Attitude direction indicator Otherwise known as an artificial horizon, this instrument shows the pitch and roll attitude of your aircraft relative to the ground. For example, pitch up and the artificial horizon will fall, roll right and the artificial horizon rolls left. A small "bug." travels around the circumference of this instrument showing your roll orientation. This is particularly useful when your aircraft is pitched so far up or down that the Horizon is no longer visible. Horizontal situation indicator (HSI) This instrument has two functions: Firstly, it indicates your aircraft's heading by means of a "bug" travelling around the circumference of the compass rose. examples: bug at 12 o`clock heading due North bug at 3 o`clock heading due East bug at 6 o`clock heading due South bug at 9 o`clock heading due West Secondly, it is part of the Instrument Landing System and shows localiser and glideslope deviation during an approach to an allied airfield. However, it is strongly recommended that you use the ILS mode of the HUD or the ILS mode of the MFD in preference to this instrument under normal circumstances. The limitations in resolution on the HSI make it a difficult instrument to use but in the event of simultaneous HUD and MFD failure it is a useful "last resort" The vertical needle is linked to the runway localiser and shows deviation from the runway centreline. If the needle is to the left of centre, this indicates that the runway centreline is to the left of your aircraft and that you should adjust your heading by turning left a few degrees. As the needle returns to centre adjust your heading by turning right until you are aligned with the runway Likewise, turn right if the needle is displaced to the right. A small vertical scale can be seen on the left of the instrument and this may be used to follow the correct glideslope down to the runway threshold. If the marker is above centre this means that you are below the correct glideslope and that you need to reduce your rate of descent normally achieved by opening the throttle slightly If the marker is below centre, this means that you are above the correct glideslope and that you need to increase your rate of descent - normally achieved by closing the throttle slightly. Multi Function Display (MFD) Mounted centrally on the instrument panel of both pilot and navigator you will see the Multi Function Display, a distinguishing feature of the GR4 Tornado This unit offers a variety of functions, selected by the "Centre MFD Function Select" key . Autopilot and Flight Director System (AFDS) plus Autothrottle if active . Local map . ILS . Ground radar - if active . Air radar if active . Forward looking camera All of these are described in detail in the Avionics Reference section. It is possible to switch off the MFD by pressing the MFD On/Off key. The buttons surrounding the MFD are not functional. Mouse active indicator When mouse control is appropriate to more than one current display eg. with the radar on the MFD and the moving map on a TV TAB display, control may be passed between the displays by use of the "Select active display" key. The indicator will illuminate to confirm mouse control is active. Engine rpm indicators Individual analogue rpm indicator for each engine (left and right). Normally shows 63% at engine idle. Full scale deflection of 100% at maximum dry thrust (no reheat) and throughout all reheat settings. Engine temperature indicators Individual analogue temperature indicator for each engine (left and right). Normal reading of 400oC at idle and 700oC at full reheat. Higher than this probably means that you are on fire..... G meter Shows g force due to aircraft manoeuvres. For straight and level flight the reading will be 1 g with the pointer at the 9 o'clock position. Maximum positive g force of 7 5. maximum negative g force of 3. Fuel flow indicator Very little movement is evident on this instrument unless reheat is selected This instrument is then particularly useful for assessing the extent of reheat in use. nb Fuel flow for any given throttle setting decreases as your altitude increases . Fuel quantity indicator Shows total quantity of fuel remaining. Fuel in external tanks is represented by the red-bordered sector from 12 to 3 o`clock on the gauge Standby compass Shows magnetic compass heading of aircraft. Radar warning receiver This display shows when your aircraft is being tracked by enemy radar, both ground-based (e.g. SAM or AAA) and airborne (e.g. fighter aircraft). The display also shows incoming ground-launched or air-launched missiles, both infra red and radar-guided. Discretes on the right of the display will illuminate as follows: SAM you are being tracked by a SAM launcher AAA you are being tracked by anti-aircraft artillery EWR you are being tracked by ground-based early warning radar AC you are being tracked by an enemy aircraft MSL incoming missile. infra-red or radar-guided, ground or air-launched HUD symbology Symbology on the HUD will vary depending upon the mode in use Without weapons armed, the HUD defaults to NAV mode. Indicated airspeed or Mach number Digital readout of Indicated Airspeed (IAS) in knots or Mach number Time early/late Three graduations and a marker found immediately below the speed readout. The marker will drift left or right of centre to indicate arrival at next waypoint up to thirty seconds late or early respectively. If time of arrival differs from plan by more than thirty seconds then the marker will remain at full scale deflection. This symbology only appears if you are flying in the