip "write(\|)" 8
Writes a formatted record (possibly multi-line) to the specified file,
using the format associated with that file.
By default the format for a file is the one having the same name is the
filehandle, but the format for the current output channel (see
.IR select )
may be set explicitly
by assigning the name of the format to the $~ variable.
.sp
Top of form processing is handled automatically:
if there is insufficient room on the current page for the formatted
record, the page is advanced, a special top-of-page format is used
to format the new page header, and then the record is written.
By default the top-of-page format is \*(L"top\*(R", but it
may be set to the
format of your choice by assigning the name to the $^ variable.
.sp
If FILEHANDLE is unspecified, output goes to the current default output channel,
which starts out as stdout but may be changed by the
.I select
operator.
If the FILEHANDLE is an EXPR, then the expression is evaluated and the
resulting string is used to look up the name of the FILEHANDLE at run time.
For more on formats, see the section on formats later on.
.Sh "Subroutines"
A subroutine may be declared as follows:
.nf
 
    sub NAME BLOCK
 
.fi
.PP
Any arguments passed to the routine come in as array @_,
that is ($_[0], $_[1], .\|.\|.).
The return value of the subroutine is the value of the last expression
evaluated.
There are no local variables\*(--everything is a global variable.
.PP
A subroutine is called using the
.I do
operator.
(CAVEAT: For efficiency reasons recursive subroutine calls are not currently
supported.
This restriction may go away in the future.  Then again, it may not.)
.nf
 
.ne 12
Example:
 
    sub MAX {
        $max = pop(@_);
        while ($foo = pop(@_)) {
            $max = $foo \|if \|$max < $foo;
        }
        $max;
    }
 
    .\|.\|.
    $bestday = do MAX($mon,$tue,$wed,$thu,$fri);
 
.ne 21
Example:
 
    # get a line, combining continuation lines
    #  that start with whitespace
    sub get_line {
        $thisline = $lookahead;
        line: while ($lookahead = <stdin>) {
            if ($lookahead \|=~ \|/\|^[ \^\e\|t]\|/\|) {
                $thisline \|.= \|$lookahead;
            }
            else {
                last line;
            }
        }
        $thisline;
    }
 
    $lookahead = <stdin>;    # get first line
    while ($_ = get_line(\|)) {
        .\|.\|.
    }
 
.fi
.nf
.ne 6
Use array assignment to name your formal arguments:
 
    sub maybeset {
        ($key,$value) = @_;
        $foo{$key} = $value unless $foo{$key};
    }
 
.fi
.Sh "Regular Expressions"
The patterns used in pattern matching are regular expressions such as
those used by
.IR egrep (1).
In addition, \ew matches an alphanumeric character and \eW a nonalphanumeric.
Word boundaries may be matched by \eb, and non-boundaries by \eB.
The bracketing construct \|(\ .\|.\|.\ \|) may also be used, $<digit>
matches the digit'th substring, where digit can range from 1 to 9.
(You can also use the old standby \e<digit> in search patterns,
but $<digit> also works in replacement patterns and in the block controlled
by the current conditional.)
$+ returns whatever the last bracket match matched.
$& returns the entire matched string.
Up to 10 alternatives may given in a pattern, separated by |, with the
caveat that \|(\ .\|.\|.\ |\ .\|.\|.\ \|) is illegal.
Examples:
.nf
 
    s/\|^\|([^ \|]*\|) \|*([^ \|]*\|)\|/\|$2 $1\|/;    # swap first two words
 
.ne 5
    if (/\|Time: \|(.\|.\|):\|(.\|.\|):\|(.\|.\|)\|/\|) {
        $hours = $1;
        $minutes = $2;
        $seconds = $3;
    }
 
.fi
By default, the ^ character matches only the beginning of the string, and
.I perl
does certain optimizations with the assumption that the string contains
only one line.
You may, however, wish to treat a string as a multi-line buffer, such that
the ^ will match after any newline within the string.
At the cost of a little more overhead, you can do this by setting the variable
$* to 1.
Setting it back to 0 makes
.I perl
revert to its old behavior.
.Sh "Formats"
Output record formats for use with the
.I write
operator may declared as follows:
.nf
 
.ne 3
    format NAME =
    FORMLIST
    .
 
