o O o o o O o o O o o : O : o : o O : O : . : o : o . o : o O : : : o . : . : : . : . o o . : . : O : . : : . o . : _____ : _____. : . _____/\. /\__________/\___________ : ./\. . / .\ . ./. \ : /. x \_ /. x /. x ./ o / .\ ./ \\__ // x \__ // _____/// x ______// x _______/ : . / \\_/ | x _/ | _// | / \______ \ \_______ \ /. x \\ ____/\ ____/\ x _/ /. \ .\ /. \ .\ . // \ x | ./\ x | ./ _____// x \\// x \\ / /\ \_ | ///\\ | //\ x | // x // x / _______ x ______// \\_______//\\________x /\_________ /\___________/ _ __ _____\ /_______//\ \_______/ \________\//\_________\//\_________ __ _ _ __ ____\\// _____/ \ _______/\ ________\/ _________\/ ________ __ _ \\/ / \/ \/ \ /-((AnF))-\ / \ / \/ \/ \/ PROUDLY PRESENTS THE ANCIENT ART OF WARS IN THE SKIES ************************************ Part 2 GENERALS When a call to arms was answered by a hundred thousand men. There were lots of chaps in Britain. twixt the age of four and ten. Who`d have answered to their countrys call and hurried off to war If Kitchener had but reduced the fighting age to four - "Little Folk" poem Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Great Britain Before the start of the Great War, Britain felt that she needed only a small army because of her huge navy. Compared to Germanys 4 million soldiers and Frances 3.5 million, England had only 125,000. To raise an army. Lord Kitchener was called from retirement to become Minister of War. In the first 8 months, the British army grew to 750,000 soldiers. Kitchener refused to send into battle until they were properly trained. The Germans called this army Kitcheners Mob Kitchener also appeared on a famous poster. The American painter James Montgomery Flagg did the classic I Want You poster in 1917. It showed Uncle Sam pointing at the viewer saying I want you for the U S Army. This painting was based on an earlier British painting from 1914. It showed Lord Kitchener pointing at the viewer and saying, Your country needs you. In June of 1916, Kitchener was riding on the HMS Hampshire enroute to Russia when it was sunk by German mines. He was lost at sea. In the game. Kitcheners fighting style is a composite of his own and that of the following British Generals Field Marshall Sir John French led the British Expeditionary forces when the war began. At the battle of Marne he forced the retreat of the German right wing. By 1915, French and Kitchener were not seeing eye to eye and French was finally relieved of his command. French was replaced with General Sir Douglas Haig. Haig was a controversial leader that didnt get along with the French or with his own British leadership. Some consider him to be incompetent others consider him to be one of Britains finest soldiers Sir Archibald Murray once served as Sir John Frenchs Chief of Staff. He maintained a short supply line and a slow but steady advance. He defended the Suez Canal from the Turkish forces General Hugh Montague "Boom" Trenchard tried to make the air force as efficient as possible. He got his nickname from his booming loud voice. When he was a young lieutenant in India he was called the Camel. The nickname referred to the loud grunting noises he emitted when anyone addressed him and he had nothing to say. Some said he had trouble expressing himself but he was a fighter. His motto was the will and power to attack the enemy, to force him to fight and defeat him. He would send aircraft in groups rather than flying alone believing that offensive action was the key to aerial superiority. He wanted an airforce that could carry the war deep into enemy territory. He convinced the British War Office that an air force should be organized to attack important factories deep inside of Germany. As soon as he had his Royal Flying Corps at the front, he started bombing German supply lines with everything he had and didnt let up until the war was over Lord Kitchener, British Secretary of State for War, represents the British high command in The Ancient Art of War in the Skies Allied Commander in Chief Ferdinand Foch, France The French tactic was to rely on the offensive spirit. They would simply rush headfirst with a great deal of "elan" (spirit) into the German army. This strategy was based on the School of Attack. In order to attack only two things are necessary to know where the enemy is and decide what to do is of no consequence This resulted in many French soldiers being killed very quickly General Joseph J C Joffre was the French Commander in Chief at the start of the war. His tactic was the old style war of attrition which proved to be less effective in this war because of a new weapon called the machine gun. In spite of this, he knew how to handle soldiers and he saved the French Army from defeat at the Battle of Marne in 1914. He would make a limited retreat and look for an offensive opening General Robert Nivelle would concentrate his forces into one powerful unit. He called this tactic a mighty blow of a gigantic fist. Unfortunately he drove his gigantic fist into a massacre in 1917 and was relieved of his command. General Henri Phillipe Petain had an aggressive though cautious fighting style and maintained a strong supply line called the Hero of Verdnn, he was intelligent and skillful. He felt Verdun must be held as a symbol of French determination The French soldiers trusted him and had high morale. His tactic was called elastic defense in depth. He would leave a thin front line and put his major strength farther back out of range of artillery fire. This would lure the enemy to advance where he would go down with machine gun and artillery fire. Before the war began, Ferdinand Foch was a professor at the French War College. When war broke out he commanded part of the French Second Army. In 1918, he became the General in Chief of the Allied Armies in France. He Favoured the use of a new weapon, the tank, to lead the attack rather than the artillery. Near the end of the war, he refused to send the full allied force against the German offensives and kept a reserve offensive force. the German effort started to faulter, he counter punched with the reserve force and forced the German army to surrender. Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany Some of the arrogant German leaders held a belief that they were a superior race. This caused them to underestimate their opponents A German tactic was to hit weak points in the Allied line with a short, hard barrage of artillery fire that was quickly followed by shock troops Luftsperre (air blockade) was a concept where they would spread their air force in a thin line along the front. This proved to be an ineffective strategy Although spread thin. the German air force had two things in their favor. First, they fought a defensive style and let the Allied planes come to them. The advantage of this was that during battles they were some times assisted by ground fire and if one of their planes was crippled but able to land safelv, they would be in friendly hands. Secondly, the wind was in their favour. The prevailing wind was a West wind. After a battle, crippled allied planes had to return to their bases fighting the wind all the way. The German airmen were expected to follow orders explic- itly. This restricted them from using their own initiative if the circumstances changed The German bombing strategy was weak. At Verdun, the German artillery had imobilized the French railroads. This left the French with only one supply and reinforcement line. It was a road called la Voie Sacree (the Sacred Way). The road was always crowded with troops and supplies. If the Germans could have destroyed this road the war might have had a very different ending. Instead the bombing orders were to bomb railway junctions. Kaiser Wilhelm II the Supreme War Lord and Commander in Chief of Germany was indecisive, arrogant, vain and hot tempered. He loved power but didnt know what to do with it. It was said that he operated like a ship with a bad steering in a body of water with strong but conflicting currents. He