% File : DCG.PL % Author : Richard A. OKeefe % Updated: Tuesday July 26th, 1988. % Purpose: Definite Clause Grammar rule to Prolog clause translator. :-determinate([append/3,handle_exception/2]). /* This file is written in the ISO 8859/1 character set. The "Copyright" line contains after the right parenthesis a character which when transmitted was character 169, the international copyright symbol. Copyright (C)) 1988, Quintus Computer Systems, Inc. This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warrantee. You are expressly warned that it is meant to serve as a model, not for direct use: all error checking and reporting has been omitted, and mistakes are almost surely present. Permission is granted to anyone to distribute verbatim copies of this source code as received, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice, the nonwarrantee warning, and this permission notice are preserved. Permission is granted to distribute modified versions of this source code, or of portions of it, under the above conditions, plus the conditions that all changed files carry prominent notices stating who last changed them and that the derived material is subject to this same permission notice. Permission is granted to include this material in products for which money is charged, provided that the customer is given written notice that the code is (or is derived from) material provided by Quintus Computer Systems, Inc., and that the customer is given this source code on request. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Now that weve got that (adapted from the GNU copyright notice) out of the way, here are the technical comments. The predicates are all named dcg_/ in order to keep out of the way, with the exception of phrase/2 and phrase/3 which bear their proper names. Only phrase/[2,3] and dcg_rule/2 are meant to be called directly, and dcg_rule/2 is meant to be called from expand_term/2. You need to keep dcg_body/4 and its dependents around at run time so that variables as nonterminals in DCG rule bodies will work correctly. So that Quintus have _something_ left to sell, this code has been rewritten from scratch with no error checking or reporting code at all, and a couple of places accept general grammar rule bodies where they are really supposed to demand lists of terminals. However, any rule which is valid according to the Quintus Prolog manual will be translated correctly, except that this code makes no attempt to handle module: prefixes. (The change is trivial.) Note that dcg_rule/2 and phrase/[2,3] are steadfast. Using also termcat instead of structure crunching. */ % dcg rule(+Grammar Rule, -Equivalent Clause) dcg_rule(-->(Head0,Body0), Clause) :- dcg_head(Head0, Head, PushBack, S0, S), dcg_body(Body0, Body1, S0, S), dcg_conj(Body1, PushBack, Body), Clause = :-(Head,Body). % dcg head(+Head0, -Head, -PushBack, -S0, -S) % recognises both % NonTerminal, [PushBackList] --> % and % NonTerminal --> % It returns the difference pair S0\S which the body is to parse. % To avoid error checking, it will accept an arbitrary body in place % of a pushback list, but it should demand a proper list. dcg_head((Head0,PushBack0), Head, PushBack, S0, S1) :- !, dcg_goal(Head0, Head, S0, S), dcg_body(PushBack0, PushBack, S, S1). dcg_head(Head0, Head, true, S0, S) :- dcg_goal(Head0, Head, S0, S). % dcg goal(+Goal0, -Goal, +S0, +S) % adds the arguments S0, S at the end of Goal0, giving Goal. % It should check that Goal0 is a callable term. dcg_goal(Goal0, Goal, S0, S) :- termcat(Goal0,S0,Temp), termcat(Temp,S,Goal). % dcg_body(+Body0, -Body, +S0, +S) % translates Body0 to Body, adding arguments as needed to parse S0\S. % It should complain about bodies (such as 2) which are not callable % terms, and about lists of terminals which are not proper lists. % To avoid error checking, [a|foo] is accepted as [a],foo, but it % really should complain. ONLY the forms lists here should be treated; % other non-terminals which look like calls to built-ins could well be % commented on (no error reporting here) but should be expanded even % so. Thus X=Y as a nonterminal is to be rewritten as =(X,Y,S0,S), % perhaps with a warning. If you want the translation X=Y, use {X=Y}. dcg_body(Var, Body, S0, S) :- var(Var), !, Body = phrase(Var,S0,S). dcg_body((A0,B0), Body, S0, S) :- !, dcg_body(A0, A, S0, S1), dcg_body(B0, B, S1, S), dcg_conj(A, B, Body). dcg_body((A0->B0), (A->B), S0, S) :- !, dcg_body(A0, A, S0, S1), dcg_body(B0, B, S1, S). dcg_body((A0;B0), (A;B), S0, S) :- !, dcg_disj(A0, A, S0, S), dcg_disj(B0, B, S0, S). dcg_body({A}, A, S, S) :- !. dcg_body(!, !, S, S) :- !. dcg_body([], true, S, S) :- !. dcg_body([H0|T0], Body, S0, S) :- !, dcg_term(H0, H, S0, S1), dcg_body(T0, T, S1, S), dcg_conj(H, T, Body). dcg_body(NT0, NT, S0, S) :- dcg_goal(NT0, NT, S0, S). % dcg_term(+T0, -T, +S0, +S) % generates code (T) which succeeds when there is a terminal T0 % between S0 and S. This version uses the DEC-10 Prolog predicate % C/3 for compatibility with DEC-10 Prolog, C Prolog, Quintus Prolog. % This is the only place that knows how terminals are translated, so % you could supply instead the definition % dcg_term(T0, S0=[T0|S], S0, S). % and reap the same benefits. The one thing you must not do is % NO! dcg_term(T0, true, [T0|S], S). DONT DO THAT! dcg_term(T0, 'C'(S0,T0,S), S0, S). % To see why dcg disj/4 is needed, consider the translation of % ( [] | [a] ). We have to insert S1=S0 somewhere, but we do it at % "compile"-time if we can. dcg_disj(Body0, Body, S0, S) :- dcg_body(Body0, Body1, S1, S), dcg_disj0(S0,S1,S,Body1,Body). dcg_disj0(S0,S1,S,Body1,Body):-S1==S,!,dcg_conj(S1=S0, Body1, Body). dcg_disj0(S0,S0,_,Body,Body). % dcg_conj(+A, +B, -C) % combines two conjunctions A, B, giving C. Basically, we want to % ensure that there arent any excess trues kicking around (in a % compiled system, that shouldnt matter). There is room for some % leeway here: I have chosen to flatten A completely. dcg_conj(A, true, A) :- !. dcg_conj(A, B, C) :- dcg_CONJ(A, B, C). dcg_CONJ(true, C, C) :- !. dcg_CONJ((A,As), C0, (A,C)) :- !, dcg_CONJ(As, C0, C). dcg_CONJ(A, C, (A,C)). % 'C'(S0, T, S) % is true when the terminal T "Connects" the "string positions" S0 and S. 'C'([T|S], T, S). /* 'C'(X,Y,Z):-b_C(X,Y,Z).*/ % phrase(+NT0, ?S0) % is true when the list S0 is in the language defined by the % grammar rule body NT0. E.g. phrase(([a],[b]), [a,b]). phrase(NT0, S0) :- phrase(NT0, S0, []). % phrase(+NT0, ?S0, ?S) % is true when the list S0\S is in the language defined by the % grammar rule body NT0. E.g. phrase(([a],[b]), [a,b|X], X). phrase(NT0, S0, S) :- dcg_body(NT0, NT, T0, T), T0 = S0, T = S, NT. try_dcg_expansion(H,B,EC):-dcg_rule('-->'(H,B),EC),!. try_dcg_expansion(H,_,_):-handle_exception(illegal_dcg_expression,H). portable_expand_term('-->'(H,B),EC):-!,try_dcg_expansion(H,B,EC). portable_expand_term(C,C). termcat(T,C,TC):- T=..LT, '$append'(LT,[C],LTC), TC=..LTC.