.fi
If name is omitted, format \*(L"stdout\*(R" is defined.
FORMLIST consists of a sequence of lines, each of which may be of one of three
types:
.Ip 1. 4
A comment.
.Ip 2. 4
A \*(L"picture\*(R" line giving the format for one output line.
.Ip 3. 4
An argument line supplying values to plug into a picture line.
.PP
Picture lines are printed exactly as they look, except for certain fields
that substitute values into the line.
Each picture field starts with either @ or ^.
The @ field (not to be confused with the array marker @) is the normal
case; ^ fields are used
to do rudimentary multi-line text block filling.
The length of the field is supplied by padding out the field
with multiple <, >, or | characters to specify, respectively, left justfication,
right justification, or centering.
If any of the values supplied for these fields contains a newline, only
the text up to the newline is printed.
The special field @* can be used for printing multi-line values.
It should appear by itself on a line.
.PP
The values are specified on the following line, in the same order as
the picture fields.
They must currently be either string variable names or string literals (or
pseudo-literals).
Currently you can separate values with spaces, but commas may be placed
between values to prepare for possible future versions in which full expressions
are allowed as values.
.PP
Picture fields that begin with ^ rather than @ are treated specially.
The value supplied must be a string variable name which contains a text
string.
.I Perl
puts as much text as it can into the field, and then chops off the front
of the string so that the next time the string variable is referenced,
more of the text can be printed.
Normally you would use a sequence of fields in a vertical stack to print
out a block of text.
If you like, you can end the final field with .\|.\|., which will appear in the
output if the text was too long to appear in its entirety.
.PP
Since use of ^ fields can produce variable length records if the text to be
formatted is short, you can suppress blank lines by putting the tilde (~)
character anywhere in the line.
(Normally you should put it in the front if possible.)
The tilde will be translated to a space upon output.
.PP
Examples:
.nf
.lg 0
.cs R 25
 
.ne 10
# a report on the /etc/passwd file
format top =
\&                        Passwd File
Name                Login    Office   Uid   Gid Home
------------------------------------------------------------------
\&.
format stdout =
@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||||||| @<<<<<<@>>>> @>>>> @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
$name               $login   $office $uid $gid  $home
\&.
 
.ne 29
# a report from a bug report form
format top =
\&                        Bug Reports
@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<     @|||         @>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
$system;                      $%;         $date
------------------------------------------------------------------
\&.
format stdout =
Subject: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&         $subject
Index: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&       $index                        $description
Priority: @<<<<<<<<<< Date: @<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&          $priority         $date    $description
From: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&      $from                          $description
Assigned to: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&             $programmer             $description
\&~                                    ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&                                     $description
\&~                                    ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&                                     $description
\&~                                    ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&                                     $description
\&~                                    ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\&                                     $description
\&~                                    ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<...
\&                                     $description
\&.
 
.cs R
.lg
It is possible to intermix prints with writes on the same output channel,
but you'll have to handle $\- (lines left on the page) yourself.
.fi
.PP
If you are printing lots of fields that are usually blank, you should consider
using the reset operator between records.
Not only is it more efficient, but it can prevent the bug of adding another
field and forgetting to zero it.
.Sh "Predefined Names"
The following names have special meaning to
.IR perl .
I could have used alphabetic symbols for some of these, but I didn't want
to take the chance that someone would say reset "a-zA-Z" and wipe them all
out.
You'll just have to suffer along with these silly symbols.
Most of them have reasonable mnemonics, or analogues in one of the shells.
.Ip $_ 8
The default input and pattern-searching space.
The following pairs are equivalent:
.nf
 
.ne 2
    while (<>) {\|.\|.\|.    # only equivalent in while!
    while ($_ = <>) {\|.\|.\|.
 
.ne 2
    /\|^Subject:/
    $_ \|=~ \|/\|^Subject:/
 
.ne 2
    y/a-z/A-Z/
    $_ =~ y/a-z/A-Z/
 
.ne 2
    chop
    chop($_)
 