reluctantly agreed to the bombing of London. On November 9, 1918, he abdicated the throne as armed mobs rioted thru Berlin. The next day he fled across the Dutch countryside to live the rest of his life in exile. The Kaisers fighting style represents a variety of German Generals. The Kaiser's son, Crown Prince Wilhelm commanded the German 5th army. General Karl von Bulow commanded the German Second Army and was aggressive against any odds General Helmuth von Moltkes job was to carry out the Schlieffen Plan at the start of the War Moltke lost control of his 200 mile long battle front. Joffre took advantage of the situation and beat von Moltke at the battle of the Marne. Soon after that, von Moltke was relieved of duty General Erich von Falkenhayn was the Chief of the German General Staff. It was his idea to attack Verdun and bleed France white. Opinion is divided on whether that was a strategic blunder or a brilliant innovation. Eric von Ludendorf became a hero during the invasion of Belgium. He would avoid strong points and move forward quickfy. This would isolate these strong points that could be dealt with later. Other times, he would use "hammerblows" against a point in the enemy line until it broke and then move through the break. He would use a strategic withdrawal to regroup. Unfortu- nately he let his troop's morale fall apart. By the end of the war he couldn't handle the pressure and had a nervous breakdown Helmut von Spike. The Fatherland Helmut von Spike is the self appointed Junior General of the Fatherland. This crazy cross eyed hun is unpredictable, unruly and flatulent. He is related by marriage to Prince Trench Foote, the great grandson of the infamous Crazy Ivan conqueror of many ancient lands. Unpredictable and illogical, some say there is a method to his madness but that is unlikely. Sun Tzu. China Long ago, Sun Tzu lived in the Chinese kingdom of Wu. His book. The Art of War. so impressed the King of Wu that Sun Tzu was invited to give a demonstration of his leadership skills at the Kings castle The king of Wu wanted to see if the demonstration could be carried out with women acting as soldiers. Dozens of his loyely concubines were brought into the courtyard. The king would later regret his desire to be amused this way The concubines were divided into two groups, and the King's two favorite concubines were made the leader of each. Sun Tzu acting as the general, carefully explained the orders he would give. However, the first time he gave the orders the women broke into laughter. He carefully explained the orders again to be sure that he was not at fault. Then again gave the order again, the women dissolved into laughter. Sun Tzu announced that he had explained the orders carefully and could not be at fault. The concubine leader of each group was at fault and should be executed The King became very alarmed and announced that Sun Tzu had proved his leadership qualities and did not need to prove it furthur by carrying out the beheadings. Sun Tzu then told the King that as the appointed leader of troops there were times when he had to carry out certain orders the King might not think necessary. The concubines were beheaded and two others move up to take their place. As you can imagine, Sun Tzu's next orders were followed very seriously and Sun Tzu became General of the Kingdom of Wu For nearly twenty years. the armies of Wu defeated their enemies. After both Sun Tzu and the King of Wu died, the ancient kingdom soon fell Sun Tzu's book, The Art of War, has been studied by many of the most brilliant military minds throughout history. The great Mongol leader Genghis Khan used The Art of War as the basis for his own philosophy and created the most awesome army the world had ever seen. In 1782, The Art of War was translated into French by a Jesuit priest and some believe this translation inspired the young Napoleon. Mao Tse Tung was greatly influenced by Sun Tzus book when he wrote his Little Red Book. Hitler also studied the book. More recently Marines in Operation Desert Storm were studying The Art of War. The Art of War is as valid today as it was 25 centuries ago when it was written THE ACES Fly on dear boy. From this dark world of strife, On to the promised land, To eternal life - Epitaph for James McCudden The fighter pilots of the Great War were abreed apart. Most were young men just out of their teens. All were volunteers. None wore a parachute. They flew delicate planes put together with wire, canvas and wood that a single spark could set ablaze. They engaged in combat in the bitter cold of high altitudes with open cockpit monoplanes, biplanes and triplanes. They were a new kind of Knight whose duels were called dogfights. They were heroes during the War and legends forever. Most of the aces received their country's highest medals. The German medal, the Blue Max, is called the Order Pour le Merite. It has a French name because it was instituted during the reign of Frederick the Great, when French was the official language of the Prussian court. It has an F with a crown on it which stands for Frederick. In 1916, Immelman and Boelcke each shot down their eighth victory and Kaiser Wilhelm II presented them with the Blue Max. The equivalent medal in England was the Victoria Cross and in France it was the Legion d`Honneur The top aces were a motley group. Guynemer was frail and sickly, Fonck was a braggart and Mannock could barely see out of one eye. Most were in their early twenties. As young as they were, the airplane was even younger. At the start of the war the ability of man to fly heavier than air aircraft was barely 10 years old! The Wright brothers first flew in 19O3. By the end of the war the aeroplane was only 15 years old Pets and mascots were popular at the airfields. Dogs and cats were common. Richthofen had a Great Dane named Moritz and Fonck had a stork named Helen. Albert Ball had a hutch of rabbits The Lafayete Escadrille adopted a pair of lion cubs All of the air fighters of the war were heroes to their countrymen. but a select few, perhaps one percent, became legendary. This tiny minority had the mysterious ability to score victories far above the rest. The term "ace" was sports slang in France at the time. It was derived from the high card and meant champion. While an ace was considered anyone who shot down 5 enemy aircraft, some aces scored 4O, 5O, 6O or more victories The average life expectancy of a new airman on the western front was 5 weeks. Who were these men that beat the odds and what abilities did they possess that allowed them to outscore 99 per cent of their comrades? Many skills were needed to become a superior fighter pilot: flying ability, marksmanship, reflexes, determination, coolness under fire, good eyesight, and experience. However, even these qualifications didn't guarantee a top scoring ace. There was another factor which today we call "situation awareness" - an almost psychic ability to be aware of everything going on in one's immediate vicinity, and then to instinctively make the right move Rittmeister Manfred von Richthofen, "Red Baron" Country: Germany Medals: Pour le Merite (Blue Max), Iron Cross, Austrian War Cross Victories: 80 A charismatic mystique surrounded Manfred von Richthofen, the infamous Red Baron. Even his closest friends could not fully understand the popular war hero. He was a compassionate human being who once refused to fire on a helpless pilot whose guns had jammed during a dogfight. He was also a devoted son who regularly wrote to his mother throughout the war. But Richthofen has also been described as an arrogant egomaniac and a ruthless killer who enjoyed running up his list of kills as Germnanys top scoring ace Richthofen had a strong ego which drove him to do some rather strange things. At one point, early in his career, he decided that his plane should stand out above all other planes in the sky It had to be easily distinguished in a dogfight to his squad and to the enemy. It was then that he chose the spectacular