general direction of a timed waypoint. thus permitting a meaningful calculation of time of arrival. Angle of attack (Alpha) A vertical strip meter on the left hand side of the HUD, calibrated by single and double dots, each representing 5° of alpha. Maximum alpha for any wing sweep is approximately 21 ° and beyond this, your aircraft will stall Altitude Height of own aircraft above sea level (barometric altitude) or height of own aircraft above ground level (radar altitude), both measured in feet. Whenever you fly within 5000 ft of the ground, the readout will switch automatically from "barometric" to "radar" signified by the symbol, "R". When below 5000 feet the readout will vary as you fly over hills. "T" will appear beneath the readout whenever Terrain Following is active. Altitude clock Circular graduations around the digital altitude readout calibrated in units of 100 feet. One full "revolution" of the marker represents 1000 feet. Vertical speed Half-way up on the right hand side of the HUD is the VSI - Vertical Speed Indicator. This is shown as a vertical bar which rises or falls from a centre position as the aircraft climbs or dives. Its scale is calibrated with dots at intervals of 5 feet per second. If the rate of climb or descent is greater than the scale allows (and it often is), the bar sticks at the end of the scale. The precise rate of climb or descent is most useful during landing. Aircraft datum The position of this symbol relative to the HUD pitch ladder indicates the aircraft`s attitude i.e. nose up or down. n.b. Alignment with the horizon will only correspond to level flight at higher speeds. Pitch ladder Bars showing aircraft pitch and roll attitude relative to the ground, calibrated every 10°. The bars will always remain parallel with the horizon with their inner ends pointing at the ground. Bars above the horizon are solid, bars below the horizon are broken. Heading strip Aircraft compass heading across the bottom of the HUD, calibrated in units of 10° (eg 270 is shown as 27), calibrated every 5° with a resolution of 1o. A heading of 36 corresponds to your aircraft flying due North (360°) Waypoint bearing An inverted V on the heading strip showing the required aircraft heading in order to fly directly towards the selected waypoint. If the required heading is off scale, the V will remain at full deflection on the appropriate side of the heading strip The HUD in ILS mode ILS steering marker The steering marker is linked to the runway localiser and glidescope ILS transmitters. If you are aligned with the runway centreline and following the required glidescope the steering marker will overlay the aircraft datum symbol in the centre of the HUD. If the marker is off centre, steer towards it. The HUD in Laydown Bombing Mode Bomb fall line Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Safety height cue gives indication of safety margin so that pilot may avoid flying through debris hemisphere of exploding weapon Continuously computed impact point (CCIP) Marker across the bomb fall line showing the bomb`s computed impact point if released immediately Ground target marker Position of designated target as seen through the HUD. The HUD during run in for Loft Attack Bomb fall line Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Countdown clock Counts down to the "pull up point" and the start of stage 2 Ground target marker Position of designated target as seen through the HUD The HUD during a Loft Attack Pull up Countdown clock Shows the difference between the range to the target and the distance your bombs would be thrown if you released them immediately. Unwinds as your aircraft approaches weapon release. Calibration dependent upon weapon type Rubber triangle A steering cue consisting of an apex point (small +), a short middle line and a long base line. The position of the base line is fixed. The apex marker moves left, right, up and down relative to the aircraft datum to indicate a steering demand to the pilot. The middle line is drawn half way between the apex marker and the base line and moves left and right. The HUD during run in for a JP.233 Attack Bomb fall line Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Continuously computed impact point (CCIP) Marker across the bomb fall line showing the bomb`s computed impact point if released immediately. Ground target marker Position of designated target as seen through the HUD. The HUD during JP.233 Release Countdown clock Appears when the CCIP reaches the target marker Counts down through the four seconds necessary to dispense the full weapon load The HUD in Manual Bombing Mode Bomb fall line Line along which the bomb will fall after release. Safety height cue gives indication of safety margin so that pilot may avoid flying through debris hemisphere of exploding weapon. Continuously computed impact point (CCIP) Marker across the bomb fall line showing the bomb`s computed impact point if released immediately The HUD during ALARM Attack (either mode) Boresight This replaces the aircraft datum. Range clock Displays range to target with maximum range of 21.5nm (40 km) Ground target marker Position of designated target as seen through the HUD The HUD during an Air to Ground Guns attack This mode is only available with a target of opportunity selected as the current waypoint. Boresight Direction in which your cannon shells will travel if fired now. This replaces the aircraft datum Range clock Displays range to target with two calibration marks: 900m and 1500m range Standby sight Larger red sight which appears when cannon armed but