.fi
(Mnemonic: underline is understood in certain operations.)
.Ip $. 8
The current input line number of the last file that was read.
Readonly.
(Mnemonic: many programs use . to mean the current line number.)
.Ip $/ 8
The input record separator, newline by default.
Works like awk's RS variable, including treating blank lines as delimiters
if set to the null string.
If set to a value longer than one character, only the first character is used.
(Mnemonic: / is used to delimit line boundaries when quoting poetry.)
.Ip $, 8
The output field separator for the print operator.
Ordinarily the print operator simply prints out the comma separated fields
you specify.
In order to get behavior more like awk, set this variable as you would set
awk's OFS variable to specify what is printed between fields.
(Mnemonic: what is printed when there is a , in your print statement.)
.Ip $\e 8
The output record separator for the print operator.
Ordinarily the print operator simply prints out the comma separated fields
you specify, with no trailing newline or record separator assumed.
In order to get behavior more like awk, set this variable as you would set
awk's ORS variable to specify what is printed at the end of the print.
(Mnemonic: you set $\e instead of adding \en at the end of the print.
Also, it's just like /, but it's what you get \*(L"back\*(R" from perl.)
.Ip $# 8
The output format for printed numbers.
This variable is a half-hearted attempt to emulate awk's OFMT variable.
There are times, however, when awk and perl have differing notions of what
is in fact numeric.
Also, the initial value is %.20g rather than %.6g, so you need to set $#
explicitly to get awk's value.
(Mnemonic: # is the number sign.)
.Ip $% 8
The current page number of the currently selected output channel.
(Mnemonic: % is page number in nroff.)
.Ip $= 8
The current page length (printable lines) of the currently selected output
channel.
Default is 60.
(Mnemonic: = has horizontal lines.)
.Ip $\- 8
The number of lines left on the page of the currently selected output channel.
(Mnemonic: lines_on_page - lines_printed.)
.Ip $~ 8
The name of the current report format for the currently selected output
channel.
(Mnemonic: brother to $^.)
.Ip $^ 8
The name of the current top-of-page format for the currently selected output
channel.
(Mnemonic: points to top of page.)
.Ip $| 8
If set to nonzero, forces a flush after every write or print on the currently
selected output channel.
Default is 0.
Note that stdout will typically be line buffered if output is to the
terminal and block buffered otherwise.
Setting this variable is useful primarily when you are outputting to a pipe,
such as when you are running a perl script under rsh and want to see the
output as it's happening.
(Mnemonic: when you want your pipes to be piping hot.)
.Ip $$ 8
The process number of the
.I perl
running this script.
(Mnemonic: same as shells.)
.Ip $? 8
The status returned by the last backtick (``) command.
(Mnemonic: same as sh and ksh.)
.Ip $+ 8 4
The last bracket matched by the last search pattern.
This is useful if you don't know which of a set of alternative patterns
matched.
For example:
.nf
 
    /Version: \|(.*\|)|Revision: \|(.*\|)\|/ \|&& \|($rev = $+);
 
.fi
(Mnemonic: be positive and forward looking.)
.Ip $* 8 2
Set to 1 to do multiline matching within a string, 0 to assume strings contain
a single line.
Default is 0.
(Mnemonic: * matches multiple things.)
.Ip $0 8
Contains the name of the file containing the
.I perl
script being executed.
The value should be copied elsewhere before any pattern matching happens, which
clobbers $0.
(Mnemonic: same as sh and ksh.)
.Ip $<digit> 8
Contains the subpattern from the corresponding set of parentheses in the last
pattern matched, not counting patterns matched in nested blocks that have
been exited already.
(Mnemonic: like \edigit.)
.Ip $[ 8 2
The index of the first element in an array, and of the first character in
a substring.
Default is 0, but you could set it to 1 to make
.I perl
behave more like
.I awk
(or Fortran)
when subscripting and when evaluating the index() and substr() functions.
(Mnemonic: [ begins subscripts.)
.Ip $! 8 2
The current value of errno, with all the usual caveats.
(Mnemonic: What just went bang?)
.Ip $@ 8 2
The error message from the last eval command.
If null, the last eval parsed and executed correctly.
(Mnemonic: Where was the syntax error "at"?)
.Ip @ARGV 8 3
The array ARGV contains the command line arguments intended for the script.
Note that $#ARGV is the generally number of arguments minus one, since
$ARGV[0] is the first argument, NOT the command name.
See $0 for the command name.
.Ip $ENV{expr} 8 2
The associative array ENV contains your current environment.
Setting a value in ENV changes the environment for child processes.
.Ip $SIG{expr} 8 2
The associative array SIG is used to set signal handlers for various signals.
Example:
.nf
 
.ne 12
    sub handler {    # 1st argument is signal name
        ($sig) = @_;
        print "Caught a SIG$sig--shutting down\n";
        close(log);
        exit(0);
    }
 
    $SIG{'INT'} = 'handler';
    $SIG{'QUIT'} = 'handler';
    ...
    $SIG{'INT'} = 'DEFAULT';    # restore default action
    $SIG{'QUIT'} = 'IGNORE';    # ignore SIGQUIT
 
.fi
.SH ENVIRONMENT
.I Perl
currently uses no environment variables, except to make them available
to the script being executed, and to child processes.
However, scripts running setuid would do well to execute the following lines
before doing anything else, just to keep people honest:
.nf
 