red color for his airplane. The French called it, Diable Rouge (the Red Devil) It soon became his trademark. Soon all of Richthofen's squad custom painted their planes with dazzling colors and fancy patterns this led the Allies to call the German squads "The Flying Circus" Richthofen was also an avid souvenir collector. He would take anything he could salvage from a fallen plane, a machine gun, a pistol, propeller fragments. For each plane he shot down, Richthofen had a silver cup engraved with the date, victory number, and type of plane. Sixty silver cups were in his collection before Richthofen was told that due to the war effort there was no more silver in Germany for cups Manfred vou Richthofen was the highest scoring ace of World War I with 80 victories to his credit. He was not considered a natural pilot but he had the ability to quickly position his aircraft into an advantageous position in relation to his opponent. He would then close in to finish his victim off with an accurate burst of fire. An excellent marksman. Richthofen's best skill lay in his shooting. He was a brilliant organizer and tactical leader. Richthofen was a stickler for military etiquette and a strict disciplinarian who planned his attack to minimise risks. On September 17, 1916 he shot down his first plane. In mid January 1917 with his 16th victory, he was awarded the Blue Max and assigned to lead his first fighter squadron, Jasta II. By the end of April Richthofen had 52 victories to become Germany's leading ace and a national hero. He was soon named to lead Germany's first fighter wing, Jagdgeschwader No 1, composed of an elite group of Jasta squads. Richthofen trained this wing to be the most efficient fighter force of World War I. It claimed 644 victories with only 56 pilots killed and 52 wounded. Victory belongs to him who is calmest, who shoots best, and who has the cleverest brain in a moment of danger - Manfred Von Richthofen, April 1917 Fate! The exact cause of the Red Baron's downing is disputed to this day. He was shot down April 21, 1918 over the Somme River while in pursuit of Wilfred May who had broken away from a dogfight with The Flying Circus. Richthofen's red Fokker Dr 1 triplaue suddenly glided to earth. It landed peacefully in a field next to the Somme. Australian ground troops found the pilot slumped in his seat with a single bullet wound through the chest Canadian pilot Roy Brown, flying a Sopwith Camel, had been attacking Richthofen from behind while Richthofen was chasing May. Brown saw the plane go down, flew back to his base and claimed the victory unaware that it was Richthofen. But an Australian machine gunner on the grouud also claims to have fired the fatal shot. In a waning age of chivalry, Richthofen was buried by the Allies with full military honors, complete with a gun salute. More than a hundred pilots attended the funeral of their respected foe A nearby British air squadron sent flowers to the funeral of their late enemy. After the funeral, a British pilot flew over Richthofen's airdrome and dropped this message along with a picture of his flower covered grave To the German Flying Corps , Rittmeister Baron Manfred von Richthofen was killed in aerial combat April 21, 1918. On that fateful day, Manfred von Richthofen passed into legend He was 25 a glorious death. Fight on and fly on to the last drop of blood and fuel to the last beat of the heart and the last kick of the motor: a death for a knight a toast for his fellows, friend and foe - Manfred von Richthofen, 1916 Capitaine Rene Fonck French Ace of Aces Country: France Medals: Legion d`Honneur (Legion of Honour), Medaille Militaire (Military Medal) Victories: 75 Greatest of all Allied Aces, Fonck was cool and aloof, more admired than liked by his men. He was never at a loss for words to describe his successes. When he first became an ace in 1917 he described the achievement as my new found glory. After a few more victories he proclaimed himself a virtuoso. Although abrasive and tactless, Fonck had the skill to back up his remarks. He handled his plane with absolute confidence and was a deadly marksman. Second only to Richthofen in victories! he was never shot down. Fonck was one of the war's best aerial marksmen. He alwavs scored with a minimum of bullets, sometimes only four or five On May 6th and again on September 26, 1918, he shot down six planes in a single day. He was the only fighter pilot of the war to do so. Fate: Rene Fonck survived the war and died of natural causes in 1953 Major Edward Mick Mannock, The One Eyed Ace Country: Great Britain Highest Medal: Victoria Cross Victories: 73 Mannock had problems enlisting in the air service because of his age, 29, and the fact that he had bad vision in one eye. He managed to bluff his way into the air service by memorizing the eye chart. His love of England brought about an intense hatred for the enemy. He did not believe in fighting a gentlemanly war. He didnt like war, his only goal was to rid the skies of the enemy. When he shot down an enemy plane, he believed he was exterminating evil Mannock was the greatest British ace and perhaps the greatest air fighter who ever lived. He is described as a cool calculating technician. He had a conservative fighting style and a scientific handling of his aircraft and guns. He was a firm believer in formation flying and careful marksmanship. This made him a superb patrol leader Fate: On July 26 1918 a bullet from the ground pierced Mick Mannock's gas tank and his plane went down in flames. He was 31 years old. When he died every man in the squadron wept - Captain Ira "Taffy" Jones RAF, 1918 Capitaine Georges Guynemer "Winged Sword of France" Country: France Medals: Legion d'Honneur (Legion of Honor) Medaille Militaire (Military Medal) Victories: 54 Guynemer was a frail and sickly young man who twice failed to pass the army physical. He was given the chance to fly in the Air Service because of his mechanical ability and his fathers influ- ence. And yet he was an adored hero of the French people. His mail was filled with love letters from girls and women proposing marriage. He was followed in the streets by people requesting his autograph. Myth and romanticism surrounded him On the ground he was moody and rarely in good health. In the air he was terror itself. Biographer Henri Bordeaux described Guynemer as he prepared for combat, His face became deathly pale and his eyes flashed with a strange light. His personality transformed almost in terms of a seizure He carried fire and massacre into the sky Guynemer was a technician who preferred to work solo. He knew every nut and bolt in his plane and was an excellant marksman Flying with complete disregard for odds and safty he was shot down seven times, wounded twice, and by some miracle survived He had a method of combat that almost seemed suicidal. Fate: The exact circumstances of Guynemer's death are shrouded in mystery. His aircraft simply vanished while he was on patrol September 11 1917. Neither body nor plane were ever found He was 22 He belonged to the skies, and the skies have taken him - French Cardinal at memorial service, 1917 Captain Albert Ball Country: Great Britain Medals: Victoria Cross and Legion of Honor (posthumous) Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross Victories: 44 Albert Ball was a shy loner who hated killing. After he shot down a plane, he would return to his aerodrome and try to put it out of his mind by playing his violin. He liked rabbits (he kept a hutch of them in his hangar) and gardening. Between missions he would spend hours working in the garden that he planted with seeds sent from his family He was the only pilot to fly without a helmet and goggles An ace at 19, Ball was a daredevil pilot who would take on any odds. He had one rule: attack everything. He would often charge into a formation of enemy planes with guns blazing. His reputation was of sheer courage, almost suicidal. He rarely, if ever retreated On one occasion in August 1916, Ball