@node Geography (Mongolia)
@section Geography (Mongolia)

@display

Location:
  East Central Asia, between China and Russia
Map references:
  Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
 total area:
  1.565 million km2
 land area:
  1.565 million km2
 comparative area:
  slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
  total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
  none; landlocked
International disputes:
  none
Climate:
  desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain:
  vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi
  Desert in southeast
Natural resources:
  oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
  wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:
 arable land:
  1%
 permanent crops:
  0%
 meadows and pastures:
  79%
 forest and woodland:
  10%
 other:
  10%
Irrigated land:
  770 km2 (1989)
Environment:
  harsh and rugged
Note:
  landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia



@end display

@node People (Mongolia)
@section People (Mongolia)

@display

Population:
  2,367,054 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.62% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
  33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
  7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
 total population:
  65.77 years
 male:
  63.53 years
 female:
  68.13 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
 noun:
  Mongolian(s)
 adjective:
  Mongolian
Ethnic divisions:
  Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions:
  predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%
 note:
  previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages:
  Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy:
 total population:
  NA%
 male:
  NA%
 female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  NA
 by occupation:
  primarily herding/agricultural
 note:
  over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large
  percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor



@end display

@node Government (Mongolia)
@section Government (Mongolia)

@display

Names:
 conventional long form:
  none
 conventional short form:
  Mongolia
 local long form:
  none
 local short form:
  Mongol Uls
 former:
  Outer Mongolia
Digraph:
  MG
Type:
  republic
Capital:
  Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions:
  18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,,   singular - hot);
Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,,   Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,
Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,,   Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,
Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence:
  13 March 1921 (from China)
Constitution:
  adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system:
  blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional
  provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
  National Day, 11 July (1921)
Political parties and leaders:
  Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON,
  presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL,
  general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and
  Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and
  Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D.
  ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP);
  Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party,
  Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD
 note:
  opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The
  Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party,
  Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP),
  Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party,
  Mongolian Workers Party
Suffrage:   18 years of age; universal
Elections:
 President:
  last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results -
  Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate
  Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
 State Great Hural:
  first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%;
  seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1
 note:
  the People's Small Hural no longer exists



@end display

@node Government (Mongolia 2. usage)
@section Government (Mongolia 2. usage)

@display

Executive branch:
  president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister,
  cabinet
Legislative branch:
  unicameral State Great Hural
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts,
  but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Leaders:
 Chief of State:
  President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President
  Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990)
 Head of Government:
  Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime
  Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA)
Member of:
  AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,
  IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV
 chancery:
  NA
 telephone:
  (301) 983-1962
 FAX:
  (301) 983-2025
US diplomatic representation:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE
 embassy:
  address NA, Ulaanbaatar
 mailing address:
  Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road;
  PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
 telephone:
  [976] (1) 329095, 329606
 FAX:
  Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH
Flag:
  three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on
  the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a
  columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun,
  moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)



@end display

@node Economy (Mongolia)
@section Economy (Mongolia)

@display

Overview:
  Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of
  unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity
  traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock -
  Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In
  recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet
  support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin,
  tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber
  and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership
  continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly
  attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade
  and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was
  provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly
  due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports.
  By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete
  shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal
  shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally
  planned economy through privatization and price reform.
National product:
  GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -15% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
  $800 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  325% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
  15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
  deficit of $67 million (1991)
Exports:
  $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
 commodities:
  copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other
  nonferrous metals
 partners:
  USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%
Imports:
  $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
 commodities:
  machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
  chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
 partners:
  USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
External debt:
  $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
Industrial production:
  growth rate -15% (1992 est.)
Electricity:
  1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita
  (1992)
Industries:
  copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and
  beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Agriculture:
  accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the
  population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but
  also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage



@end display

@node Economy (Mongolia 2. usage)
@section Economy (Mongolia 2. usage)

@display

Economic aid:
  about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR
  and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170
  million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries,
  including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over
  $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992
Currency:
  1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates:
  tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year



@end display

@node Communications (Mongolia)
@section Communications (Mongolia)

@display

Railroads:
  1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
Highways:
  46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)
Inland waterways:
  397 km of principal routes (1988)
Airports:
 total:
  81
 usable:
  31
 with permanent-surface runways:
  11
 with runways over 3,659 m:
  fewer than 5
 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  fewer than 20
 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  12
Telecommunications:
  63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18
  provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at
  least 1 earth station



@end display

@node Defense Forces (Mongolia)
@section Defense Forces (Mongolia)

@display

Branches:
  Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier
  Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military
  age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)



@end display