.ne 3
    $ENV{'PATH'} = '/bin:/usr/bin';    # or whatever you need
    $ENV{'SHELL'} = '/bin/sh' if $ENV{'SHELL'};
    $ENV{'IFS'} = '' if $ENV{'IFS'};
 
.fi
.SH AUTHOR
Larry Wall <lwall@jpl-devvax.Jpl.Nasa.Gov>
.SH FILES
/tmp/perl\-eXXXXXX    temporary file for
.B \-e
commands.
.SH SEE ALSO
a2p    awk to perl translator
.br
s2p    sed to perl translator
.br
perldb    interactive perl debugger
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
(In the case of a script passed to
.I perl
via
.B \-e
switches, each
.B \-e
is counted as one line.)
.SH TRAPS
Accustomed awk users should take special note of the following:
.Ip * 4 2
Semicolons are required after all simple statements in perl.  Newline
is not a statement delimiter.
.Ip * 4 2
Curly brackets are required on ifs and whiles.
.Ip * 4 2
Variables begin with $ or @ in perl.
.Ip * 4 2
Arrays index from 0 unless you set $[.
Likewise string positions in substr() and index().
.Ip * 4 2
You have to decide whether your array has numeric or string indices.
.Ip * 4 2
You have to decide whether you want to use string or numeric comparisons.
.Ip * 4 2
Reading an input line does not split it for you.  You get to split it yourself
to an array.
And split has different arguments.
.Ip * 4 2
The current input line is normally in $_, not $0.
It generally does not have the newline stripped.
($0 is initially the name of the program executed, then the last matched
string.)
.Ip * 4 2
The current filename is $ARGV, not $FILENAME.
NR, RS, ORS, OFS, and OFMT have equivalents with other symbols.
FS doesn't have an equivalent, since you have to be explicit about
split statements.
.Ip * 4 2
$<digit> does not refer to fields--it refers to substrings matched by the last
match pattern.
.Ip * 4 2
The print statement does not add field and record separators unless you set
$, and $\e.
.Ip * 4 2
You must open your files before you print to them.
.Ip * 4 2
The range operator is \*(L"..\*(R", not comma.
(The comma operator works as in C.)
.Ip * 4 2
The match operator is \*(L"=~\*(R", not \*(L"~\*(R".
(\*(L"~\*(R" is the one's complement operator.)
.Ip * 4 2
The concatenation operator is \*(L".\*(R", not the null string.
(Using the null string would render \*(L"/pat/ /pat/\*(R" unparseable,
since the third slash would be interpreted as a division operator\*(--the
tokener is in fact slightly context sensitive for operators like /, ?, and <.
And in fact, . itself can be the beginning of a number.)
.Ip * 4 2
The \ennn construct in patterns must be given as [\ennn] to avoid interpretation
as a backreference.
.Ip * 4 2
Next, exit, and continue work differently.
.Ip * 4 2
When in doubt, run the awk construct through a2p and see what it gives you.
.PP
Cerebral C programmers should take note of the following:
.Ip * 4 2
Curly brackets are required on ifs and whiles.
.Ip * 4 2
You should use \*(L"elsif\*(R" rather than \*(L"else if\*(R"
.Ip * 4 2
Break and continue become last and next, respectively.
.Ip * 4 2
There's no switch statement.
.Ip * 4 2
Variables begin with $ or @ in perl.
.Ip * 4 2
Printf does not implement *.
.Ip * 4 2
Comments begin with #, not /*.
.Ip * 4 2
You can't take the address of anything.
.Ip * 4 2
Subroutines are not reentrant.
.Ip * 4 2
ARGV must be capitalized.
.Ip * 4 2
The \*(L"system\*(R" calls link, unlink, rename, etc. return 1 for success, not
 0.
.Ip * 4 2
Signal handlers deal with signal names, not numbers.
.PP
Seasoned sed programmers should take note of the following:
.Ip * 4 2
Backreferences in substitutions use $ rather than \e.
.Ip * 4 2
The pattern matching metacharacters (, ), and | do not have backslashes in
 front.
.SH BUGS
.PP
You can't currently dereference array elements inside a double-quoted string.
You must assign them to a temporary and interpolate that.
.PP
Associative arrays really ought to be first class objects.
.PP
Recursive subroutines are not currently supported, due to the way temporary
values are stored in the syntax tree.
.PP
Arrays ought to be passable to subroutines just as strings are.
.PP
The array literal consisting of one element is currently misinterpreted, i.e.
.nf
 
    @array = (123);
 
.fi
doesn't work right.
.PP
.I Perl
actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but don't tell
anyone I said that.
.rn }` ''
 
SHAR_EOF
#    End of shell archive
exit 0