flew alone in his Nieuport to challenge a group of German fighters based at Cambrai. When they rose to intercept, Ball flew straight into their midst, scattering the squad. He soon shot down two of his attackers. Even with the odds against him, Ball refused to turn back until his ammunition was gone. Finally when his engine was spluttering from a direct hit he pointed his plane towards his lines. As the plane drifted away he drew his pistol and fired it at the enemy. He crash landed behind his lines, one of six times he had done so. Ball was very good at stalking an enemy aircraft. His favorite technique was to come up from under and behind in the crew's blind spot where he could fire a close range burst. Fate: The exact circumstances of his death are one of the most debated of all World War I pilots. He dove into a cloud in pursuit of a German aircraft on May7, 1917. When he emerged from the cloud his plane was out of control and crashed outside the village of Annoeullin. Pulled from the wreckage, Ball died in the arms of a French farm girl. Some three weeks after he crashed, Lothar von Richthofen (brother of Manfred) claimed the victory. It was later discovered that Lothar was in Berlin on sick leave on May 7th. Another story has him being shot down from a secret machine gun nest hidden in a church clock tower near ihe village of Annoeullin. It seems Ball had the habit of flying over the tower to check his watch after each battle. This made for an easy ambush. The mystery has never been solved. He was 20 Nothing makes me feel more rotten than seeing them go down. He is just a good chap with very little guts, trying to do his best - Albert Ball, 1917 Hauptmann Oswald Boelcke, "Father of Air Tactics" Country: Germany Medals: Pour le Merite (Blue Max), Iron Cross Victories: 40 Oswald Boelcke, Germanys first national air hero, was a kind man who would often visit his victims in the hospital or bring flowers to the graves of those that didn't make it. In 1916, less than two years in to the war, he wrote the Dicta Boelcke the first set of rules for aerial combat. Through his success as a fighter pilot and his scholarly character, Boelcke was admired and respected by both his stu- dents and the pilots on both sides A superb air fighter, Boelcke flew instinctively. Frequently he would rise before dawn and set out on patrol alone. He would often return with a victory and then tell the other fighter pilots about his adventure Boelcke was credited with developing the first Jasta (hunter) squadron, an elite squadron of fighters. A Jasta squadron would attack a smaller squadron of Allied fighters, thereby disposing of them with relative ease, while avoiding a squadron that was bigger than theirs He took advantage of his fighting experiences and passed his knowledge on to his students. He was regarded as a strategist and tactical genius with a sharp militarv mind. Many of his ideas formed the rules of air fighting that are still in use today. Fate: Ironically, Boelcke was killed as a result of a flying accident with one of his students, The wing tips of their planes collided. On October 28, 1916 while both were shooting at the same plane Boelcke was killed upon impact At his funeral a British plane flew overhead and dropped a wreath with the inscription, To the memory of Captain Boelcke, our brave and chivalrous foe After his death, Boelcke's prize pupil, Manfred von Richtholen, took over the Jasta squad Boelcke was 25 IV: APPENDIXES -------------- CAMPAIGN DESCRIPTIONS These historical campaigns are based on actual battles of World War I HISTORICAL 1. THE CONQUEST OF BELGIUM: AUG 1914 GERMANY VS BELGIUM The Schlieffen Plan called for a surprise lightning quick strike through neutral Belgium and on into Paris. 300,000 German soldiers met 150,000 Belgian troops. A few British troops helped to defend Mons and Antwerp, while French troops helped to defend Namur. The fort cities of Liege, Namur and Antwerp slowed the German advance but didn't stop it. Soon, the Belgian army, led by King Albert I, was in an organized retreat, heading West into Northern France Campaigns 1 CONQUEST OF BELGIUM 2 BATTLE OF TANNENBERG BATTLE OF MARNE 3 BATTLE OF LEMBERG FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES 4 BRUSILOV OFFENSIVE BATTLE OF VERDUN 5 BATTLE OF CAPORETTO BATTLE OF THE SOMME 6 GALLIPOLI BATTLE OF MESSINES 7 MEGIDDO BATTLE OF PASSCHENDAELE 8 DEFEAT OF SERBIA BATTLE OF CAMBRAI BATTLE OF LYS FINAL GERMAN PUSH FINAL ALLIED OFFENSIVES BATTLE OF AMIENS In this campaign, the fortress cities of Antwerp. Liege and Namur are represented by a fort and a city. The Western Front hadn't been established yet so the front represents the border between Germany and Belgium. The Green Capital is at Brussels The Red Capital represents the German Empire and is sur- rounded by mountains that protect it. The campaign begins just before the German army makes its move. You have the smaller force but sometimes the smaller man can win. Difficulty: 9 2. THE BATTLE OF MARNE: AUG-SEP 1914 GERMANY VS. FRANCE After moving through Belgium, the mighty German army got within 50 miles of Paris before they were stopped along the Marne River This line defined the Western Front. In this campaign. you join the French to try to stop the forward momentum of the German Army. Supply depots along the front represent the strength of the German forces. French bombers are named after the French cities on the map. Early air tactics are represented by Boelcke Difficulty: 2 3. THE BATTLE OF TANNENBERG: AUG 1914 GERMANY VS RUSSIA While Germany focused her strength on the push to Paris, Russia was moving to strike Germany's rear. Von Schlieffen knew the Masurian Lakes would divide the Russian army so he planned to concentrate on one half of the Russian army. When it was destroyed, they would turn and destroy the other half of the Russian army. Instead, the German commander von Prittwitz, panicked and split his forces and then withdrew behind the River Vistula. Moltke had been concentrating on the Western Front but when he heard this he immediately replaced von Prittwitz with Hindenburg and Ludendorff. As the battle progressed, both sides tried to encircle the other. Hindenburg and Ludendorff made a good team. Near the city of Tannenberg the Russiain army was encircled and collapsed In this campaign, the inpenetrable Masurian Lakes are represented by forts and high mountains. The green side has no factories because even though Russia had a huge army, she was unable to imobilize quickly. Red has no factories because the bulk of the German army was committed to the Western Front and couldn't be spared for reinforcing the Eastern Front. You play the German side (red). The green Capital is represented by Russia in the Southeast. The Black Capital is the key city, Konigsberg in the Northwest. Each side is about equal in strength. The bombers are named after towns on the map. The white Russian airforce is centred along the front. They could move North, South or split. Strategy Tip: When you play green, select the Kaiser for the enemy leader .Since villages are of little value to him, bomb the cities near the front and ignore the villages Difficulty: 3 4. THE BATTLE OF LEMBERG: SEP 1914 AUSTRIA VS. RUSSIA Austria wanted to take advantage of the Russian defeat at Tannenberg and strike quickly before Russia could further mobi- lize. The Russian army expected Austria to attack from the East and felt they could envelope them from the north, striking their rear. Instead, the Austrian left flank moved north towards Cholm while its center anchored at Lemberg. The battle went back and forth with Russia gaining in the north before being forced to draw back from Lemberg. Then Russia was reinforced by the Ninth army. By Sep II, Austria was in full retreat. As a result, Austria lost Lemberg, the center of its road and rail networks. It also broke the confidence of the Austrian Army. When Germany sent reinforcements, it weakened her at the Western Front and proved that her hope