JAPANESE I by C. Haller Education Tutorial Software -For IBM PC's and Compatibles -640K RAM required -Internal PC Speaker (or external add-on speaker) required for digitized speech -Sound Blaster/compatible support -DOS 2.1 or higher required -CGA minimum (VGA recommended) IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation Note: To make a print-out of this manual, use the following command: COPY MANUAL.DOC LPT1 The JAPANESE I software program, its digitized sound files, and this manual are SHAREWARE. Japanese I may be copied and distributed as long as it is accompanied by the README.TXT file, and the programs, sounds, and manual are unaltered. If you use this program, I would request that you support shareware by registering with me by sending in the registration fee of US$25.00. By registering, you will receive a printed manual (showing Japanese characters) and the digitized speech disks for the internal speaker and/or SoundBlaster and compatible support (you must specify that you need these disks). You will also receive any updates and information on future program releases (e.g. Japanese II, etc.), as well as free technical support (phone, E-mail, and regular mail). Support SHAREWARE Copyright 1991 by Education Tutorial Software. This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted with all rights reserved. 1991 C. Haller (Education Tutorial Software) 2117 Belmont Lane Redondo Beach, CA 90278 Software/Manual Disclaimer Education Tutorial Software makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, by statute or otherwise, regarding this computer software product or the accompanying manual as to quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. TABLE OF CONTENTS JAPANESE I INTRODUCTION STARTING JAPANESE I BASIC OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE I. Japanese Grammar II. Pronunciation III. Written Japanese DESCRIPTION OF JAPANESE I SECTIONS Main Menu Study Notes Lessons Hiragana and Katakana Kanji Quizzes SUGGESTED STUDY METHODS EXITING JAPANESE I APPENDICES 1. Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji 2. Verb Forms 3. Adjectives 4. Lessons 5. Japanese - English Dictionary 6. English - Japanese Dictionary TROUBLESHOOTING FEEDBACK TO ME JAPANESE I FILE INFORMATION Disk #1 of Japanese I contains the following nine files that are required for program execution: JAPAN1.EXE LESS1.EXE LESS2.EXE LESS3.EXE LESS4.EXE KANA.EXE KANJI.EXE READINGA.EXE READINGB.EXE Also included on disk #1 are the six digitized sound files for the internal speaker: LES1.SND LES2.SND LES3.SND LES4.SND KANA.SND KANJI.SND KANA.SND These files must be in the same directory as the .EXE files for the internal SPEAKER's speech to function. If they are not in the same directory, the program will still function, but it will not show the voice options. This can allow for the program to be run without sound on a system with a 3.5" low density disk drive. Disks #2, #3, and #4 contain the digitized sound files used to support the Sound Blaster or compatible sound card. A hard disk drive with approximately 3.4 MB free space is required to use these sound files with Japanese I (if your computer does not have a Sound Blaster or compatible sound card installed, it is not necessary to copy these files to your hard drive). These sound directories must be located in the same directory as the Japanese I .EXE files. The contents of these disks are as follows: Disk #2: L1SB , L2SB Disk #3: L3SB , KANASB Disk #4: L4SB , KANJISB Obviously, the sound quality generated from the sound files for the internal speaker is not nearly as clear as the SoundBlaster sound. I recommend either getting a Sound Card to use disks 2-4, or buying an add-on external speaker to replace your internal speaker. Disk #1 also contains an install program (INSTALL.EXE) that will copy the files from all four disks to a directory JAPANESE (created automatically by the INSTALL program) on your hard drive. NOTE: IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE SOUND FILES OF DISK #1 OR DISKS #2-4, YOU WILL NOT HAVE SOUND SUPPORT. YOU WILL HAVE TO CHOOSE THE OPTION FOR THE DIGITIZED SPEECH TO BE OFF AT THE MENUS. TO RECEIVE THE SOUND FILES ON DISK #1 AND/OR DISKS #2-4, YOU WILL HAVE TO REGISTER THE PROGRAM WITH ME (WITH US$25). Note: Japanese words with long vowels in this manual are not shown with the horizontal lines over them because it is impossible to show them in a DOS text file. JAPANESE I INTRODUCTION Welcome to Japanese I, an interactive language education program that gives a strong introduction to the Japanese language. This program will teach you to speak, read, and understand basic Japanese. Together with this manual, Japanese I gives a thorough self-study course in the oral, written, and grammar areas of Japanese. Digitized speech is utilized to demonstrate how Japanese sounds, while customized fonts are employed for Japanese characters. STARTING JAPANESE I To start the program, type JAPAN1 (located on disk#1) at the prompt. To use Japanese I with the Sound Blaster or compatible card, the program must be run from a hard drive, with the .EXE files of disk #1 and the sound directories of disks #2-4 located in the same directory. To install Japanese I on a hard drive, insert disk #1 into the drive and type INSTALL. If you will not be using the Sound Blaster sound files, it is not necessary to install disks #2-4. Press the Esc key at the disk #2 prompt to install only disk #1. The first screen of Japanese I is the title screen. To begin the program, press any key on the keyboard. This will take you to the Main Menu of the program, which gives you access to the other program sections of Japanese I. BASIC OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE I. JAPANESE GRAMMAR 1) There are varying levels of politeness and respect in Japanese. For example, "Thank you" can be said "domo" (casual - not so polite), "domo arigato" (medium politeness), and "domo arigato gozaimasu" (very polite). 