no target is designated. The HUD during Air to Air Guns Attack Aiming point Prediction of the target's position. Manoeuvre your aircraft so that the aiming point coincides with the boresight and fire your cannon when in range. Air target marker Position of air target projected onto HUD display. Range clock Displays range to target with two calibration marks: 400m and 600m range The HUD in AIM9 mode - no IR acquisition yet IR Lock diamond When the missile`s l seeker has acquired the target this symbol moves from the centre of the HUD to the target marker. Range clock Shows range to target, calibrated for AIM L Aiming point Prediction of the targets position. May be used as a steering cue. The HUD in SKY FLASH mode (ADV only) Mode is similar to AIM9L symbology but without the IR lock diamond Navigator / Weapons Officers Seat Views available This is the view looking forward from the navigator`s position (rear cockpit). The entire screen is occupied by the instrument panel, the view forwards being totally obscured by the large TV TA displays and the back of the pilots ejection seat. The navigator may however select a forward camera view on either TAB display or the MFD. Panel illumination self-adjusts with time of day and red or green cockpit lighting is selectable at night Look left from the navigator`s position by pressing the Look Left key. Releasing the key will return to the forward view. If you wish to continue looking left, either hold down the key or press Shift and Look Left to lock the view. There are no cockpit instruments on this side view. Look right from the navigator`s position by pressing the Look Right key. Releasing the key will return to the forward view. If you wish to continue looking right, either hold down the key or press Shift and Look Right to lock the view. There are no cockpit instruments on this side view. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 6 14 17 7 1 8 13 9 10 11 12 2 3 18 15 16 4 ____________________________________________________________________________ NAVIGATORS INSTRUMENT PANEL Items common with front cockpit 1 Mouse active indicator 2 Landing gear position indicator 3 Attitude direction indicator 4 Horizontal situation indicator 5 Altimeter 6 Indicated airspeed / Mach number 7 Multi function display 8 Mouse active indicator 9 Autopilot engaged indicator 10 Autothrottle engaged indicator 11 Radar "on" indicator 12 ECM "on" indicator 13 Mouse active indicator Items unique to rear cockpit 14 Left TV TAB display 15 Analogue clock 16 Stores management display 17 Right TV TAB display 18 Central warning panel TV TAB displays Use the Left or Right "TAB Function Select" key to cycle through the following on either display. n b. the displays are mutually exclusive. (a) Forward looking camera Provides a daytime forward view and an image-intensified nightime forward view for the navigator. (b) Scrollable Map Moving map display used for setting waypoints for targets of opportunity (c) Thermal Imaging and Laser Designation system (TIALD) Used to pinpoint targets with laser beam from medium altitude, (d) Flight Plan display (PLN) Shows aircraft position relative to flightplan. (e) Local map Zoomable moving map display showing current aircraft position For a detailed description of each function, please refer to the Avionics Reference section below. Stores Management Display This small screen is dedicated to the display of available weapon packages and the selection of weapon delivery modes. All available weapons will be listed together with chaff and flare availability. Packages and delivery modes will usually be allocated during mission planning prior to your flight. If necessary, prior to arming, use the "Select weapon package" key to highlight the required weapon during your approach to the target and use the "Select delivery mode" key to specify your method of attack. The highlighted name will flash once you have armed the weapon. Central Warning Panel The large panel to the right of the Stores Management Display is used to determine the nature of system failures and warnings. Refer to this panel when the front cockpit attention getters are flashing. You may cancel the attention getters by pressing "master warning reset" key. Red Captions: REV thrust reversers failure OXY oxygen system pressure low FIRE engine fire (left or right) AUT emergency autopilot disengage ENG engine failure (left or right) SPILS SPILS spin prevention system damaged UC gear damaged FUEL fuel low Amber Captions: CNFG flap configuration error ECM ECM failure UC gear configuration error AB air brake failure SWP wing sweep failure WB wheel brake failure ADC air data computer (autopilot) failure FLPS flaps failure MFD1 MFD failure - pilot MFD2 MFD failure - navigator HUD HUD failure RAD radar failure TAB TV TAB failure (left or right) RWR radar warning receiver failure Kneepad view and options Select the "Look down" view for the following user options: 1 Visibility 6 to 25 miles 2 Ground plain or textured 3 Hills plain or textured 4 Sky plain or textured 5 Horizon plain or faded 6 HUD frame hidden or shown 7 Control device keyboard 1 or 2 joystick 1 or 2 8 Sound effects off or on 0 Minimise / restore Options 1 to 6 adjust aspects of "Tornado" that will affect the smoothness with which it runs on your computer. For example, reducing the visibility will mean that ground objects cannot be seen until you get closer to them. Less ground detail on the screen will give a smoother simulation on slower computers Selecting the "plain" options in 2 to 5 will also improve performance on a slow computer. Option 