˙˙00˙ ˙00˙01˙03˙01A Very Short Introduction to Doping Theory˙00 ˙02˙Part One˙ ˙00 ˙˙ ˙03˙02LARS BERGQVIST ˙02˙01˙01˙00˙˙ ˙02˙The early years˙ ˙00˙01 ˙Already some five thousand years ago, Chinese doctors recommended extracts of certain plants in order to strengthen the human heart in connection to sporting. What they really used was ephedrine, although they did not know it. Ephedrine is today classified as doping, and it plays an important role in mant cough medicines. Alcohol has been used as a way of escaping reality, forgetting fears and ease tire for as long as we know. At the ancient Olympic Games in Greece, certain drugs, based on different extracts of mushroom poison, were used in order to increase the capacity of the athletes. Doping has been a fact in the "modern" world of sports, too. In the year 1865, a debate went on in the newspapers whether it was morally right than canal swimmers in Amsterdam often used special drugs. In the great bicycle races of late 19th century, all participating countries used "miracle potions" (see "Eye of the Beholder"). Ontrack deaths were quite common. In the world of boxing anno early 20th century, it was commonly held that a boxer would fight better if he drank so called knock-out drops immediately before a fight. I'm sure he did, too, as the drops contained a mixture of brandy, cocaine and strychnine. The difference in doses between good effect and OD was, however, extremely small. The doping problem was (and is?) not limited to sport activities practised by humans; in the 20's and 30's, doping caused great difficulties on the horse- and dogracing tracks. Horse owners had problems with anti-doping, too; one fed the competitor's horses with sleeping pills in order to decrease the efficiency of the animals. The use of amphetamine seems to have been common during the late 1950's, primarily within bicycling and American football. There are indirect (empty shots, for example) that amphetamine was used as early as during the Winter Olympics of Oslo 1952. Bicycling is one of the sports that has proved to have had many problems with doping on a regular basis. The Danish cyclist Knud Enemark-Jensen had taken amphetamine the minute before he started in the Olympic Games of Rome 1960. Perhaps he shouldn't have done so; he died during the race. Another doping-connected death occurred during Tour de France 1967, when an English cyclist died. The International Federation of Cyclists was the first to introduce rules that forbid the use of doping. The first scientific report that suggested that anabolic steroids could be used to increase the capacity of athletes was Russian. It was published in 1954, and it was soon to be followed by several from the US. France was the first country to illegalize doping (which was carried out in the year 1963), soon followed by Belgium. Later on, Italy, Turkey (1971) and Greece (1976) followed this trend. Sweden, late as usual, joined the club on the first day of July 1992. At the Olympic Games of Tokyo 1964, the ancestors of today's doping tests were born. Thirteen percent of the participants of the bicycle competition proved to have injection marks directly after one of the races. At the Olympic Games of Mexico City and Grenoble 1968, real doping tests were performed, but it was not until Munich 1972 that tests were carried out in a large way. The first tests the task of which were to detect steroids took place in Montreal 1976, and those tests have been done ever since. It wasn't until 1967 that the International Olympic Committee, IOS, was formed, and it was thought that its medical council would take care of everything concerning doping. Their first list of banned stimulants was released in 1967, but it did not include anabolic steroids, which was left unforbidden until 1975. In 1978, the "Swedish Sport Council" decided to start a Swedish doping commission, but the first tests were preformed as late as in 1982. Thus, the Swedish struggle against doping has been rather short however intensive. ˙˙˙02The definition˙01˙ ˙00 ˙It is called doping when one through banned stimulants or other methods tried to increase the capacity of oneself in an artificial way. In the "Doping Rules of the Swedish Sports Council", it is said that "Sport participants must not use stimulating substances or anabolic steroids or in any other artificial way try to increase the physical or psychical capacity in ways forbinned in accordance with international standards." (Very freely translated!) Doping substances/methods are divided into groups: ˙Classes˙ ˙00 A Stimulantia B Narcotics C Anabolic steroids D Beta blockers E Diuretics E Peptide hormones and their relatives ˙Methods˙ ˙00 A Blood doping B Pharmacologic, chemical and physical manipulation of the urine (including prebenicia) ˙Substances with certain restriction˙ ˙00s A Alcohol B Marihuana C Partially anathesizing substances D Cortico-like substances ˙˙˙02Why?