for early victory was lost In the campaign, there are no factories for the red side. This represents the lack of aid that Austria got from Germany. The green side has one slow factory which represents the Ninth Army that arrived late in the battle. Offensive Strategy: Send waves of fighters out to cover your bombers. Defensive strategy: Leave bombers on the ground and scramble fighters to intercept and pick off enemy squadrons. After they are severly weakened, it will be severly to send bombers up. Difficulty: 3 5. THE FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES: OCT - NOV 1914 BRITAIN, BELGIUM, FRANCE VS GERMANY After the battle of Marne, the Western Front became stalemated along the Yser River. The British army decided to move further north for easier commuinication with their home bases and to concentrate her troops near the English Channel. When British soldiers moved North, Germany followed, taking the fort at Antwerp on Oct 10. The British had hoped to encircle the German right wing but Germany made a surprise move to the coastline hoping to capture the Channel Ports of Dunkirk, Boulogne and Calais and to encircle the British left wing. It might have worked except the retreating Belgian army happened to be in the way. Though retreating, the Belgian armv was still intact The Belgians stopped the German thrust near Dixmude. Then they opened the river locks at Nieuport, creating a flood that forced the German army back. The Germans then focused on British positions around Ypres (pronounced E pray). After three days of continuous fighting, the British center retreated to just in front of Ypres. The British launched a successful counter attack Soon, French troops arrived as reinforcement to the British and the front was again at a stalemate In this campaign you command Allied forces against the agressive German force. Dixmude is represented by a city near the river Yser. You are defending Ypres (the green Capital). The enemy Capital is in the northeast at Bruges, Belgium. The German forces are spread out along the front and could move in any direction Difficulty: 8 6. GALLIPOLI: MAR 1915 - JAN 1916 BRITAIN VS. TURKEY Turkey entered the war hoping to gain territory from Russia. Russia appealed to Lord Kitchener for relief. He sent an army of 70,000 men, mostly Australian and New Zealanders, to attack the Turks at the Gallipoli peninsula. Some British and French soldiers were also involved. As soon as they hit shore, communication was lost and each unit had to act independently. On top of that, the first assault wave landed at the wrong place. A strong current had moved the ships north. Instead of the expected sandy beaches there was a rocky shore. Hopes for a quick victory disappeared The British sent reinforcements but not as quickly as the Turks did. Soon the Allies were greatly outnumbered. By the time the Allies withdrew, there had been over 250,000 casualties on each side. The invasion of Gallipoli could have been sucessful if done properly. Instead, they ignored strategic high ground when it was available didn't understand their enemy, did not have adequate maps, and lost their lines of communication In this campaign, we focus on the effort to break the stalemate in the summer of 1915. It was a double Allied assault. One came from Sulvia Bay, the other from Anzac. They planned to rejoin on the high ground over the Narrows. Turkish resistance was fierce and it ended in stalemate. The Turks were able to reinforce much faster than the Allies. This is represented by their having three factories and you only having one. The mountains are high and treacherous so travel through the passes but watch for enemy fighters Difficulty: 5 7. THE DEFEAT OF SERBIA: OCT-DEC 1915 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY VS. SERBIA By October of 1915 Serbia was being pressed on three sides by the armies of Austria Hungary and Bulgaria. The Serbian army was pushed back to her West border in a line from Novi Pazar to Prizren. French and British troops arrived too late to help and what remained of the Serbian army retreated into Albania. Of the 200,000 soldiers in the Serbian army, half were either killed or wounded In this campaign, the Green Capital is on the West border of Serbia at Prizren. The front outlines the border of Serbia, to the north is Austria Hungary and to the East is Bulgaria. Novi Pazar is represented by a city, Belgrade is a city/supply depot by the North border and Skopje is a supply depot. You are greatly outnumbered (as was Serbia) but this campaign can be beaten if played properly Difficulty: 5 8. THE BATTLE OF VERDUN: FEB-DEC 1916 FRANCE VS. GERMANY The German Army with 1000 big guns are across the Meuse River east of Verdun. Verdun is protected by a series of forts and the French are determined to defend their city at any score. This long battle took most of 1916 and resulted in enormous losses on both sides. In the end, France was sucessful in protecting Verdun. In this Campaign you take control of German forces to try to capture Verdun from a determined opponent. Verdun is represented by four cities split by the Meuse River. Verdun has one supply line, The Sacred Way, which connects it with Bar le Duc to the Southwest. Bar le Duc is the Green capital. If you destroy it, you choke Verdun and in the campaign. The sacred way is represented by supply depots between Bar le Duc and Verdun Difficulty: 2 9. THE BATTLE OF KILIMANJARO: MAR 1916 BRITAIN VS. GERMANY The war spread to Africa when Britain tried to take advantage of her superior Naval force to take Germany's Imperial possesions Kenya was British East Africa and Tanganyika was German East Africa. The Germans had their eye on the Uganda Railroad that links the British port, Mombasa, with Uganda. The Germans hoped to cut this supply line and capture the port city. Mombasa To stop them, the British had to prevent them from moving through the gap between Mount Kilimanjaro and the Pare Mountains to the Southeast. The battle was hard fought but the British finally captured much of the German army. The rest of the German army hid in the brush, making geurilla strikes until the war ended. In this campaign, you control the British Army and try to stop the German advance through the pass. Your Capital is at Mombasa. The red capital is at the city of Handeni. You have an airfield Southwest of Mount Kilimanjaro that represents the 1st South African Mounted Brigade that turned the German right flank Difficulty: 4 10. THE BRUSILOV OFFENSIVE: JUN-SEP 1916 RUSSIA VS. AUSTRIA Brusilov commanded the Russian forces along a front that stretched through the Ukraine from Poland to Romania. Instead of concen- trating forces he decided to attack the Austrian army across a wide front. It started with a short artillery attack that focused on certain points in the enemy line. Brusilov broke through and left the Austro Hungarian army in confusion. The advance gathered speed and over the next few weeks moved ahead 60 miles, capturing key cities, many prisoners and weapons. Germany took troops from other fronts to reinforce the Austrians. Then things went bad when Brusilov pushed too far too fast, straining his supply lines and suffering heavy casualties. One million Russians died. This was too much for the Russian people. Russia collapsed into anarchy and soon into revolution. This led to the Bolsheviks (with Lenin as their leader) taking power and the beginning of the Soviet Union. In this campaign, you are Brusilov. The enemy Capital is Lemberg. You can concentrate your forces on a point in the enemy line, put your power into a flank to try to turn the enemy's flank or do what Brusilov did and attack across a wide front Difficulty: 1 11. THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME: JUL-NOV 1916 BRITAIN VS. GERMANY The British initiated this "Big Push", that they thought would relieve the pressure on the French at Verdun and bring an early end to the war. It began with five days of heavy artillery bombard- ment near the