2) Verbs usually are at the end of sentences: Nihongo ga wakarimasu. (I) understand Japanese. Watashi wa yoji ni tabemasu. I eat at 4 o'clock. 3) There are two tenses of verb conjugation, present and past. Verb forms are not changed by gender or number. 4) Nouns do not have number. For example, "Enpitsu wa koko ni arimasu." can mean "The pencil is here." or "The pencils are here." II. PRONUNCIATION 1) For the syllable "su", the "oo" sound is often not pronounced: desu - pronounced "des" ikimasuka - pronounced "ee-kee-mahs-kah" 2) For the syllable "shi", the "ee" sound is sometimes not pronounced: Hajimemashite - pronounced "hah-gee-meh-mah-shtay" hanashite - pronounced "hah-nah-shtay" 3) For long vowels, the vowel sound is pronounced for twice the length of the normal vowel sound. III. WRITTEN JAPANESE There are three types of written Japanese: - Two sets of kana syllabary, with each set containing forty-six basic characters. One set is called Hiragana, the other Katakana. Each set has the same sounds as the other, but they are written differently. Hiragana is generally used to form grammatical endings or as particles. Katakana is used to write foreign names and words that have been borrowed into Japanese. Japanese is sometimes written in Hiragana and Katakana, without Kanji, for studying Japanese. - Kanji characters are basically Chinese characters or ideographs conveying an idea, most of which have two or more readings. A Kanji character represents one or more Hiragana syllables. Kanji often are combined with Hiragana to show tense or form of a word. - Japanese can also be written in roman letters, called romaji. Japanese is written in romaji for convenience for foreigners, especially in the study of Japanese. BASIC RULES OF WRITTEN JAPANESE 1) Hiragana particles - When wa is used as a particle (subject marker), it is written with the "ha" Hiragana character instead of the "wa" Hiragana character. - o used as a particle is also written differently (see progam to see how). 2) Double consonants, written in romaji as kk, pp, ss, and tt, are written in Hiragana and Katakana with a small tsu before the kana. 3) The long vowels aa, ii, uu, ee, ei, ou, and oo are written in different ways (see program for examples). The long vowels uu, ou, and oo in Japanese I are written in romaji with horizontal lines over the letters. 4) The period in written Japanese is a small hollow circle. DESCRIPTIONS OF JAPANESE I SECTIONS MAIN MENU The Main Menu is the point from which you can get to the individual program sections of Japanese I. There are six main sections of the program: Study Notes, Lessons, Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji, and Quizzes. Also, users with VGA graphics capability can choose to run the program using CGA (EGA) graphics instead of the default VGA (CGA and EGA users default to CGA/EGA). (On some computer displays, the Japanese characters may appear very small in VGA mode, so VGA users may sometimes wish to switch to the lower resolution mode for larger characters.) Systems with the Sound Blaster card installed have the option to have the speech from either the Sound Blaster or the internal speaker. Choose a program section by pressing the highlighted section number. STUDY NOTES The Study Notes section gives a quick summary of the contents of Japanese I. For those who want to start using the program before completely reading the manual, the Study Notes can give a brief overview of the various program sections. LESSONS In the Lessons section of the program you will learn grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and written forms of Japanese. There are four Lessons, each with thirty-seven words/phrases/sentences. The subjects of the Lessons are as follows: 1. Everyday expressions, words, and phrases 2. Numbers and time periods 3. Sentences: verb forms (tenses) 4. Sentences: adjectives and modifiers For explanatory notes on the Lessons, refer to Appendix 4. LESSON MENU The Lesson menu gives you the ability to choose the Lesson number, customize screen output for the Lesson, switch graphic screens to CGA or VGA (VGA cards only), and turn on or off the digitized voice. - Lesson number (1, 2, 3, or 4) : To choose the Lesson number, press your number choice on the keyboard. (For the following options, use the same input method as that for the Lesson numbers (pressing the highlighted character on the keyboard) to make choices. The defaults have all the options on.) - Return to the Main Menu (M) : This option will return you to the Main Menu. - Romaji (R) : With the romaji option on, the Lesson entries written in romaji will print to the screen. - Pronunciation Help (P) : This option will show how each word is pronounced by syllable. - Hiragana and Katakana (H) : The third option will print the Hiragana and/or Katakana characters of the phrase to the screen. - Kanji (K) : There are thirty-eight different Kanji introduced in Japanese I. If one of these Kanji is used in place of Hiragana in normal written Japanese, it will be printed on the HKK line. If there are no Japanese I Kanji for a particular Lesson entry, the HKK line will not show on the screen (since it is the same as the Hiragana and Katakana line). Remember that there are over two thousand Kanji in basic written Japanese, while Japanese I teaches only thirty- eight basic Kanji. - English (E) : This option gives a common translation of the Japanese into English. - Digitized Voice (D) : The digitized voice plays back a recording to show how the Japanese is pronounced. Used with the Pronunciation Help option, this will teach you how to pronounce Japanese. - CGA