The phrases displayed when F2 is pressed each contain two or three of the words   in the middle column.  The use of more   than one word to denote a meaning may    have resulted from the failure to find   a single word on which every one could   agree to denote a specific meaning.                                               Keep in mind that this program does not  identify phrases that contain word       pairs.  Instead it allows you to make a  list of such related itmes that YOU      identify.                                                                         *****************************************The word age is used in the context of   qualification for election to various    Federal offices or for voting rights.                                             *****************************************Clearly this amendment prescribes that   established procedures of Justice be     followed when the state contemplates the exercise of its martial instruments      against an individual.                                                            Amazingly, at the same time, in the      phrase "nor shall any person . . . be    denied life, liberty, or property,       without due process. . .", it REQUIRES   that the martial instruments of the      State be exercised whether the           transgressor be another individual or    the State.                                                                        *****************************************The term United States appears 89 times  in the Constitution.  In most cases it   is preceded by a singular article        adjective, the.  However, in a few       cases, United States is the antecedent   of a plural pronoun such as them or      their.  These few instances are indexed  under this heading.  The key word used   to index each occurrence is the plural   pronoun.  You may have to use F3 in some instances to see the associated use of   United States.                                                                    Union occurs six times and in each case  is definitely  singular, being preceded  by a, this, or the.                                                               *****************************************To scroll thorugh this material, press   the TAB key twice.                                                                This should place a blinking cursor in   the upper left corner of this column.                                             At this point, the PG UP, PG DN, HOME,   END keys should provide scrolling, and   the arrow keys should provide cursor     movement.  If not, turn off caps lock    and num lock on your key board.  Also,   on some key boards, the 2, 4, 6, and 8   keys on the numeric key pad will provide cursor movement even if not so marked;   the 9, 3, 7, and 1 keys on the numeric   key pad will provide PG UP, PG DN, HOME, and END scrolling, respectively.                                                  To print these exercises (you may want   to refer to them in those parts that     require you to leave this screen), press the TAB key until the word 'Exercises'   is highlighted on the 3rd line of this   screen.  Then, when your printer is      ready, press F7.                                                                  As an exercise, scroll with the down     arrow key until this line is the 2nd one visible.  This will make instructions    for this exercise completely visible.                                             Scan the exercises that follow to see    that you have enough instructions on the screen to accomplish a task before       TABbing out of this column.                                                       Try to determine what the Constitution   has to say about the flag.  The left     column of this screen contains an        alphabetical listing of every word used  in the Constitution.  Press the TAB key  until the highlighting appears in the    left column.                                                                      Then press F6, type 'flag' (initial      caps or all lower case, not all          caps), and press ENTER. The words fixed, fled, and flee appear at the top of the  left column.                                                                      Flag would be there except that the word is not currently used anywhere in the    Constitution.  You can verify this       independently by visually scanning a     hard copy of the Constitution, or by     performing a search using your word      processor on the provided files of the   text of the Constitution.                                                         TAB back to the left column if necessary and determine what the Constitution has  to say about rights.  Press F6, type     'right', and press ENTER.  The words     Right and rights appear at the top of    the left column.  Press the up arrow key and see the word right.  In this         program, Right and right, one being      initial caps and the other all lower     case, are treated as two distinct words.                                          After this next exercise, you can return to this screen by pressing the ESC key.  TAB to the left column and highlight     right.  Press F2 and peruse the phrases  that appear.  Each of these phrases      contains the word 'right'.  Press the    ESC key when you are through looking at  the phrases.                                                                      With right still highlighted, press the  F3 key.  Text containing the word        'right' appears.  Move among occurrences of the word using the left and right     arrow keys.  Press ESC when you are      through looking at text.                                                          So the Constitution has a little to say  about rights.  In fact, it has a lot     more to say than what you just saw.      More information about how the           Constitution uses rights and various     synonyms is provided with this program.  This additional information can be found using the synonym function.  More        information about the synonym function   can be found in file MM5.DOC.  However,  complete the rest of these exercises     first.                                                                            Determine what the Constitution has to   say about official language.  