Somme River in Northeast France. Instead of weakening German defenses, it created craters that were hard to advance through and made good dugouts for German machine gun nests. The bombardment ended at dawn on the fifth day and British and French soldiers climbed out of their trenches to attack, Machine gun fire killed them by the thousands. By midday there were 100,000 casualties. By September, both sides had taken heavy losses. The British introduced a new weapon the tank British infantry followed behind the tanks and gained some ground but the fighting continued. November brought heavy rains and both sides lost interest. When it was over, Britain had gained just a few miles. In this campaign your British army is on the offensive. You have a stronger air force but they have more strategic targets to represent. The defensive strength of the Germans who were on a ridge and dug in. The enemy has one factory which represents German reinforcements but you have none Difficulty: 3 12.THE BATTLE OF MESSINES: JUN 1917 BRITAIN, FRANCE VS GERMANY Messines Ridge is South of Ypres, The Germans had been dug in there for two years. On the first day of the battle, 120,000 Frenchmen fell. General Nivelle was quickly replaced by General Petain. The Hero of Verdun, Petain took a defensive posture, waiting for tanks and American reinforcements. The British weren't as patient and moved to Flanders and began an attack on Messines Ridge. The Germans knew the strategic importance of the ridge and had a strong defense. The British surprised the Germans by tunneling under the German trenches and detonat- ing one million pounds of explosives. The British were sucessful in taking the ridge. In this campaign, deep German entrenchment is repre- sented by two forts to "hold the line. To represent British explosive power. You are equipped with more bombers than the enemy. The Germans have more fighters which also represents defensive power Difficulty: 3 13. THE BATTLE OF PASSCHENDAELE: JUL-NOV 1917 BRITAIN VS. GERMANY By the middle of 1917, the situation looked bad for the Allies. Italy was unable to advance against Austria, Russia was about to collapse, German submarines were causing trouble on the high seas. The allies last hope was the United States. German U boats were sinking neutral and unarmed ships at sea and this upset the United States. British General Sir Douglas Haig wanted to beat the German's before the Americans could arrive and steal his glory He planned to attack in Flanders and break though the line near Ypres and then circle the German right flank. Heavy artillery bombardment mixed with the heavy rains made amess out of the battlefield. By October, Allied forces had made some gains but winter was coming and Russia was out of the war. Germany was rapidly moving troops from the Eastern Front. What followed was called the muddiest war in history. With the help of Canadian and Australian forces. Haig achieved his goal and captured the high ground around Passchendale In this campaign, British offensive power is represented by strong air power and little ground power. German defense is represented by stronge ground targets. The dug in defensive strength of Passchendale ridge is represented by a series of three forts. The town of Passcheudaele is the Red Capital Difficulty: 2 14. THE BATTLE OF CAPORETTO: OCT 1917 ITALY VS. AUSTRIA The Italian/Austrian front ran through the Alps. Both sides wanted to move forward through the mountainns and to the plains beyond. Russia's collapse let Austria focus more troops on Italy. The Austrians thought they saw a weak spot in the Italian line at Caporetto. The Italian defenses collapsed and Austria advanced to 80 miles west of Caporetto. Italy suffered heavy losses. Britain and France quickly sent reinforcements and a year later, the Allies split the Austrian army in two forcing her retreat In this campaign, you play the Italian Commander and try to protect your homeland from the Austrian invaders. You are badly outnumbered but if you use every airplane to its maximum efficiency, you may succeed Difficulty: 5 15. THE BATTLE OF CAMBRAI: NOV 1917 BRITAIN VS. GERMANY A few tanks had beeu used on the Somme during the latter part of the battle but most became stuck in the mud or in shell craters. At Cambrai, the ground was firm and if the British could penetrate The enemy line, they could force a retreat. Thirty six trains secretly moved tanks to the front during cover of night. The point of attack was just South of Cambrai. The German swere taken by surprise and the British suceeded in breaking the line and moved ahead six miles. Due to lack of reserves, the British lost most of their gains within ten days In this campaign you command German forces. Prepare for the British on slaught. You have no bombers and no factories to make any. The British have many bombers to represent their tanks. You have much greater ground strength though so use your fighters to destroy enemy bombers before they can destroy your ground targets and you will prevail. Your red Capital is at Cambrai and the green Capital is at Gouzeaucourt Difficulty: 6 16. THE BATTLE OF MEGIDDO: SEP-OCT 1918 BRITIAN VS. TURKEY The Turkish front line extended from Arsuf on the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordon Valley. The Turks main supply line ran between Damascus south to Deraa where it split. One route ran south to Amman and the other ran West through El Afule, Messudieh Nablus and Tul Keram. The British wanted to capture these key cities. The plan was to trick them into thinking they would strike up the Jordan Valley but instead move the left wing north through Samarian Hills and hit them from the west. They used there superior air force to keep the enemy air force on the ground so they wouldnt see the troop movement to the west. Australian pilots bombed the railroad at Deraa while Lawrence of Arabia hit it from the ground. Just before the big push, the Allies bombed Tul Keram, Nablus and El Afule cutting off Turkish communication lines. Allenby's left wing was successful in penetrating the Turks right wing forcing retreat. Bombers attacked the Turks while they fled East towards the Jordon River. Turkey surrendered much of her territory which eventually became Israel, Syria and Iraq In this campaign you command British forces. You have greater air power than the Turks but will have to use it quickly and efficiently before they overrun you on the ground. Your Capital is at Jerusalem. The red Capital is at Nazareth Difficulty: 8 17. THE BATTLE OF LYS: APR 1918 GERMANY VS. THE ALLIES Germany made a number of attempts to capture the strategic city of Ypres dung the war. The time, they planned to hit the Allies from the Southeast, forcing them back across the river Lys. Then they would chase the British out of Hazebrouck and Poperinghe and Ypres would be surrounded. In the end. German troops got within a few miles of Ypres but were stopped. In this cannpaign, you play the side of the Germans. The Allies have a series of lines of defense around Ypres. Ypres is the green Capital. The heavy Allied defenses Northeast of Ypres are represented by Forts. The red Capital is at Lille Difficulty: 5 18. THE BATTLE OF AMIENS: AUG 1918 ALLIES VS. GERMANY Germany appeared to be on the verge of winning the war by the spring of 1918. Russia had dropped out of the war letting Germany move more than a million men to the Western Front. The French were exhausted, Britain was wearing down and the Italians had been defeated at Caporetto. The main concern of the Germans was to move quickly before fresh American forces arrived, Germany outnumbered the Allies and kept moving forward. Soon, they had taken 90,000 prisoners and were within 10 miles of the strategically important city of Amiens. A portion of the German line was protruding towards Amiens and this battle was an attack intended to push that salient back. Behind tanks and an artillery barrage, the British advanced on a ten mile front. By night, they had recaptured