or VGA (C, V) : This option will control which graphics mode is used in the program. - Begin Lesson (B) : This option will begin the Lesson. LESSON SCREEN The Lesson screen is divided into two basic sections. The top section shows the Lesson number, the number of the current Lesson entry in the upper right hand corner of the screen, and the body of the text of the entry (in the white rectangular box). The contents of the white box are determined from your choices of the screen print options. The digitized voice will speak immediately after the text is printed to the screen (if the voice option is on).The lower section of the screen shows which keys to use to carry out commands. Pressing these keys will carry out the instructions. The keys are as follows: (right cursor key) - This will show the next entry. (left cursor key) - This will show the previous entry. F1 (Function key 1) - This will return you to the Lesson Menu, starting over the choosing sequence. F2 (Function key 2) - This will take you out of Lessons and back to the Main Menu. F3 (Function key 3) - To repeat the digitized voice (if voice option is on); - To hear the digitized voice (if the voice option is off). HIRAGANA AND KATAKANA The Hiragana and Katakana sections of Japanese I will teach you how these two different "alphabets" of written Japanese look and sound. They have the same sounds, but are written differently. The program uses a flashcard method to show the kana character, its romaji, and how it is pronounced, while the digitized voice pronounces the syllable. The kana lessons are broken down into four groups: 1) Basic syllables: vowels, consonants + vowels,n (46 total) 2) Modified syllables: consonants + basic vowels (25 total) 3) Modified syllables: consonants + ya, yu, yo (33 total) 4) All (Lessons 1, 2, and 3) (104 total) For a list of Hiragana and Katakana refer to Appendix 1. HIRAGANA (KATAKANA) MENU In this menu, you choose the kana lesson number, CGA/VGA graphics option, as well as turning on or off the option to have the digitized voice say the syllable. As with the Main Menu and theLesson Menu, choices are made from the keyboard by pressing the highlighted character. HIRAGANA (KATAKANA) SCREEN As mentioned, a flashcard method is used to show each character, its romaji, and pronunciation. The upper right-hand corner of the flashcard shows what number kana of the lesson is shown.The lower section of the screen is similar to the Lesson screen's lower section (keyboard input of the shown keys will carry out the options): (right cursor key) - To show the next kana character. (left cursor key) - To show the previous kana. F1 (Function key 1) - To return to the Hiragana (Katakana) Menu. F2 (Function key 2) - To return to the Main Menu. F3 (Function key 3) - To repeat the digitized voice (if the voice option is on); - To hear the digitized voice (if the voice option is off). KANJI The Kanji section of the program teaches you a few of the many Kanji characters of Japanese writing. These Kanji were chosen due to fit to the vocabulary in the Lessons. Many other Lesson words also have Kanji representations, but are not shown in Japanese I. The format for learning these Kanji is the same as that of the kana sections. Flashcards of Kanji, with any necessary Hiragana, appear along with their romaji and English meaning, and there is a digitized voice option to pronounce the Kanji. KANJI MENU The Kanji Menu allows you to choose one of the five lessons, graphics mode, as well as switching the voice on or off. Lessons one to four are based on the Kanji that are introduced in the four lessons in the Lessons section of Japanese I. (Note: the Kanji of lesson four that are verbs are shown in their dictionary form.) The fifth Kanji lesson is the combination of the first four lessons. As with the other menus, use the highlighted keyboard characters to make choices. KANJI SCREEN The Kanji screen is almost identical to the Hiragana and Katakana screens. The screen shows the Kanji character on the flashcard, its romaji, and what number Kanji it is in that Kanji lesson. Below the flashcard, the basic English meaning is shown. The screen's lower section shows the input options: (right cursor key) - To show the next Kanji character. (left cursor key) - To show the previous Kanji. F1 (Function key 1) - To return to the Kanji Menu. F2 (Function key 2) - To return to the Main Menu. F3 (Function key 3) - To repeat the digitized voice (if the voice option is on); - To hear the digitized voice (if the voice option is off). QUIZZES The Quizzes section of Japanese I will test your knowledge of the Lessons, Kana, and Kanji. QUIZZES MENU The Quizzes Menu gives the choice of the different quizzes. The four quiz sections are Reading, Oral, Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. To select the desired quiz section, toggle on or off the option to repeat missed questions only, CGA/VGA graphics, or to return to the Main Menu, press the highlighted option number on the keyboard. The Repeat missed questions option allows you to quiz yourself on the entries that you missed on the previous loop, marking out those entries you answered correctly (a loop being one pass through all of the quiz entries). Turning this option off will make the quizzes keep all entries in each loop. READING QUIZ The Reading Quiz will test your ability to read entries of the Lessons, written either in romaji or kana, and match them to their English translations. READING QUIZ MENU The Reading Quiz Menu has two sections: one section to choose the lesson number (one of the four Lessons) or return to the Quizzes Menu, and one section to choose if you want to read romaji or kana. READING QUIZ SCREEN The Reading Quiz screen has three main areas. The largest section lists the thirty-seven English