TAB back   to the left column if necessary and use  F6 to search for words such as language, English, French, German, etc.                                                     If you are in the 'Comments' column of   this screen, press ESC twice; otherwise, press ESC once.  The word 'Exercises'    appears highlighted as the 1st item in a menu.  Highlight any other item in this  menu using the arrow keys.  Press ENTER. A screen formatted like this one appears with different information on it.  The   vocabulary list is the same, but the     'Selected Heading:' line has the title   you selected (not 'Exercises') and the   middle and right column have totally     different information in them.  You have to press the TAB key 3 times to access   the comments column because the middle   column is not blank.                                                              More information about the subjects      screen is contained in file MM4.DOC.     However, continue with these exercises   before going there.                                                               As you escape to the Main Menu, observe  carefully the 7-item menu.  Press the    ESC key until the Main Menu appears.     Select option 3.  Highlight the line     that contains the word 'Preamble'.       Press ENTER.  You are automatically      returned to the Main Menu.  Select item  4 and mentally compare the 7-item menu   previously observed here to the list     that now appears.                                                                 This menu contains more items with       totally different titles.  Files         PREFACE.DOC (under the heading 'Data     Hierarchy') and MM3.DOC explain why.  As usual, continue with the exercises       before refering to these materials.                                               Press the END key to highlight 'Summary' and then press ENTER.  Press the TAB key as necessary to access the 'Comments'    column and scroll through the provided   materials.                                                                        This completes the provided exercises.   You are now on your own to study the     provided user documentation as required  to continue using this program to        analyze the United States Constitution.                                           Whatever your interpretation of the      Constitution might be, a good exercise   to undertake using this program is to    flesh out the 'Preamble' seminar.  True, each provided cross reference in some    way helps achieve the associated         objective stated in the Preamble; but,   other phrases in the Constitution may    also contribute to each objective.  One  approach to a more exhaustive cross      reference would involve making each      Preamble phrase a seminar.  Then phrases elsewhere in the Constitution that help  achieve the objective stated by a phrase can be a subject in that seminar.  Your  comments in each subject can focus on    the relationship between the subject and the objective stated in the related      phrase in the Preamble.                                                           **************************************** A Brief Historical Overview of the 2nd   Amendment                                                                         The Declaration of Independence asserts  that governments derive their legitimate powers from "the consent of the          governed."                                                                        The United States Constitution, which    many believe to be written in order to   effect the aims stated in the Declarationof Independence, provides for separation of powers and trial by jury.                                                      The Constitution, by virtue of separate  articles devoted to each branch of       government (legislative, article I;      executive, article II; and judicial,     article III), explicitly states the      separateness of these powerful functions of the government it proposed.                                                    Another separation of powers, very       clearly stated, but presented in a less  obvious manner, is tactical control of   the military and the power to tax.       Congress has the power to lay and collecttaxes.  The President is the Commander inChief of the military.  The Constitution contains explicit statements concerning  the separateness of these powerful       functions in the government it proposed.                                          The People expressed their satisfaction  with these measures by ratifying the     Constitution, thereby endorsing the      government it proposed.  Albeit, this wasa conditional, not an unconditional,     endorsement, as can be seen by the text  of the resolution that prefaces the Bill of Rights.                                                                        The second amendment is part of the Bill of Rights.  It is part of what the Peoplerequired as a condition to ratify the    Constitution.                                                                     One of the complaints cited in the       Declaration is "He has affected to renderthe Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power."  Keep in mind that  this act is in direct violation of the   English Bill of Rights paragraphs 19 and 20, a legal document by which George III was bound.  Hence, documents are no      guarantee of anyone's rights.                                                     True, the Constitution limits the        President's legal authority to exercise  the martial instruments of the State.    Constitutionally, he is limited (as well as obligated) to the enforcement of duly passed legislation.  Also,               Constitutionally, he is limited (as well as obligated) to the execution of wars   declared by the Congress.                                                         The American Colonists, including the    authors of the Constitution, had just    completed a war made necessary by the    wanton abuse of legitimate powers by an  executive officer, the king of England.  What could they write on any piece of    paper to prevent this from happening     within the government they proposed?     Nothing.  That's what.                                                            