nine miles and captured thousands of prisoners. General Ludendorff called this the "Black Day" of his army. The British advance slowed after the first day and the French army hit the Southern side of the protrusion. Pushing the Germans out of Montdidier. More British forces attacked from the north and Ludendorff ordered a withdrawal to the east along a 30 mile front In this campaign, the red Capital is at Peronne. The green Capital is Amiens. French pilots represent French forces in the south and British pilots represent British forces in the north. Since it is an Allied offensive, you have more bonnbers than your opponent Difficulty 9 19. THE FINAL GERMAM PUSH: MAY-AUG 1918 ALLIES VS. GERMANY On May 27, the Germans made another major push between Rheims and Soissons, taking more ground. Now they were almost within shooting distance of Paris. The next attack was an attempt to Capture Rheims in early July. Foch had been holding American troops in reserve but it was now time to use them. On July 18, Foch decided to counter attack to try to free Soissons. He was successful in moving the Germans back in the Second Battle of Marnes. This improved the morale of Allied troops as much as it lowered the morale of Geriman troops. Then, the Allies attacked at Picardy and recaptured 110 square miles. By August 21st, Ludendorff knew the war was lost and went on the defensive In this campaign the enemy is pushing towards your Capital at Paris. The enemy Capital is at Brussels. This is aHi"     Hi`_^]\[ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA@?>=<;:9876543210/.-,+*)('&%$#"! HhG~}|{zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaHh#n7      angry argerlich irrite animal tierisch animal annihilate vernichten annihiler army armee armee arrow pfeil fleche arsenal waffenlager arsenal ass esel ane assassin atteutater assassin daring verwegen audace aviator flieger aviateur bad schlect mauvais barbarian barbar barbare beautiful schon beau Bee Biene abeille bird Vogel oiseau black schwarz noir blood blut sang blue blau bleu boat boot bateau bold wagemutig hardi bully raufbold mattamore buzzard bussard buse champion sieger champion cool kuhl frais crazy wahnsinnig fou dog hund chien dragon drache dragon eagle adler aigle emperor kaiser empereur empress kaiserin imperatrice fort feste fort fox fuchs renard breeze brise brise gallant tapfir vaillant good gute bon goose gans oie green grun vert hawk habicht colporter indignant ungehalten indigne horse pferd cheval flying fliegen vol jockey jockei jockey kite drachen cerf-volant knight ritter chevalier lady dame dame marksman scharfschutze tireur menace drohung menace merciless erbarmunglos impitoyable miraculous wunderban niroculeux monster ungeheuer monstre octopus krake pieuvre parrot papagei perroquet pigeon taube pigeon pirate pirat pirate rebel rebell rebelle red rot rouge scorpion skorpion scorpion scout spaher vedette ship schiff bateau sparrow spatz moineau spider spinne araignee spy spion espiou squadron schwadron escadrille star stern etoile sun sonne soleil superman ubermensch surhomme sword schwert epee talon kralle serre turkey puter dindoct tyraut tyraun tyran vandal vandale vandal warship kriegszeit navire de guerre wasp wespe guepe FIGHTER PILOT NAMES For fighter pilots, you can use the names of friends, famous people. etc. The following is a list of real aces from World War I and the number of victories they had. To simulate their skill levels, consider each medal as being the equivalent of 10 victories So, if an ace had 39 victories, give him 4 medals. BRITISH ACES Score Pilot and Rank 73 Major E Mannock 72 Lieutenant Colonel W A Bishop 60 Lieutenant Colonel R Collishaw 57 Major J T B McCudden 54 Captain A W Beanchamp Proctor 54 Major D R MacLaren 53 Major W G Barker 47 Captain R A Litte 46 Captain P F Fullard 46 Captain G E H McElroy 44 Captain A Ball 44 Captain J Gilmore 41 Major T F Hazell 40 Captain J I T Jones 39 Captain W G Claxton 39 Major R S Dallas 37 Captain F R McCall 35 Captain H W Woollett 34 Captain F G Quigley 32 Major G H Bowman 31 Major A D Carter 31 Captain J L M White 30 Captain M B Frew 30 Captain S M Kinkead 30 Captain A E McKeever 29 Captain A H Cobby 29 Captain W L Jordon 27 Captain J E Gordon 27 Captain R T C Hodge 27 Captain H G E Lucford 27 Major G J C Maxwell 26 Captain W C Campbell 26 Captain W E Staton 25 Major K L Caldwell 25 Major R J O Compston 25 Major J Leacroft 25 Captain R A Mayberry 24 Major J O Andrews 24 Captain W E Shields 23 Captain J S T Fall 23 Captain A Hepburn 23 Captain D Latimer 23 Captain E J K McLoughry 23 Lieutenant A P F Rhys Davids 23 Captain S W Rpsevear 23 Captain H A Whistler 22 Major C D Booker 22 Major W J C K Cochrane-Patrick 22 Captain R King 22 Lieutenant McK Thomson 22 Captain C J Venter 21 Captain P J Clayson 21 Captain R P Minifie 21 Captain G E Thompson 20 Captain D J Bell 20 Captain T S Harrison 20 Captain W L Harrison 20 Captain E C Johnston 20 Captain C F King 20 Flight Sub Lieutenant J J Malone 20 Captain I D R McDonald 20 Lieutenant C M MacEwen 20 Major G W Murlis Green 20 Major K R Park 20 Captain D A Stewart I9 Captain W Beaver 19 Captain H B Bell Irving 19 Captain W MacLanachan 19 Major S M Miles 19 Captain H W L Saunders 19 Major A M Wilkinson 18 Lieutenant L M Barlow 18 Lieutenant C F Collett 18 Captain A K Cowper 18 Captain F R Cubbou 18 Captain E Dickson 18 Captain A J Enstone 18 Captain F L Hale 18 Captain A T Laccaci 18 Lieutenant E V Reid 18 Captain F A Thayre 18 Captain J L Trollope 18 Lieutenant W B Wood 17 Captain J H Burden 17 Captain G H Cock 17 Captain L F Jenkins 17 Captain M A Nounhouse 17 Captain Edwin Swale 16 Captain O M Baldwin 16 Captain W Gillette 16 Captain C R R Hickey 16 Captain H T Mellings 16 Captain T P Middleton 16 Lieutenant S A Oades 16 Major S F Oxspring 16 Major S F Pender 16 Captain B Roxburgh Smith 15 Captain P C Carpenter 15 Captain M H Findley 15 Captain R A Grosvenor 15 Lieutenant H B Richardson 15 Captain J H Tudhope 15 Captain W A Tyrrel 15 Lieutenant C T Warman 14 Captain M Galbraith 14 Captain G E Gibbs 14 Captain S W Highwood 14 Captain F Libby 14 Major N F K McEwan 14 Captain R T Mark 13 Captain C P Brown 13 Captain R A Delhaye 13 J H Hedley 13 Captain A G Jones Williams 13 Lieutenant C H R Lagesse 13 Lieutenant N W R Mawle 13 Captain G P Olley 13 Captain H G Reeves 13 Captain C G Ross 13 Lieutenant Colonel A J L Scott 13 Captain F R Smith 13 Captain O H D Vickers 12 Lieutenant L B Bennit 12 Captain A R Brown 12 Captain R W Chappell 12 Captain E S Coler 12 Captain C M Crowe 12 Major C Draper 12 Captain H F S Drewitt 12 Lieutenant Alan Gerrard 12 Lieutenaut F D Gillete 12 Major P Huskinson 12 Captain H P Lale 12 Lieutenant M E Mealing 12 Lieutenant K B Montgomery 12 Lieutenant Colonel R H Mulock 12 Major R C Phillips 12 Captain L H Rochford 12 Captain W A Southey 12 Lieutenant L T E Taplin 12 Lieutenant F D Travers 12 Captain N W W Webb 12 Major J T Whittaker 12 Captain P Wilson 11 Captain S Carlin 11 Captain R E Dodds 11 Captain G B Gates 11 Captain H A Hamersley 11 Lieutenant P T Laccaci 11 Captain S C Joseph 11 Captain A C Kiddie 11 Captain K M St C G Leaske 11 Captain C N Lowe 11 Lieutenant A McCudden 11 Lieutenant R W McKenzie 11 Captain N McMillan 11 Lieuteuant A J Morgan 11 Captain W R G Pearson 11 Lieutenant A E Reed 11 Captain W W Rogers 11 Captain M D C Scott 11 Lieutenant J E Sharman 11 Captain S F H Thompson 10 Major B E Baker 10 Captain G B A Baker 10 Captain C C Banks 10 Captain A J Boswell 10 Lieutenant G L Graham 10 Captain E T Hayne 10 Lieutenant T S Horry 10 Captain W H Hubbard 10 Captain V Kearley 10 Captain D V MacGregor 10 Lieutenant R M Makepeach 10 Lieutenant R F S Maudit 10 Captain J W Pinder 10 Lieutenant H B Redler 10 Lieutenant L L Richardson 10 Lieutenant T Rose 10 Captain J Scott 10 Captain S P Smith 10 Captain A T B Tonks 10 Lieutenant K R Unger 10 Major G M Vaucour 10 Lieutenant H G Watson 10 Lieutenant W L Wells 10 Major W E Young AMERlCAN ACES Score Pilot and Rank 26 Captain E V Rickenbacker 