˙01˙ ˙00 ˙The main reason for people using doping is simply their wanting to reach higher levels of performance. Reaching good results without hard training appears tempting to many. What one mainly strives for is to push the limit of tiredness away and to increase the general (overall) capacity. Thus, amphetamine has been a frequently used drug as it makes the human brain ignore signals from tired body parts. Further on, drugs like these are liable to improve or prolong the effect of training and shorten the periods of recovery, resulting in the athlete being able to train more and harder than what is normal for him. A new phenomenon is the so called high height training, the aim of which is to increase the number of red corpuscles and, consequently, the body's ability to use oxygen. Some say this is doping, but personally, I don't know. Since you have not injected any artificial substance, it can hardly be seen as any kind of doping at all (look at the definition!). How can we be sure of these drugs being efficient, and is it these drugs alone that has resulted in the world records improving during the late 70's and 80's? It is a fact that many of the great records set during those days were due to doping. Not doping alone, of course; there are more people on the running tracks now than there were back then. The knowledge of training correctly as well as the preparations before competitions are much more widely spread today. One thing, however, is for sure: if there had been no doping, we would not have had some of today's world records. ˙˙˙02Stimulantia˙01˙ ˙00 ˙Amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine are examples of stimulantia that often has discussed, and they are usually referred to as narcotics (not the caffeine, that is). The main reason why they're used is their stopping the brain from properly receiving signals of tiredness from for example the legs. Further on, they give a feeling of aggressiveness, and, accordingly, a higher competition will. Seen as a group, these substances give a false feeling of strength. This means they cause many accidents and injuries, and they just might cause the unhappiness of other people too. Since they decrease the human brain's pain sensitivity, they may worsen already existing physical damages. There is unfortunately no natural cure for tiredness, which has made these drugs very popular even though they are classed as forbidden. The only legal and healthy cure consists of enough sleep, mental training and the right preparations. ˙˙˙02Banned Stimulants˙01˙ ˙00 ˙Generic name ˙Example Amfepramone Apisate, Tenuate, Tepanil Amfetaminil AN 1 (Germany) Amiphenazole Dapti, Daptazole, Amphisol Amphetamine Delcobese, Obetrol, Benzedrine, Dexedrine Bemegride Megimide Benzphetamine Didrex Caffeine Cathine (Norpseudoerhedrine) Adiposetten (Ger) Chlorphentermine Pre-Sate, Lucofen Clobenzorex Dinitel (Fra) Clorprenaline Vortel, Asthone (Jap) Cocaine Surfacaine Cropropamide, Crotetamide components of Micoren Diethylpropion HCl Tenuate, Tepanil Dimetamfetamine Amphetamine Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine Tedral, Bronkotabs, Rynatuss, Primatane Etafedrine Mercodal, Decapryn, Nethamine Etamivan Emivan, Vandid Etilamfetamine Apetinil (Neth) Fencamfamin Envitrol, Altimina, Phencaine Fenetylline Captagon (Ger) Fenproporex Antiobes Retard (Spa) Appeitzugler (Ger) Furfenorex Frugal (Arg) Frugalan (Spa) Isoetarine Bronkosol, Bronkometer, Numotac, Dilabron Isoproterenol Isuprel, Norisodrine, Medihaler-Iso Meclofenozate Doracil (Arg) Pondinil (Swi) Rondimen (Ger) Metapreterenol Alupen, Metaprel Methamphetamine Desoxyn, Met-Ampi Methoxyphentamine Ritalin, Orthoxicol Cough Syrup Methylamphetamine Desoxyn, Met-Ampi Methylephedrine Tybraine, Methep (Ger, GBr) Methylphenidate HCl Ritalin Morazone Rosimon-Neu (Ger) Niketha,ide Coramine Pemoline Cylert, Deltamine, Stimul Pentetrazloe Leptazol Phendimetrazine Bontril, Plegine Phentermine HCl Apidex, Fastin, Ionamin Phenylpropanolamine Simutab, Contrac, Dexatri, Alka Seltzer Plus Picrotoxin Cocculin Pipradrol Meratran, consistent of Alertonic Prolintane Villescon, Promotil, Katovit Propylhexedrine Benzedrex Inhaler Pyrovalerone Centroton, Thymergix Strychnine Movellan (Ger) (Caffeine: 12 mcg/ml in the urine = positive test, which is negative!) ˙ Amphetamine is primarily used to increase the sustainment of the human body. The drug was synthesized as early as 1887, and it was then used to cure running noses. In 1935, one began to use the drug to cure or ease depression, relentlessness and children's hyperactivity. It was, further on, widely spread among American football players in the 60's and 70's. ˙01