entries of the chosen Lesson. On the upper central line of the screen a random Lesson entry is written, either in romaji or kana (based on your choice). Towards the bottom right of the screen is a section to enter your answer, as well as see the correct answer. The third screen section is in the upper right-hand corner, showing the fraction and percentage of correct answers you have.Input of answers is done by typing in your answer number and pressing Return. If you don't know the answer, just press Return. After you enter an answer (or press Return), the correct answer number will appear underneath "Ans.", and your score will be updated. When you are ready for the next phrase, press Return. To return to the Quizzes Menu, press Function key F1. To return to the Main Menu, press Function key F2. ORAL QUIZ The Oral Quiz tests your ability to match a spoken Lesson phrase to its English or romaji counterpart. ORAL QUIZ MENU There are two sections of the Oral Quiz Menu. The first section is for choosing the Lesson number (one of the four Lessons), the Repeat option, CGA/VGA graphics, or to return to the Quizzes Menu. The second section allows you to choose to match the spoken phrase to English or kana. Choose the options by pressing the highlighted keyboard characters. ORAL QUIZ SCREEN The Oral Quiz screen is much like the Reading Quiz screen. The thirty-seven entries of the chosen Lesson are listed, writteneither in English or Kana. In the upper right-hand corner is your score. Near the bottom center of the screen is an area to enter your answer. After you enter an answer (or press Return), the correct answer will appear in the lower right-hand corner of the screen underneath "Ans.". Input answers by typing in your answer number followed by Return. If you don't know the answer, press Return. After viewing the correct answer, press Return to hear the next phrase. To return to the Quizzes Menu, press Function key F1. Use Function key F2 to return to the Main Menu, while F3 will repeat the spoken phrase. HIRAGANA AND KATAKANA QUIZZES These two quiz sections are a test of your kana character reading ability. HIRAGANA AND KATAKANA QUIZ MENUS The kana quiz menus give you the choice of lessons (organized the same way as the lessons of the Hiragana and Katakana sections), CGA/VGA graphics, and for the kana to be displayed in normal (sequential) or random order. Make the choices using the keyboard. HIRAGANA AND KATAKANA QUIZ SCREENS The screens of these quizzes are basically the same as the earlier kana sections, with the flashcard method utilized to show the kana characters. Added to these screens are sections to show your score and to enter your answer.After a kana appears on the flashcard, type in the romaji for that kana, followed by Return. If you don't know the answer, press Return. The correct answer will then appear on the flashcard, and your score will be updated. To see the next kana character, press Return. Function key F1 will return you to the current Kana quiz menu, and F2 will return the program to the Main Menu. KANJI QUIZ The Kanji Quiz section tests your reading ability of the Japanese I Kanji, using the same format as the Kana quizzes. KANJI QUIZ MENU Choices of lesson numbers, CGA/VGA graphics, and normal or random order for the quiz are made from the Kanji Quiz Menu by pressing the highlighted character. KANJI QUIZ SCREEN The Kanji Quiz screen is much like the screen of the Kanji section. Along with the flashcard of the Kanji are sections to show your score, enter your romaji answer and show the Kanji's English translation. For the Kanji on the flashcard, type in its romaji, followed by Return. (Note: for the Kanji of lesson four that are verbs, the dictionary form of the verb is the correct answer. See the Verb Forms section in the Appendix for more detail.) The correct answer will then show on the flashcard, the English translation will appear below your answer, and the score will be updated. F1 returns you to the Kanji Quiz Menu, and F2 returns you to the Main Menu. SUGGESTED STUDY METHODS There are four basic parts of Japanese language that this program can teach you: vocabulary, grammar, oral, and reading. The Lesson section of the program will teach you vocabulary and oral skills, and combined with the manual, can also teach you grammar. The Lesson section can also teach reading (written Japanese) skills, but you first need to be able to recognize and distinguish the Japanese characters. In the Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji sections you can page through and learn the characters, so that you will be able to compare the romaji and Japanese writing of the Lessons and begin to be able to read the kana and Kanji. Since the majority of the kana in the Lessons are Hiragana, I recommend that you learn Hiragana first. Each of the quizzes will test what you have learned in the other program sections, especially reading Japanese. Repetition of each program section will reinforce your knowledge of Japanese. With the kana and Kanji quizzes, the best method to use is to initially quiz yourself on the individual lessons in normal (sequential) order (the way you learned them in their main program sections), and then progress to quizzing yourself on all of the lessons in random order. EXITING JAPANESE I To exit Japanese I, return to the Main Menu and choose option number 7, Exit Japanese I. APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 HIRAGANA, KATAKANA, AND KANJI Hiragana and Katakana Lesson 1 - Basic Syllables: Vowels, consonants + vowels, n 1. a 2. i 3. u 4. e 5. o 6. ka 7. ki 8. ku 9. ke 10. ko 11. sa 12. shi 13. su 14. se 15. so 16. ta 17. chi 18. tsu 19. te 20. to 21. na 22. ni 23. nu 24. ne 25. no 26. ha 27. hi 28. fu 29. he 30. ho 31. ma 32. mi 33. mu 34. me 35. mo 36. ya 37. yu 38. yo 39. ra 40. ri 41. ru 42. re 43. ro 44. wa 45. o 46. n Lesson 2 - Modified Syllables: Consonants + basic vowels The kana of Lesson 2 are formed by putting either two small lines ("), called nigori, or a small circle (o), called maru, after certain kana from Lesson 1. 