7 allows you to select different primary flight controls: (i) keyboard 1 roll rate and pitch rate proportional to how long key is depressed Roll and pitch rates reduce to zero when key released (ii) keyboard 2 roll rate and pitch rate proportional to how long key is depressed. Roll and pitch rates maintained when key released. (iii) joystick 1 single joystick option. Joystick provides pitch and roll control (iv) joystick 2 two joystick option. Joystick 1 provides pitch and roll control Joystick 2 provides throttle and rudder control. Option 0 - Reduces Visibility to 6 miles and selects "plain" for options 2 to 5 with single keystroke. This option offers instant frame rate boost - useful in combat. To restore your previous setting hit 0 again. AVIONICS REFERENCE Multi Function Display (MFD) Mounted centrally on the instrument panel of both pilot and navigator you will see the Multi Function Display, a distinguishing feature of the GR4 Tornado This unit offers a varIety of functions, selected by the "Centre MFD Function Select" key: (a) Autopilot and Flight Director System (AFDS) and Autothrottle settings - if active (b) Local map (c) ILS (d) Radar - if active (e) Forward looking camera (a) Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) and Autothrottle Depending upon the mode selected, the autopilot will take control of your altitude (ALT), your heading (HDG) and your Indicated Air Speed (IAS). Five autopilot modes are available: (i) Track (ii) Altitude/Heading Acquire (iii) Terrain Follow (iv) Approach (v) Autothrottle (i) Track (AFDS TRACK (-) ) this mode will command the aircraft to follow a flight plan defined during your pre flight briefing or to fly to a waypoint set at a target of opportunity during flight (waypoint T). The aircraft will fly automatically from each waypoint to the next, adjusting altitude and speed accordingly. The letter of the next waypoint (e.g. B,C, etc) is shown in brackets at the top of the display. If you wish to bypass the next waypoint, use "skip to next waypoint" key. The system may be toggled between Terrain Follow or Altitude Acquire when in track mode by pressing the Terrain Follow key. Altitude acquire (ACQR) or ride height (RIDE) may be adjusted with the pitch control. Heading adjustment is not available in Track mode (HDG display will read AUTO). Time To Go (TTG) is displayed as minutes : seconds. Time Early / Late (TEL) will be displayed if the waypoint has a predefined time of arrival. The autothrottle facility is available in this mode. (ii) Altitude / Heading Acquire (AFDS ALT/HDG) this mode enables you to specify a required barometric altitude and a required heading by using the normal pitch and roll control inputs in conjunction with the AFDS display. ALT and HDG will show ACQR to confirm autopilot acquire mode. The aircraft will make the necessary manoeuvres in order to acquire the conditions specified Selection of this mode without further control input will cause the aircraft to hold the current altitude and heading. The autothrottle facility is available in this mode. (iii) Terrain Follow (AFDS TF) this mode instructs the autopilot to fly your aircraft at a given ride height (RIDE) above the ground, selectable in seven stages from 200 feet up to 1500 feet using the normal pitch control input. Roll control sets desired heading as in Altitude / Heading Acquire mode. The system will do its best to follow the contours of the ground, thereby minimising your exposure to enemy radar. Watch for the "B risk" indicator when travelling at high speed on the lowest ride heights. This warning light illuminates when the system believes that it may not be possible to maintain the desired safety margin ignore it and you may find yourself crashing into a hillside. Either slow down or increase your ride height. If the radar altitude falls below the safety margin the AFDS will roll the wings level, execute a hard pull up, disengage itself and trigger a warning. The autothrottle facility is available in this mode. (iv) Approach (AFDS APRCH) links the autopilot to the Instrument Landing System for an automatic approach to an allied airfield Altitude (ALT), heading (HDG) and airspeed (IAS) are all under autopilot control (AUTO) Time To Go (TTG) is displayed as minutes:seconds. An AFDS approach is manually selectable only if you are within an allied ILS beam and flying towards the airfield. At this point the ILS marker will be on your HUD and the localiser/ glideslope needles will have appeared on your MFD. It is in ILS mode. The Approach mode is automatically selected when you arrive at an approach waypoint in Track mode. Once active, the autopilot will steer the aircraft onto the correct approach path to the runway and adjust throttle setting for correct speed and rate of descent. n.b. This is an "auto-approach" mode - not an "auto landing" mode. During your "hands off" approach, it will be necessary for you to make the appropriate adjustments to wing sweep, flaps, gear etc. While the autopilot does the hard work of adjusting speed, heading and rate of descent You will also need to cancel the autopilot just prior to touchdown, flare, land, apply reverse thrust, brake etc..... (v) Autothrottle - (AFDS THROT) -this facility allows you to set a desired airspeed and may be used independently or in conjunction with AFDS modes (i) to (iii) described above. Selection is confirmed by IAS changing from manual (MAN) to acquire (ACQR) and illumination of the "autothrottle engage indicator". When active, the normal throttle control is used to set the desired speed on the