Which brings to mind the phrase, "A well regulated militia . . ." at the beginningof the second amendment.  What is a well regulated militia?                                                                A well regulated militia depends first onthe integrity of its commanders.  If theyfollow orders originating from a Civil   Power, then they are not independent of  it, and they are not superior to it as   was cited in the Declaration.                                                     Should that integrity falter, fail even  briefly, what are the likely results?    For a good model in history, look at whathappened when the king of England steppedoutside the bounds of his legitimate     authority.  Did he voluntarily diminish  the extent of his illegitimately gained  powers?  Did he voluntarily relinquish   them?                                                                             While the memories of this abuse of powerand the results thereof were still fresh in the People's minds, the Citizens-to-beinsisted upon the 2nd amendment, among   others, as a condition of ratifying the  Constitution.  To be sure, they wrote    into the Constitution the Command        hierarchy with the Congress, representingthe People, at the apex.                                                          But that wasn't enough.                                                           Realizing that no words written on any   piece of paper could ever guarantee theirrights against wanton abuse by a small   group of individuals, or even perhaps by a single individual, they, into the very Constitution, wrote for themselves the   right to keep and bear arms.  In their   minds, "A well regulated militia" was    apparently a militia not only under      command of the Civil Power on paper, but a militia also out manned and out gunned by the civilian population.                                                       Ambitious generals who might ignore wordswritten on a piece of paper cannot ignorewhat is provided by the second amendment;that is namely, the very real power by   which the People may oppose them.                                                 True, the king of England abused his     powers.  Has such an event ever actually occurred in the American military?       Consider the Newburgh conspiracy, which  took place during the Revolutionary War. Also, consider General Douglas           MacArthur's march in the early 30's      against veteran protesters in direct     violation of President Hoover's orders.                                           If General Washington and Jesus of       Nazareth could resist the temptations of power, then what about the king of       England and General MacArthur?  And what about the rest of us?                                                             Then, if placing power into the hands of the few does not always work well, then  what of placing power into the hands of  the many, as in an armed populace?                                                To the extent that it did not, in the    1960's, prevent the legitimate exercise  of military power to restore order       (ensure domestic tranquility) during     "civil" riots, an armed populace has     worked well enough.                                                               To the extent that it did not, in the    1930's, prevent the illegitimate exerciseof military power by General MacArthur   against Presidential orders, an armed    populace has worked poorly enough.                                                Both events demonstrate the need for and the viability of an armed populace.                                               To those who would cite (and legitimatelyso) the increasingly common use of       Constitutionally guaranteed arms in acts of violence, TCNbP Company calls your    attention to the comments made in the    Universal Declaration of Human Rights    seminar, preamble paragraph 3 and        articles 12, 18 and 19.                                                           TCNbP Company completes its discussion ofsecond amendment rights in the seminar   entitled The Tenth Amendment and State's Rights.                                                                           To see the "Table of Contents for the    United States Constitution":                                                        1.  Press the TAB key until the              'Selected Heading' field on the          3rd line of this screen is               highlighted.                                                                  2.  Press the F2 key.                                                             3.  Press the ESC key when finished          viewing the table of contents.                                              Each line displayed is the first line in a paragraph of the US Constitution.                                               At the left of each line is the          reference number for the associated      paragraph.                                                                        Highlighted in the middle of each phrase is the key word (or in some cases a      comma) that was used to index the        phrase.                                                                           Each of these highlighted words (and the comma) appear in the middle column of    this screen.                                                                      To index phrases containing a comma,     Main Menu option 13, secondary option 4  was used.                                                                         Reading the opening phrase of each       paragraph gives a good feeling for the   flow of the Constitution.                                                         Press the F3 key while the phrases are   displayed and use the left and right     arrows to move through the text of the   Constitution paragraph by paragraph.     This works well except for a few         paragraphs that more than fill up a      screen.                                                                           The table of contents is a good way to   memorize the Constitution.  Use the      opening phrase to get yourself started.  Try to verbally complete the first       sentence.  Press F3 to verify your       success.