1.ga 2. gi 3. gu 4. ge 5. go 6. za 7. ji 8. zu 9. ze 10. zo 11. da 12. ji 13. zu 14. de 15. do 16. ba 17. bi 18. bu 19. be 20. bo 21. pa 22. pi 23. pu 24. pe 25. po Lesson 3 - Modified Syllables: Consonants + ya, yu, yo The kana of Lesson 3 are formed by adding the ya, yu, and yo syllables, written small, to some of the kana of Lessons 1 and 2. 1. kya 2. kyu 3. kyo 4. sha 5. shu 6. sho 7. cha 8. chu 9. cho 10. nya 11. nyu 12. nyo 13. hya 14. hyu 15. hyo 16. mya 17. myu 18. myo 19. rya 20. ryu 21. ryo 22. gya 23. gyu 24. gyo 25. ja 26. ju 27. jo 28. bya 29. byu 30. byo 31. pya 32. pyu 33. pyo KANJI Lesson #1 Romaji English 1. nani what 2. Watashi I 3. otoko man 4. onna woman 5. nihon Japan 6. jin person Lesson #2 Romaji English 1. ichi 1 2. ni 2 3. san 3 4. shi (yon) 4 5. go 5 6. roku 6 7. shichi (nana) 7 8. hachi 8 9. kyu (ku) 9 10. ju 10 11. hyaku 100 12. ji hour 13. nichi day 14. gatsu (getsu) month 15. nen year 16. kyo today 17. kongetsu this month 18. raigetsu next month 19. kotoshi this year 20. rainen next year 21. fun (pun) minute 22. ima now Lesson #3 Romaji English 1. hon book 2. wakaru understand 3. iku go 4. kau buy 5. yomu read 6. miru see 7. taberu eat 8. wasureru forget 9. hanasu talk Lesson #4 Romaji English 1. okii big 2. chiisai small 3. furui old 4. takai expensive 5. yasui inexpensive 6. sukoshi a little 7. hito person 8. hayai fast APPENDIX 2 VERB FORMS There are a number of different forms Japanese verbs can take, much the same as English. Japanese I teaches you some of these forms. Examples: Watashi wa koen ni ikimasu. I go to the park. (present form) Watashi wa koen ni ikimasen. I do not go to the park. (present negative form) Watashi wa koen ni ikimashita. I went to the park. (past form) Watashi wa koen ni ikimasen deshita. I did not go to the park. (past negative form) Watashi wa koen ni itteimasu. I am going to the park. (te form) Anata wa koen ni itte kudasai. Please go to the park. (te form) Watashi wa koen ni ikemasu. I can go to the park. (can form) Watashi wa koen ni ikemasen. I cannot go to the park. (can form negative) Watashi wa koen ni ikitai desu. I want to go to the park. (tai form) Koen ni ikanai de kudasai. Please don't go to the park. (nai form) TO RECEIVE THE MANUAL CONTAINING A TABLE SHOWING THE FORMS THAT THE VERBS USED IN JAPANESE I CAN TAKE, YOU MUST REGISTER. APPENDIX 3 ADJECTIVES Ajectives in Japanese modify nouns (coming immediately before them) or can be predicates. There are two types of adjectives: -i adjectives and -na adjectives. The -i adjectives' endings change to show tense and affirmative or negative. TO RECEIVE THE MANUAL CONTAINING A TABLE SHOWING THE BASIC FORMS THAT THE ADJECTIVES USED IN JAPANESE I CAN TAKE, YOU MUST REGISTER. Other modifiers used in Japanese I include the following: Japanese English mai every totemo very sukoshi a little, few takusan much, many These modifiers come before the words they modify. APPENDIX 4 LESSONS LESSON #1 1. Ohayo gozaimasu good morning 2. Konnichiwa good afternoon 3. Konbanwa good evening 4. Oyasumi nasai good night 5. Sayonara good-bye 6. Hajimemashite How do you do? 7. Domo arigato gozaimasu Thank you very much. 8. Do itashimashite you're welcome 9. Ogenki desuka. How are you? 10. Genki desu. Domo arigato. (I'm) Fine. Thank you. 11. hai/iie Yes/No 12. dozo please 13. sumimasen excuse me (sorry) 14. gomen nasai I'm sorry 15. wakarimasu I understand 16. wakarimasen I don't understand 17. ii desu good 18. dame desu no good 19. chotto matte kudasai One moment please 20. dare Who? 21. nani What? 22. doko Where? 23. itsu When? 24. naze Why? 25. do How? 26. nandesuka What is it? 27. anata/watashi You/I 28. anata no/watashi no Your/Mine 29. kare/kanojo He/She 30. otoko/onna Man/Woman 31. nihon Japan 32. nihon -jin a Japanese 33. amerika -jin an American 34. wa (subject marker) 35. namae name 36. Watashi no namae wa ____ desu. My name is _____. 37. Anata no namae wa nandesuka. What is your name? LESSON #2 1. zero(rei)/ichi/ni/san 0/1/2/3 2. shi(yon)/go/roku 4/5/6 3. shichi(nana)/hachi/kyu/ju 7/8/9/10 4. juichi/juni/jusan 11/12/13 5. juyon/jugo/juroku 14/15/16 6. junana/juhachi/juku 17/18/19 7. niju/nijuichi/nijuni 20/21/22 8. hyaku/nihyaku/sanbyaku 100/200/300 9. yonhyaku/gohyaku/roppyaku 400/500/600 10. nanahyaku/happyaku/kyuhyaku 700/800/900 11. sen/ichiman/hyakuman 1000/10000/1000000 12. ichiban/niban/sanban first/second/third 13. ji/nichi/shukan/gatsu/nen hour/day/week/month/year 14. asa/gogo/yoru morning/afternoon/night 15. kino/kyo/ashita yesterday/today/tomorrow 16. senshu/konshu/raishu last week/this week/next week 17. sengetsu/kongetsu/raigetsu last month/this month/next month 18. kyonen/kotoshi/rainen last year/this year/next year 19. getsuyobi/kayobi/suiyobi Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday 20. mokuyobi/kinyobi Thursday/Friday 21. doyobi/nichiyobi Saturday/Sunday 22. ichigatsu/nigatsu/sangatsu January/February/March 23. shigatsu/gogatsu/rokugatsu April/May/June 24. shichigatsu/hachigatsu/kugatsu July/August/September 25. jugatsu/juichigatsu/junigatsu October/November/December 26. ichiji/niji/sanji 1 o'clock/2 o'clock/3 o'clock 27. yoji/goji/rokuji 4 o'clock/5 o'clock/6 o'clock 28. shichiji/hachiji/kuji 7 o'clock/8 o'clock/9 o'clock 29. juji/juichiji/juniji 10 o'clock/11 o'clock/12 o'clock 30. ippun/nifun/sanpun/yonpun 1 minute/2 min./3 min./4 min. 31. gofun/roppun/nanafun 5 minutes/6 min./7 min 32. happun/kyufun/juppun 8 minutes/9 min./10 min. 33. gozen/gogo/han a.m./p.m./half past 34. kara/madefrom/to 35. Kuji han kara niji made desu. From 9:30 to 2 o'clock. 