AFDS display. The autothrottle system will adjust the engine thrust accordingly in an attempt to maintain the demanded speed. However, please note that this is not possible in all circumstances e.g. in a steep climb or dive or high "g" turn. Finally, if you disengage the autopilot, pitch and roll control revert to manual (MAN) and the MFD will confirm AFDS OFF if autothrottle is not active, or AFDS THROT if autothrottle is active. (b) Local Map This is a moving map display orientated about your present position. The display shows hills, roads, rivers, airfields (active runway in white) and waypoints (B,C,D etc). The map origin may be toggled between the centre of the display or at the base of the display. Your aircraft is always at the map origin, heading along the dotted flightpath. The scale of the map is selectable (i.e zoom in and out) from 0.5nm. 1nm, 2nm, 4nm, 8nm and 16 nm with a base origin. (c) Instrument Landing System (ILS) Select this display during your final approach to see the ILS localiser and glideslope indicators. Additional information on this screen includes aircraft leading (top left corner), bearing to the runway mid-point (top right corner), estimated time to touchdown (lower left corner) and distance to runway mid - point (lower right corner). (d) Radar The radar has two independent modes of operation, each with on / off control. If the desired radar mode does not appear as you cycle through the MFD functions, first check that the radar is switched on. (i) air mode used for detecting, designating and tracking aircraft. The air radar is a plan view display showing target range and bearing only. Both enemy and allied aircraft are shown, differentiated by symbology. Use your mouse to move the designator symbol to coincide with the chosen target and designate with the left mouse button. Designation may be cancelled with the right mouse button. If the designator does not appear to respond to the mouse check that the MFD is the active display for the mouse by pressing the Tab key. The ADV air radar has three selectable ranges: 30 nm (for use with Sky Flash) 10 nm (for use with AIM9L) and 2 miles (for use with guns). The IDS radar has only the 10 nm and 2nm range settings. It is also possible to lock on to a target visually through the HUD by using the boresight designate key. Please note that use of the radar at very low altitudes will be affected by terrain masking ie. it cannot see through hills! (ii) ground mode - used primarily for detecting, designating and tracking military ground vehicles. The display is a composite image of radar returns and digital map data which are compared to identify and highlight vehicles. Due to terrain masking, vehicle returns may be intermittent whereas mapped features will always be shown. Use your mouse to move the designator symbol to coincide with the chosen target position and designate with the left mouse button. Designation may be cancelled with the right mouse button. If the designator does not appear to respond to the mouse, check that the MFD is the active display for the mouse by pressing the Tab key. The IDS radar has six selectable ranges: 0.5nm, 1nm, 2nm, 4nm, 8nm and 16nm. The ADV is not fitted with a ground radar. (e) Forward looking camera This display provides a daytime forward view for the navigator and an image- intensified view for both crew at night. TV TAB displays (navigator's cockpit) Both left and right TV TAB displays offer a variety of functions on a mutually exclusive basis. Items such as Forward Looking Camera and local map are also available on the central MFD Functions are selected by repeatedly pressing the Left (or Right) Tab Function Select key: (a) Flight Plan Display (PLN) (b) Thermal Imaging and Laser Designating (TIALD) (c) Scrollable map (d) Local map (e) Forward looking camera It is also possible to switch off each TV Tab display. (a) Flight Plan Display (PLN) Normally displayed on the left hand TV TAB, this option shows your aircraft position relative to your flight plan. All pre-planned waypoints are shown (A,B,C etc) plus any target of opportunity waypoint (T) set during flight. The scale of the display adjusts automatically in order to keep both your current position (small circle) and your pre-planned flight path on the display simultaneously Also appearing on the Flight Plan Display are aircraft heading (top left corner) bearing of next waypoint (top right corner), estimated time to next waypoint (lower left corner) and distance to the next waypoint (lower right corner). nb The estimated time will only be displayed if you are heading in the general direction of the next waypoint, otherwise calculation would be impossible. (b) Thermal Imaging and Laser Designating (TIALD) This is a steerable plan view camera with laser designator. It is capable of looking ahead, behind and to the sides of your aircraft. Its range increases with altitude and ideally it would be used at above 20,000 feet. In order to give the widest field of view. Camera steering and target designation is by means of the mouse. As the camera looks ahead of your aircraft, the designator symbol changes to confirm this fact. It is recommended that you designate targets ahead of your aircraft in order to give the laser-guided bombs sufficient time to reach their targets. A continuous zoom facility allows pin-point accuracy Prior to take-off this equipment does not function and the TV Tab will display. a large cross (c) Scrollable map This is a slewable map on which the navigator may designate and select a target of opportunity waypoint (waypoint