21 Second Lieutenant Frank Luke Jr 17 Major Raoul Lufbery 13 L/Lt George A, Vaughn, Jr 12 Captain Field E Kindley 12 First Lieutenant David E Putnam 12 Captain Elliot W Springs 10 Major Reed G Landis 10 Captain Jacques Michael Swaab BELGIAN ACES Score Pilot and Rank 37 Second Lieutenant W Coppens 11 Adjudant A De Meulemeester 1O Second Lieutenant E Thieffry ITALIAN ACES Score Pilot and Rank 34 Maggiore Francesco Baracca 26 Tenente Silvio Scaroni 24 Tenente Colonnello Ruggiero Piccio 21 Tenente Flail Torello Baracchini 20 Capitano Fulco Ruffo di Calabria 17 Sergente Marziale Cerutti 17 Teuente Ferruccio Ranza 12 Tenente Luigi Olivari 11 Tenente Giovanni Ancillotto 11 Sergente Antonio Reali RUSSIAN ACES Score Pilot and Rank 17 Staff-Captain A A Kazakov 15 Captain P V d'Argueeff 13 Lieutenant-Commander A P Seversky 12 Lieutenant I W Smirnoff 11 Lieutenant M Safonov 11 Captain B Sergievsky 11 Ensign E M Tomson FRENCH ACES Score Pilot and Rank 75 Capitaine Rene Paul Fonck 54 Capitaine Georges M L J Guynemer 45 Lieutenant Charles E J M Nungesser 41 Capitaine Georges F Madon 35 Lieutenant Maurice Boyau 34 Lieutenant Michel Coiffard 28 Lieutenant Jean P L Bourjade 27 Capitaine Armand Pinsard 23 Sous-Lieutenant Rene Dorme 23 Lieutenant Gabriel Guerin 23 Sous-Lieutenaut Claude M Haegelen 22 Sous-Lieutenant Pierre Marinovitch 21 Capitaine Alfred Heurtaux 20 Capitaine Albert Deullin 19 Capitaine Henrij H de Slade 19 Lieutenant Jacques L Ehrlich 18 Lieutenant Bernard de Romanet 16 Lieutenant Jean Chaput 15 Capitaine Armand O de Turenne 15 Capitaine Paul V d'Argueeff 15 Lieutenant Gilbert Stardier 14 Lieutenant Marc Ambrog 13 Sous-Lieutenant Omer Demeuldre 13 Lieutenant Hector Garanld 13 Lieutenant Marcel Nogues 12 Sous-Lieutenant Bernard Artigau 12 Lieutenant Jean H Casale 12 Sous-Lieutenant Gustave Daladier 12 Capitaine Xavier de Sevin 12 Sous-Lieutenant Fernand Guvou 12 Lieutenant Marcel Hugues 12 Sous-Lieutenant Lucien Jailler 12 Capitaine Jacques Leps 12 Sous-Lieutenant Jean M D Navarre 12 Lieutenant Paul A P Tarascon 11 Adjutant Armand Berthelot 11 Sous-Lieutenant Jean Bouyer 11 Lieutenant Benjamen Bozon Verduraz 11 Sous-Lieutenant William Herisson 11 Adjutant Maxime Lenoir 11 Sous-Lieutenant Ernest Maunoury 11 Adjudant Rene Montrion 11 Sous-Lieutenant Leon Nuville 11 Lieutenant Jacques Georges Ortoli 10 Adjudant Maurice Bizot 10 Adjudant Andre Chainat 10 Adjudant Marcel Gasser 10 Sous-Lieutenant Andre R Herbelin 10 Capitaine Auguste Lahoulle 10 Adjudant Charles Mace 10 Adjudant Jean Pezon 10 Sous-Lieutenant Charles Quette 10 Sous-Lieutenant Robert Waddington GERMAN ACES Score Pilot and Rank 80 Rittm Manfred Frhr V Richehofen 62 0berleutnant Ernst Udet 53 0berleutnant Erich Loewenhardt 48 Leutnant Werner Voss 45 Leutnant Fritz Rumey 44 Hauptmann Rudolph Berthold 43 Leutnant Paul Baumer 41 Leutnant Josef Jacobs 41 Hauptmann Bruno Loerzer 40 Hauptmann Oswald Boelcke 40 Leutnant Franz Buchner 40 Oblt Lothar Frhr V Richthofen 39 Leutnant Karl Menckhoff 39 Leutnant Heinrich Gontermann 36 Leutnant Max Muller 35 Leutnant Julius Buckler 35 Leutnant Gustav Dorr 35 Hpt Eduard Ritter von Schleich 34 Leutnant Josef Veltjens 33 Leutnant Otto Koennecke 33 Oberleutnant Kurt Wolff 33 Leutnant Heinrich Bongartz 32 Leutnant Theo Osterkamp 32 Leutnant Emil Thuy 31 Leutnant Paul Billik 31 Rittmeister Karl Bolle 31 Ober Gotthard Sachsenberg 30 Leutnant Karl Allmenroder 30 Leutnant Karl Degelow 30 Leutnant Heinrich Kroll 30 Leutnaut Josef Mai 30 Leutnaut Ulrich Neckel 30 Leutnant Karl Schaefer 29 Leutnaut Hermann Frommerz 28 Leutnant Walter von Bulow 28 Leutnaut Walter Blume 28 Oblt Fritz Ritter von Roth 27 Oberleutnant Fritz Bernert 27 Vizefeldwebel Otto Fruhner 27 Leutnaut Hans Kirschstein 27 Leutnant Karl Thom 27 Hpt Adolf Ritter von Tutschek 27 Leutnant Kurt Wusthoff 26 Oberleutnant Harald Auffahrt 26 Oblt Oscar Frhr von Boenigk 26 Oberleutnant Eduard Dostler 26 Leutnant Arthur Laumann 25 Lt O Frhr von B Marconnay 25 Oblt Robert Ritter von Greim 25 Leutnant Georg von Hantelmann 25 Leutnant Max Nather 25 Leutnant Fritz Putter 24 Leutnant Erwin Bohme 23 Leutnant Hermann Becker 23 Leutnant Georg Meyer 22 Oberleutnant Hermann Goring 22 Leutnant Hans Riein 22 Leutnant Hans Pippart 22 Leutnant Werner Preuss 22 Vizefeldwebel Karl Schlegel 22 Leutnant Rudolph Windisch 21 Leutnant Hans Adam 21 Oblt Friedrich Christiansen 21 Leutnant Fritz Friedrichs 21 Leutnant Fritz Hohn 20 Vizefeldwebel Friedrich Altemeir 20 Oberleutnant Hans Bethge 20 Leutnant Rudolph von Eschwege 20 Leutnant Walter Goettsch 20 Leutnant Friedrich Noltenius 20 Hauptmann Wilhelm Reinhard 19 Vizefeldwebel Gerhard Fieseler 19 Leutnant Wilhelm Frankl 19 Leutnant Otto Kissenberth 19 Oberleutnant Otto Schmidt 18 Leutnant Hartmuth Baldamus 18 Leutnant Franz Hemer 18 Vizefeldwebel Oskar Hennrich 18 Leutnant Kurt Wintgens 17 Leutnant Walter Boning 17 Leutnant Ernst Hess 17 Leutnant Franz Ray 17 Leutnant Hans Rolfes 17 Vfw Josef Schwendemann 16 Leutnant Hans Boehning 16 Leutnant Hans von Freden 16 Leutnant Ludwig Hanstein 16 Leutnant Rudolf Klimke 16 Leutnant Karl Odebrett 16 Leutnant Hans Weiss 15 Leutnant Albert Dossenbach 15 Vfw Christian Donhauser 15 Vizefeldwebel Albert Haussmann 15 Leutnant Aloys Heldmann 15 Oberleutnant Max Immelmann 15 Leutnant Johannes Kleiu 15 Leutnant Otto Loffler 15 Leutnant Victor von Pressentin 15 Leutnant Theodor Quandt 15 Leutnant Julius Schmidt 15 Leutnant Kurt Schneider 14 Leutnant Ernst Bormann 14 Vizefeldwebel Rudolf Francke 14 Offz Stellv Edmund Nathanael 14 Leutnant Franz Piechurek 14 Leutnant Karl Plauth 14 Vizefeldwebel Wilhelm Seitz 14 Vizefeldwebel Emil Schape 14 Leutnant George Schlenker 14 Leutnant Paul Straehle 14 Leutnant Rudolf Wendelmuth 13 Vizefeldwebel Karl Bohnenkamp 13 Hpt Hans Joachim Buddecke 13 Leutnant Siegfried Buttner 13 Leutnant Heinrich Geigl 13 Vizefeldwebel Robert Heibert 13 Vizefeldwebel Reinhold Jorke 13 Leutnant Johann Janzen 13 Vizefeldwebel Christel Mesch 13 Vizefeldwebel Otto Rosenfeld 13 Oberleutnant Kurt Schoenfelder 13 Oblt Erich Rudiger von Wedel 12 Vizefeldwebel Erich Buder 12 Leutnant Diether Collin 12 Oberleutnant Theodor Cammann 12 Vizefeldwebel Gottfried Ehmann 12 Offz Stellv Otto Esswein 12 Vizefeldwebel Sebastian Festner 12 Leutnant Walter Hohndorf 12 Vizefeldwebel Max Kuhn 12 Leutnant Hans Mueller 12 Vfw Friedricb Manschott 12 Oberleutnant Franz Schleiff 12 Leutnant Richard Wenzl 11 Leutnant Heinrich Arntzen 11 Leutnant Joachim von Busse 11 Lt Raven Frhr von Barnekow 11 Oberleutuant Kurt von Doering 11 Leutnant Xaver Dannhuber 11 Leutuant Heinz Dreckmann 11 Vizefetdwebel Willi Gabriel 11 Oberleutnant Stephan Kirmaier 11 Leutnant Hans von Keudell 11 Leutnant Alfred Lindenberger 11 Leutnant Fritz Loerzer 11 Leutnant Hermann Pfeiffer 11 Leutnant Hugo Schaefer 11 Leutnant Renatus Theiller 10 Offizier Stellvertreter Paul Aue 10 Vizefeldwebel Dietrich Averes 10 Oberleutnant Hans Berr 10 Leutnant Franz Brant 10 Vizefeldwebel Fritz Classen 10 Leutnant Martin Dehmisch 10 Leutnant Wilhelm Frickart 10 Leutnant Justus Grassman 10 Leutnant Max Mulzer 10 Leutnant Rudolf Matthaei 10 Vizefeldwebel Alfons Nagler 10 Leutnant Wilheim Neuenhofen 10 Oberleutnant Hans Schuez 10 Leutnant Werner Steinhauser 10 Leutnant Paul Turck 10 Leutnant Erich Thomas 10 Offz Stellv Bernhard Ultsch 10 Leutnant Paul Wenzel 10 Leutnant Joachim Wolff AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN ACES Score Pilot and Rank 40 Hauptmann Godwin Brumowski 32 Offizierstellvertreter Julius Arigi 30 Oberleytnant Frank Linke-Crawford 29 Oblt Benno Fiala Ritta von Fernbrugg 19 Leutnant Josef Kiss 16 Leutnant Franz Graser 15 Stabsfeldwebel Stefan Fejes 15 Feldwebel Eugen Bonsch 14 Offizierstellvertreter Kurt Gruber 14 Oberleutnant Ernst Strohschneider 12 Hauptmann Raoul Stojsavljevic 10 Leutnant Franz Rudorfer 10 Hauptmann Adolf Heyrowsky 10 Oberleutnant Friedrich Navratil 10 Hauptmann Josef von Meir This list of aces includes only those who scored ten or more victories. ---------------------------END--------------------------------