36. Ima nanji desuka. What time is it now? 37. Ima gozen goji jugofun desu. It is now 5:15 a.m. LESSON #3 1. Kore wa hon desu. This is a book. 2. Sore wa enpitsu dewa arimasen. That is not a pencil. 3. Kino wa kinyobi deshita. Yesterday was not Friday. 4. Doyobi dewa arimasendeshita. (It) was not Saturday. 5. Nihongo ga wakarimasu. (I) understand Japanese. 6. Ashita watashi wa koen ni ikimasu. Tomorrow I will go to the park. 7. Kare wa (ima) basu ni itteimasu. He is (now) going to the bus. 8. Anata wa eiga ni ikemasuka. Can you go to a movie? 9. Kare wa gakko ni ikitai desu. He wants to go to school. 10. Anata wa nani o kaimashitaka. What did you buy? 11. Nani mo kaimasen deshita. (I) bought nothing. 12. Uchi de biru o nomimasu. (I) drink beer at home. 13. Watashi wa mizu ga nomitai desu. I want to drink water. 14. Kanojo wa hon o yomimashita. She read a book. 15. Kare wa zasshi o yondeimasu. He is reading a magazine. 16. Watashi wa nihongo ga yomemasu. I can read Japanese. 17. Kare no pen wa asoko ni arimasu. His pen is over there. 18. Watashi no inu wa koko ni imasu. My dog is here. 19. Watashi wa juji ni nemasu. I go to sleep at 10 o'clock. 20. Ima kanojo wa neteimasu. She is now sleeping. 21. Anata wa nanji ni okimasuka. What time do you wake up? 22. Maiban terebi o mimasu. (I) watch t.v. every night. 23. Kino bengoshi ni aimashita. Yesterday (I) saw a lawyer. 24. Watashi wa yoji ni tabemasu. I eat at 4 o'clock. 25. Hiru gohan nani o tabemasuka. What do (you) eat for lunch? 26. Kare wa tegami o kakimashita. He wrote a letter. 27. Kare wa rainen Nihon ni kimasu. He will come to Japan next year. 28. Naze kare wa koen ni kimasenka. why doesn't he come to the park? 29. Watashi wa gorufu o shimashita. I played golf. 30. Kare wa uchi de benkyo o shimasu. He studies at home. 31. Kare wa shigoto o shiteimasu. He is working. 32. Watashi wa suki ga dekimasen. I can't ski. 33. Tenisu ga dekimasuka. Can (you) play tennis? 34. Watashi wa wasuremashita. I forgot. 35. Wasurenai de kudasai. please don't forget. 36. Eigo ga hanasemasuka. Can (you) speak English? 37. Nihongo de hanashite kudasai. Please speak Japanese. LESSON #4 1. Sono rajio wa okii desu. That radio is big. 2. Kare wa chiisai kodomo desu. He is a small child. 3. Ano kuruma wa atarashii desu. That car is new. 4. Kono hon wa furui desu. This book is old. 5. Kyo wa ii tenki desu. Today is good weather. 6. Kino no tenki wa yokatta desu. yesterday's weather was good. 7. Eki wa chikai desu. The station is close. 8. Gakko wa toi desu. The school is far. 9. Kono heya wa atsui desu. This room is hot. 10. Kesa wa samukatta desu. This morning was cold. 11. Kyo wa samuku arimasendeshita. today wasn't cold. 12. Kono kamera wa takai desu. This camera is expensive. 13. Sono terebi wa yasui desu. That t.v. is inexpensive. 14. Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu. This movie is interesting. 15. Eiga wa omoshirokatta desu. The movie was interesting. 16. Terebi wa tsumaranai desu. Television is boring. 17. Kanji wa muzukashii desu. Kanji is difficult. 18. Hon wa muzukashiku arimasen. The book is not hard. 19. Tesuto wa yasashikatta desu. The test was easy. 20. Me ga itai desu. (My) eyes are sore. 21. Atama ga itakunai desu. (My) head isn't sore. 22. Ha ga itakatta desu. (My) teeth were sore. 23. Kore wa oishii ringo desu. This is a delicious apple. 24. Kono sakana wa mazui desu. This fish tastes bad. 25. Kore wa totemo mazukatta desu. This tasted very bad. 26. Kare wa isogashii desu. He is busy. 27. Watashi wa isogashikunai desu. I am not busy. 28. Kore wa kireina hana desu. This is a beautiful flower. 29. Anata wa kirei desu. You are beautiful. 30. Kore wa shizukana uchi desu. This is a quiet house. 31. Soto wa urusai desu. Outside it is noisy. 32. Sukoshi nihongo ga hanasemasu. (I) can speak a little Japanese. 33. Takusan shigoto ga dekimasu. (I) can do much work. 34. Kare wa genki dewa arimasen. He is not well. 35. Kare wa genkina hito desu. He is a healthy person. 36. Sore wa hayai densha desu. That is an fast train. 37. Kare no jitensha wa osoi desu. His bicycle is slow. GRAMMAR NOTES FOR THE LESSONS Lesson 1 #26 "nani" is often shortened to "nan"; #26 "ka" put at the end of a sentence makes the sentence a question; #28 "no" is a possesive article that modifies the preceding noun; #32 "jin" used with a country name shows nationality ("jin" is not used by itself); #35 "wa" follows the noun that is usually the subject of the sentence; Lesson 3 #5 when a subject or topic is understood or obvious, it can be left out; #5 a noun often uses "ga" as a particle instead of "o" with "wakarimasu"; #6 "ni" is used here as an indirect object marker; #9 the "tai" + "desu" form shows a desire: "I want to ...."; #10 "o", a particle, used after a noun shows the noun is the object; #12 "de" is used to show where something is done at; #13 "ga" is often used as the particle with the "tai" verb form; #16 "ga" is used when the verb form shows ability to do; #17 "ni" shows existence in a place; #17 "arimasu" is a verb showing existence for inanimate objects; #18 "imasu" is a verb showing existence for animate (living) objects; #19 "ni" is a particle used for time; #35 using the "nai" verb form + "de kudasai" gives a polite "Please don't ...." form; #37 "de" is used to show how; #37 using the "te" verb form + "kudasai" gives a polite imperative form; Lesson 4 #11 "samuku arimasendeshita", meaning "wasn't cold", can also be said "samukunakatta desu"; #20 "ga" is often used instead of "wa" when new information is brought up or a body part is mentioned: "(Watashi wa) Me ga itai desu." is used instead of "Watashi no me wa itai desu." APPENDIX 5 JAPANESE - ENGLISH DICTIONARY JAPANESE [ENGLISH] aimashita [saw (living thing)] amerika-jin [an