T). Map scale is selectable from 0.75nm up to 24nm. Unlike the Local map where your aircraft is fixed at the centre or bottom cemtre the display, on the scrollable map your air craft symbol scrolls with the map and may leave the display altogether. Pressing the "locate aircraft" key will centre the map at your current position if you are within the boundaries of the map. Pressing the "locate target" key will centre the map at the position of waypoint T ie set Additional navigational data is presented in each corner: Upper left: aircraft heading Upper right: bearing to position of cursor Lower left: estimated time to reach position of cursor Lower right: distance in n.m. to position of cursor nb If you are flying away from the cursor position, it is not possible to display an estimated time. (d) Local map This is very similar to the Local Map mode of the MFD but with selectable ranges from 0.75nm, 1.5nm, 3nm, 6nm, 12nm and 24nm with the base origin. (e) Forward looking camera This display provides a daytime forward view for the navigator and an image-intensified nightime forward view for the navigator. Full-Screen Moving Map A full screen moving map display is available with zoom controls. The boundaries of the combat zone are not shown. The map is always centred at your present point and orientated so that you are flying directly up the screen Please note that the simulation continues in real time when this map is displayed. For safety reasons we recommend that you select autopilot before switching to the map. USEFUL CHECKLISTS Takeoff checks Wheelbrakes on 25° wing sweep Mid flap setting Throttle OPEN Reheat ON FULL Wheelbrakes off (at 100% rpm and max. reheat) Pull back when speed above 140 knots Do not rotate beyond 15° nose up Gear UP after take off Maintain climb angle of between 10° and 20° (1st and 2nd pitch bars on HUD) Flaps Up when speed above 215 knots Select 45° wing sweep above 350 knots Landing checks 25° wing sweep Full flap setting Gear down Airspeed approx 150 kts (no external stores, 25% internal fuel) Descent rate at touchdown: max. 20 ft/s at min.weight max. 4 ft/sec at max weight Engage reverse thrust after touchdown Open throttle to 100% Monitor speed Throttle to idle at 80kts Disengage reverse thrust Apply wheelbrakes n.b Minimum speed with reverse thrust engaged is 50 to 70kts (reheat must not be used) Limiting speeds Vmax sea level Mach 1.2+ Vmax 36000 ft Mach 2.2 Vmax for each wing sweep at 25° sweep: Mach 0.73 at 45° sweep: Mach 0.88 at 67° sweep: Mach 2.20 Vmax manoeuvre flaps 450 kts IAS Vmax mid flaps 280 kts IAS Vmax full flaps 225 kts IAS Vmax ulc down 350 kts (warning at 250kts) The following speeds will vary with aircraft weight: Vstall 25° sweep (power off) 135 kts (zero flaps) Vstall 25o sweep (power off) 120 kts (mid flaps) Vstall 25o sweep (power off) 108 kts (full flaps) Vstall 45° sweep 155 kts (zero flaps) Vstall 67° sweep 182kts max positive g 7.5 max negative g -3 max roll rate 180o/sec Approach & landing emergencies: Landing with wings swept or flap failure: 1. Jettison all stores 2. See table below for approach speed After touchdown: 3. Throttle to idle 4. Lower nosewheel 5. Engage thrust reverse 6. Throttle to 80% 7. Throttle to 100% at 130 kts 8. Throttle to idle at 85 kts 9. Apply wheelbrakes wing flaps speed AoA sweep 25 up 180 12 add 7kt per 1000 kg above 15000 kg mid 164 9 45 up 199 13 add 5kt per 1000 kg above 15000 kg 67 up 208 16 Spin recovery procedure: 1. Select 25 sweep 2. Identify direction of rotation 3. Stick back 4. Pro spin aileron i.e. push stick in direction of rotation 5. Hold until spin stops 6. Centralise stick 7. Open throttle REFERENCE --------- Tornado GR4 Category: two seat all-weather multi purpose combat aircraft Origin: United Kingdom Wing span: fully spread: 45ft 7.5in (13.91m) fully swept: 28ft 2.5in (8.6m) Length: 54ft 10in (16.72m) Height: 19ft 6in (5.95m) Maximum weapon load: 198401b (9000kg) Max level flight at altitude clean M2.2 Max. level speed sea level clean M1.2 Radius of action 750nm g limit +7.5 Tornado F3 Category: two seat all weather air defence interceptor Origin: United Kingdom Wing Span: fully spread: 45ft 7.5in (13.91m) fully swept: 28ft 2.5in (8.6m) Length: 61ft 3in (18.68m) Height: 19ft 6in (5.95m) Weight,empty 319701b (14500kg) Maximum weapon load: 187401b (8500 kg) Max. Level flight at altitude clean M2.2 Max. Level speed at sea level clean M1.2 Radius of action 1000nm g limit +7.5 F-15 Eagte Category: single-seat air superiority fighter Origin: USA WingSpan: 42ft 10in (13.05m) Length: 63ft 9in (19.43m) Height: 18ft 5.5in (5.63m) Weight: 31700lb (14379kg) Max. weapon load: 24500lb (11113kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.5 Radius of action 685nm g limit +7.3 F-16C Fighting Falcon Category: single-seat multi role fighter Origin: USA Wing span: 31 ft 0in (9.45m) Length: 47ft 8in (14.52m) Height: 16ft 5in (5.01m) Weight empty: 18238lb (8273kg) Max. weapon load: 12000lb (5443kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.5 Radius of action 500+nm g limit +9 A-1O Thunderbolt Category: single-seat close support aircraft Origin: USA Wing Span: 57ft 6in (17.53m) Length: 53ft 4in (16.26m) Height: 14ft 8in (4.47m) Weight: 24959lb (11321 kg) Max. weapon load: 16000lb (7250kg) Max. level flight at sea level. clean 381 kt Radius of action 250n m C-130H Hercules Category: medium / long range combat transport Origin: USA Wing span: 132ft 7in (40.41m) Length: 97ft 9in (29.79m) Height: 38ft 3in (1166m) Weight,empty: 76469lb (34686kg) Max. cruising speed 325kts Radius of action 2,046nm E-3D Sentry Category: Airborne early warning and command post Origin: USA Wing span: 145ft 9in (44.42m) Length: 152ft 11in (46.61m) Height: 41ft 9in (12.73m) Weight, max. T-O 335000lb (151953kg) Max. level speed 460kts Endurance on station 870m MiG 27 Flogger Category: single-seat ground attack aircraft Origin: CIS Wing span: fully spread 45ft 10in (13965m) fully swept: 25ft 6in (778m) Length: 56ft 1in (17.1m) Height: 15ft 10in (4.82m) Weight: 23590lb (10700kg) Maximum weapon load: 9920lb (4500kg) Max. level flight at altitude, clean M1.77 Max. level speed sea level clean M1.1 Radius of action 210nm g limit +7 MiG 29 Fulcrum Category: single-seat counter-air fighter Origin: CIS Wing span: 37ft 3in (11.36m) Length: 56ft 10in (17.32m) Height: 15ft 6in (4.73m) Max. T-O weight: 39700lb (18000kg) Max level flight at altitude clean M2.3 Max. level speed sea level clean M1.06 Radius of action 600nm g limit +9 MiG 31 Foxhound Category: two-seat all-weather interceptor Origin: CIS Wing span: 45ft 11in (14.0m) Length: 70ft 6.5in (21.5m) Height: 18ft 4in (5.6m) Weight, empty: 48115lb (21825kg) Maximum T-O weight: 90725lb (41150kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.4 Max. level speed sea level clean M1.1 Radlus of action 1135nm limit +5 Su-25 Frogfoot Category: single-seat close support aircraft Origin: CIS Wing span: 47ft 1.5in (14.36m) Length: 50ft 11.5in (15.53m) Height: 15ft 9in (4.8m) Max T-O weight, 20950lb (9500kg) Max level speed sea level, clean M0.8 Radius of action 405n m g limit +6.5 Su-27 Flanker single-seat counter air fighter Category: single seat counter air fighter Origin: CIS WingSpan: 48ft 3in (14.7m) Length: 71ft 11.5in (14.7m) Height: 19ft 5.5in (5.93m) Weight: 49600lb (22500kg) Max. level flight at altitude clean M2.35 Max. level speed sea level clean M1.1 Radius of action 810nm limit +9 Il-76 Candid Category: medium / long range combat transport Origin: CIS Wing span: 165ft 8in (50.5m) Length: 152ft 10in (45.59m) Height: 48ft 5in (1476m) Max T O weight, 418875lb (190000kg) Max. level speed sea level, clean 459kts Radius of action 2700nm A-50 Mainstay Category: airborne early warning Origin: CIS Wing span: 165ft 8in (50.5m) Length: 152ft 10in (45.59m) Weight: 48ft 5in (14.76m) Max T-O weight. 418875lb (190000kg) Max level speed sea level, clean 459kts Radius of action 2700nm AH-64 Apache helicopter gunship Category: helicopter gunship Origin: USA Main rotor diameter: 48ft 0in (14.63m) Length: 58ft 3in (17.76m) Height: 15ft 3in (4.66m) Max T-O weight, 21000lb (9525kg) Max. level speed sea level 160kts Radius of action 260nm g limit +3.5 Mi-24 Hind Category: helicopter gunship Origin: CIS Main rotor diameter: 56ft 9in (17.3m) Length: 70ft 6in (21.5m) Height: 21ft 4in (6.5m) Normal T O weight 26455lb (12000kg) Max. level speed sea level 172kts Radius of action 86nm CH-47 Chinook Category: medium transport helicopter Origin: USA Main rotor diameter: 60ft 0in (18.29m) Length: 98ft 11in (30.14m) Height. 18ft 8in (5.68m) Max T O weight 54000lb (24494kg) Max. level speed sea level 163kts Radius of action 100nm Mi-26 Halo Category: heavy transport helicopter Origin: CIS Main rotor diameter: 105ft 0in (32.0m) Length: 131 ft 4in (40.0m) Height: 26ft 9in (8.1 m) Max. T O weight 123450lb (56113kg) Max level speed sea level 159kts Radius of action 432nm AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS Patriot Category: mobile surface-to-air missile system Origin: USA Length: 17ft 5in (5.31m) Diameter: 16in (0.406m) Wingspan: 3ft (0.92m) Warhead: 221 lb (100kg) HE fragmentation with proximity fuse Weight: 2195lb (998kg) Performance: speed: Mach 3 range: 42nm (68km) ZSU-23-4 Shilka Category: mobile anti aircraft artillery system Origin: CIS Length: 21ft 6in (6.54m) Width: 9ft 8in (2.95m) Height: 12ft 6in (3.8m) Armament: four 23mm cannon range: 1750yds (2500m) Weight: 45194lb (20500kg) Performance: speed: 27mph (44km/h) range: 280nm (450km) ZRK ROMB (SA-8) Category: amphibious mobile surface-to-air missile system Origin: CIS Length: 30ft 0in (9.14m) Width: 9ft 6in (2.9m) Height: 13ft 9in (4.2m) Armament: six SA-8 Gecko missiles Effective range: 7.5nm (12000m) Altitude limits: (5000m) Weight: 198411b (9000kg) Performance: speed: 37 mph (60km/h) GROUND FORCES Challenger Origin: United Kingdom Length: 37ft 11in (11.56m) Width: 11ft 6in (3.52m) Height: 9ft 8in (2.95m) Armament: one 120mm gun one 7.62mm machine gun, coaxial one 7.62mm machine gun, anti aircraft Weight: 1366851b (62000kg) Performance: speed: 35mph (56km/h) range: 373nm (600km) T-80 Origin: CIS Length: 32ft 6in (9.9m) Width: 11ft 2in (3.4m) Height: 7ft 3in (2.2m) Armament: One 125mm gun One 7.62mm machine gun,coaxial One 12.7mm machine gun, anti aircraft Weight: 94798lb (43000kg) Performance: speed: 46mph (75km/h) range: 248nm (400km) Warrior Origin: United Kingdom Length: 20ft 10in (6.34m) Width: 9ft 11in (3.03m) Height: 9ft 0in (2.73m) Armament: One 30mm RARDEN cannon One 7.62mm machine gun, coaxial Weight: 49603lb (22500kg) Performance: speed: 46mph (75km/h) range: 310nm (500km) BMP-2 Origin: CIS Length: 22ft 0in (6.71 m) Width: 10ft 2in (3.09m) Height: 6ft 9in (2.06m) Armament: One 30mm cannon One 7.62mm machine gun, coaxial One launcher for AT-5 Spandrel anti-tank missiles Weight: 32187lb (14600kg) Performance: speed: 40mph (65km/h) range: 373nm (600km) MLRS Category: surface-to-surface battlefield missile launcher Origin: USA Length of rocket: 12ft 11in (3.94m) Diameter: 8.66in (0.22m) Weight: 675lb (307kg) Performance: range: 20nm MAZ 543 and SS-1 SCUD SS 1 SCUD Category: surface-to surface battlefield missile Origin: CIS