American] anata [you] anata no [your] ano [that (over there)] arigato [thank you] arimasendeshita [was not] arimasu [be (inanimate objects)] asa [morning] ashita [tomorrow] atama [head] atarashii [new] atsui [hot] basu [bus] bengoshi [lawyer] benkyo o shimasu [study] biru [beer] chiisai [small] chikai [close] chotto matte [one moment] dame [no good] dare [who] de [at] dekimasen [cannot] dekimasu [can] densha [train] deshita [was] desu [is, are] dewa arimasen [is not] do [how] do itashimashite [you're welcome] doko [where] domo [very much] domo arigato gozaimasu [thank you very much] doyobi [Saturday] dozo [please] eiga [movie] eigo [English] eki [station] enpitsu [pencil] furui [old] ga [(subject marker)] gakko [school] gatsu [month] genki [well, fine, healthy] genki dewa arimasen [not well] genki-na [well, fine, healthy] getsuyobi [Monday] go [five] gofun [five minutes] gogatsu [May] gogo [afternoon, p.m.] gohyaku [five hundred] goji [five o'clock] gomen nasai [I'm sorry] gorufu o shimashita [played golf] gozen [morning, a.m.] ha [teeth] hachi [eight] hachigatsu [August] hachiji [eight o'clock] hai [yes] hajimemashite [How do you do?] han [half past] hana [flower] hanasemasu [can speak] hanashite [speak (request)] happun [eight minutes] happyaku [eight hundred] hayai [fast] heya [room] hiru gohan [lunch] hito [person] hon [book] hyaku [hundred] hyakuman [one million] ichi [one] ichiban [first] ichigatsu [January] ichiji [one o'clock] ichiman [ten thousand] ii [good] iie [no] ikemasu [can go] ikimasu [go] ikitai [want to go] ima [now] imasu [be (animate objects)] inu [dog] ippun [one minute] isogashii [busy] isogashikunai desu [not busy] itai [sore] itakatta desu [was (were) sore] itakunai desu [is not sore] itsu [when] itteimasu [going (now)] ji [hour] jin [person] jitensha [bicycle] ju [ten] jugatsu [October] jugo [fifteen] jugofun [fifteen minutes] juhachi [eighteen] juichi [eleven] juichigatsu [November] juichiji [eleven o'clock] juji [ten o'clock] juku [nineteen] junana [seventeen] juni [twelve] junigatsu [December] juniji [twelve o'clock] juppun [ten minutes] juroku [sixteen] jusan [thirteen] juyon [fourteen] kaimasen deshita [did not buy] kaimashita [bought] kakimashita [wrote] kamera [camera] Kanji [Chinese character(s)] kanojo [she] kara [from] kare [he] kayobi [Tuesday] kesa [this morning] kimasen [not come] kimasu [come] kino [yesterday] kinyobi [Friday] kirei [beautiful] kirei-na [beautiful] kodomo [child] koen [park] koko [here] konbanwa [good evening] kongetsu [this week] konnichiwa [good afternoon] kono [this] konshu [this week] kore [this] kotoshi [this year] ku [nine] kudasai [please] kyufun [nine minutes] kugatsu [September] kuji [nine o'clock] kuruma [car] kyo [today] kyonen [last year] kyu [nine] kyuhyaku [nine hundred] made [to, until] maiban [every evening] mazui [tastes bad] mazukatta desu [tasted bad] me [eye(s)] mimasu [see (an object)] mizu [water] mokuyobi [Thursday] muzukashii [difficult, hard] muzukashiku arimasen [was not hard] namae [name] nana [seven] nanahyaku [seven hundred] nandesuka [what is it?] nani [what?] nani mo [nothing] nanji [what time?] naze [why?] nemasu [sleep] nen [year] neteimasu [sleeping (now)] ni [two] ni [to] niban [second] nichi [day] nichiyobi [Sunday] nifun [two minutes] nigatsu [February] nihon [Japan] nihon-jin [a Japanese] Nihongo [Japanese (language)] nihyaku [two hundred] niji [two o'clock] niju [twenty] nijuichi [twenty-one] nijuni [twenty-two] nomimasu [drink] nomitai [want to drink] ohayo gozaimasu [good morning] oishii [delicious] okii [big] okimasu [wake up] omoshiroi [interesting] omoshirokatta desu [was interesting] onna [woman] osoi [slow] otoko [man] oyasumi nasai [Good night] pen [pen] raigetsu [next month] rainen [next year] raishu [next week] rajio [radio] rei [zero] ringo [apple] roku [six] rokugatsu [June] rokuji [six o'clock] roppun [six minutes] roppyaku [six hundred] sakana [fish] samukatta desu [was cold] samuku arimasendeshita [was not cold] san [three] sanban [third] sanbyaku [three hundred] sangatsu [March] sanji [three o'clock] sanpun [three minutes] sayonara [good-bye] sen [thousand] sengetsu [last month] senshu [last week] shi [four] shichi [seven] shichigatsu [July] shigatsu [April] shigoto [work] shigoto o shiteimasu [working (now)] shichiji [seven o'clock] shizuka-na [quiet] shukan [week] sono [that] sore [that] soto [outside] suiyobi [Wednesday] suki [ski] sukoshi [a little] sumimasen [excuse me, sorry] tabemasu [eat] takai [expensive] takusan [much, many] tegami [letter] tenisu [tennis] tenki [weather] terebi [television] tesuto [test] toi [far] totemo [very] tsumaranai [boring] uchi [home] urusai [noisy] wa [subject (noun) marker] wakarimasen [do not understand] wakarimasu [understand] wasuremashita [forgot] wasurenai [do not forget] Watashi [I] watashi no [mine] yasashikatta desu [was easy] yasui [inexpensive] yoji [four o'clock] yokatta desu [was good] yomemasu [can read] yomimashita [read] yon [four] yondeimasu [reading (now)] yonhyaku [four hundred] yonpun [four minutes] yoru [night] zasshi [magazine] zero [zero] APPENDIX 6 ENGLISH - JAPANESE DICTIONARY English [Japanese] a Japanese [nihon-jin] a little [sukoshi] afternoon, p.m. [gogo] an American [amerika-jin] apple [ringo] April [shigatsu] at [de] August [hachigatsu] be (inanimate objects) [arimasu] be (animate objects) [imasu] beautiful [kirei, kirei-na] beer [biru] bicycle [jitensha] big [okii] book [hon] boring [tsumaranai] bought [kaimashita] bus [basu] busy [isogashii] camera [kamera] can [dekimasu] can go [ikemasu] can read [yomemasu] can speak [hanasemasu] cannot [dekimasen] car [kuruma] child [kodomo] Chinese characters [Kanji] close [chikai] come [kimasu] day [nichi] December [junigatsu] delicious [oishii] did not buy [kaimasen deshita] difficult, hard [muzukashii] dog [inu] do not forget [wasurenai] do not understand [wakarimasen] drink [nomimasu] eat [tabemasu] eight [hachi] eight hundred [happyaku] eight minutes [happun] eight o'clock [hachiji] eighteen [juhachi] eleven [juichi] eleven o'clock [juichiji] English [eigo] every evening [maiban] excuse me, sorry [sumimasen] expensive [takai] eyes [me] far [toi] fast [hayai] February [nigatsu] fifteen [jugo] fifteen minutes [jugofun] first [ichiban] fish [sakana] five [go] five hundred [gohyaku] five minutes [gofun] five o'clock [goji] flower [hana] forgot [wasuremashita] four [shi, yon] four hundred [yonhyaku] four minutes [yonpun] four o'clock [yoji] fourteen [juyon] Friday [kinyobi] from [kara] go [ikimasu] going (now) [itteimasu] good [ii] good afternoon [konnichiwa] good evening [konbanwa] good morning [ohayo gozaimasu] good-bye [sayonara] good night [oyasumi nasai] half past [han] he [kare] head [atama] healthy, well [genki, genki-na] here [koko] home [uchi] hot [atsui] hour [ji] how [do] How do you do? [hajimemashite] hundred [hyaku] I [Watashi] I'm sorry [gomen nasai] inexpensive [yasui] interesting [omoshiroi] is not [dewa arimasen] is not sore [itakunai desu] is, are [desu] January [ichigatsu] Japan [nihon] Japanese language [nihongo] July [shichigatsu] June [rokugatsu] last month [sengetsu] last week [senshu] last year [kyonen] lawyer [bengoshi] letter [tegami] lunch [hiru gohan] magazine [zasshi] man [otoko] March [sangatsu] May [gogatsu] mine [watashi no] Monday [getsuyobi] month [gatsu] morning [asa] morning, a.m. [gozen] movie [eiga] much, many [takusan] name [namae] new [atarashii] next month [raigetsu] next week [raishu] next year [rainen] night [yoru] nine [kyu, ku] nine hundred [kyuhyaku] nine minutes [kyufun] nine o'clock [kuji] nineteen [juku] no [iie] no good [dame] noisy [urusai] not busy [isogashikunai desu] not come [kimasen] not well [genki dewa arimasen] nothing [nani mo] November [juichigatsu] now [ima] October [jugatsu] old [furui] one [ichi] one million [hyakuman] one minute [ippun] one moment [chotto matte] one o'clock [ichiji] one thousand [sen] outside [soto] park [koen] pen [pen] pencil [enpitsu] person [hito, jin] played golf [gorufu o shimashita] please [dozo, kudasai] quiet [shizukana] radio [rajio] read [yomimashita] reading (now) [yondeimasu] room [heya] Saturday [doyobi] saw (living thing) [aimashita] school [gakko] second [niban] see (an object) [mimasu] September [kugatsu] seven [shichi, nana] seven hundred [nanahyaku] seven minutes [nanafun] seven o'clock [shichiji] seventeen [junana] she [kanojo] six [roku] six hundred [roppyaku] six minutes [roppun] six o'clock [rokuji] sixteen [juroku] ski [suki] sleep [nemasu] sleeping (now) [neteimasu] slow [osoi] small [chiisai] sore [itai] speak (request) [hanashite] station [eki] study [benkyo o shimasu] subject marker [wa, ga] Sunday [nichiyobi] tasted bad [mazukatta desu] tastes bad [mazui] teeth [ha] television [terebi] ten [ju] ten minutes [juppun] ten o'clock [juji] ten thousand [ichiman] tennis [tenisu] test [tesuto] thank you very much [domo arigato gozaimasu] thanks [arigato] that [sore, sono] that (over there) [ano] third [sanban] thirteen [jusan] this [kore, kono] this month [kongetsu] this morning [kesa] this week [konshu] this year [kotoshi] three [san] three hundred [sanbyaku] three minutes [sanpun] three o'clock [sanji] Thursday [mokuyobi] to, until [made] to [ni] today [kyo] tomorrow [ashita train [densha] Tuesday [kayobi] twelve [juni] twelve o'clock [juniji] twenty [niju] twenty-one [nijuichi] twenty-two [nijuni] two [ni] two hundred [nihyaku] two minutes [nifun] two o'clock [niji] understand [wakarimasu] very [totemo] very much [domo] wake up [okimasu] want to drink [nomitai] want to go [ikitai] was [deshita] was cold [samukatta desu] was easy [yasashikatta desu] was good [yokatta desu] was interesting [omoshirokatta desu] was not [arimasendeshita] was not cold [samuku arimasendeshita] was not hard [muzukashiku arimasen] water [mizu] weather [tenki] Wednesday [suiyobi] week [shukan] was sore [itakatta desu] what? [nani] what is it? [nandesuka] what time? [nanji] when? [itsu] where? [doko] who? [dare] why? [naze] woman [onna] work (job) [shigoto] working (now) [shigoto o shiteimasu] wrote [kakimashita] year [nen] yes [hai] yesterday [kino] you [anata] you're welcome [do itashimashite] your [anata no] zero [zero, rei] TROUBLESHOOTING 1) Why doesn't the program show an option for VGA graphics? If you don't have a VGA graphics card, the program detects this and does not show the VGA option. This can also be true if your VGA card is not completely compatible with the program. 2) Why isn't the digitized speech clear on my system? Internal speakers of PC systems vary greatly in quality. If your system has a low quality speaker, you can purchase an add-on external speaker for your PC from an electronics store. Also, the Sound Blaster and compatible add-on cards greatly improve digitized sound. 3) I have a Sound Blaster card, but the speech isn't working. The Sound Blaster sound files must be located in their respective sound directories (L1SB, L2SB, etc.). If you copy the sound disks (disks 2, 3, and 4) to your hard drive without using the INSTALL program on disk #1, you must be sure to copy the sound files to correct directory names. NOTE: IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE SOUND FILES OF DISK #1 OR DISKS #2-4, YOU WILL NOT HAVE SOUND SUPPORT. YOU WILL HAVE TO CHOOSE THE OPTION FOR THE DIGITIZED SPEECH TO BE OFF AT THE MENUS. TO RECEIVE THE SOUND FILES ON DISK #1 AND/OR DISKS #2-4, YOU WILL HAVE TO REGISTER THE PROGRAM WITH ME (WITH US$25). FEEDBACK TO ME If you have any questions or comments on Japanese I, contact me at: C. F. Haller 2117 Belmont Lane Redondo Beach, CA 90278 CompuServe E-Mail 76114,1105