Length: 37ft 5in (11.4m) Dianmeter: 2ft 9in (0.84m) Weight: 140431b (6370kg) Performance: range: 50 to 174nm WEAPON DATA The following data has been compiled from manufacturers information and actual performance may differ considerably. The effective range of all missiles decreases significantly when used at low altitude. AIM9-L Sidewinder Origin: USA Guidance system: all aspect infra red Length: 9ft 4in (2.85m) Diameter: 5in (127mm) Weight: 188lb (853kg) Warhead: 25lb (11.4kg) Performance: annular blast tragmentation speed: Mach 2.5 range: 11nm (17.7km) Active Sky Flash Origin: United Kingdom Guidance system: all aspect active radar Length: 12ft 1in (368m) Diameter: 8in (0.2m) Span: 3ft 4in (1.02m) Weight: 425lb (193kg) Warhead: 66lb (29.9kg) proximity and impact delay fused blast fragmentation Performance speed: Mach 4 range: 31nm (50km) AA-2-2C Advanced Atoll Origin: CIS Guidance system: rear-aspect intra red Length: 9ft 2in (2.8m) Diameter: 4.7in (0.12m) Span: 1ft 9in (0.53m) Weight: 154lb (70kg) Warhead: 13lb (6kg) impact delay fused blast fragmentation Performance: speed: Mach 2.5 range: 5nm (8km) AA-7B Apex Origin: CIS Guidance system: semi active active radar Length: 15ft 1in (4.6m) Diameter: 8.8in (0.223m) Span: 3ft 5in (1.05m) Weight: 7051b (320kg) Warhead: 881b (40kg) proximity and impact-fused blast fragmentation Performance: speed: Mach 3.5 range: 34nm (55km) AA-8A/B Aphid Origin: CIS Guidance system: infra-red (AA-8A) or semi active radar homing (AA 8B) Length: AA-8A 7ft 0in (2.15m) AA-8B 7ft 8in (2.35m) Diameter: 4.7in (0.12m) Span: 1ft 3in (0.4m) Weight: AA-8A 121lb (55kg) AA-8B 132lb (60kg) Warhead: proximity and impact fuzed blast fragmentation Performance: speed: Mach 3 range: AA-8A 6nm (10km) AA-8B 9nm (15km) AA-1O Alamo Origin: CIS Guidance system: infra red or semi-active radar homing Length radar variant 13ft 1in (4Om) IR variant 10ft 6in (32m) Diameter: 7.3in (0.185m) Span: 2ft 9in (0.855m) Weight: radar variant 440lb (200kg) IR variant 342lb (155kg) Warhead: blast fragmentation Performance: speed: Mach 3 range: radar variant 24nm (40km) IR variant 12nm (20km) BAe/ Marconi ALARM Origin: United Kingdom Category: air-to-surface anti-radiation tactical missile Guidance system: passive radar seeking Length: 13ft 11in (4.242m) Diameter: 8.7in (0.22m) Span: 2ft 4in (0.72m) Weight: 385lb (175kg) Warhead: laser proximity-fused MBB HE Performance: speed: classified range: classified JP 233 Origin: United Kingdom Category: heavy-weight airfield attack and area denial submunition dispense Guidance system: computer-controlled weapon release Length: 21ft 6in (6.55m) Width: 2ft 9in (0.84m) Height: 1ft 11in (0.6m) Weight: 5148lb (2335kg) per dispenser (Tornado carries 2) Warhead: 3O SG357 concrete penetrating and 215 HB876 area denial submunitions BL755 Origin: United Kingdom Category: medium-weight cluster bomb Method of release: lay down or manual Length: 8ft 0in (2.45m) Diameter: 1ft 4in (0.42m) Span: 1ft 10in (0.56m) Weight: 582lb (264kg) Warhead: 147 antitank / fragmentation bomblets 1000lb freefall bomb Origin: United Kingdom Ævailable in three varieties: (a) general purpose (GPB) (b) retarded (RET) (c) laser-guided (LGB) Method of release: (a) GPB - manual, loft or lay down (b) RET manual or lay down (c) LGB - manual, loft, lay down or using TIALD GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS AA threats anti-aircraft threats e.g. AAA and SAM sites AAA anti-aircraft artillery AAM air-to-air missile ACM air combat manoeuvering ACQR acquire through autopilot ADI attitude direction indicator ADV air defence variant of Tornado AFDS autopilot and flight director system AFV armoured fighting vehicle AHA altitude/heading acquire mode of autopilot AIM9-L heat-seeking air to air missile ALARM air launched anti-radiation missile Alpha see angle of attack ALT altitude Analogue joystick with output proportional to its displacement Angle of attack angle between wing and direction of airflow Approach point start of approach to an airfield APRCH approach AUTO under total autopilot control Autothrottle system used to set a demanded airspeed Autotrim computer-assisted turn coordination AGM air-to-ground missile AOA angle of attack AWACS airborne warning and control system B risk terrain following system safety margin error warning Bearing heading required to fly towards target or waypoint Blackout loss of consciousness due to pulling g BL755 cluster bomb BVR beyond visual range C3 command, control and communications CAP combat air patrol CAS close air support CCIP continuously computed impact point Chaff tiny foil strips used to decoy radar-guided missiles ClS Confederation of Independant States Combat power maximum reheat setting Dead stick flight with zero engine thrust deg degree Digital joystk joystick capable only of on/off output DlR direct - ALARM mode ECM electronic countermeasures Egress flying out of the target area EWR early warning radar Flaps trailng edge aerofoils on each wing Flares used to decoy heat-seeking missiles g or G weight multiplying factor, units of gravity Glideslope descent rate reference of ILS system G-LOC gravity-induced loss of consciousness GPB general purpose bomb Groundspeed actual speed over the ground HAS hardened aircraft shelter HDG heading Heading strip symbols on HUD showing aircraft heading HUD head up display IAS indicated airspeed IDS interdictor strike variant of Tornado IND Indirect - ALARM mode ILS Instrument landing system Initial point turning point from which you start your attack run Jettison to reduce aircraft weight in an emergency JP.233 runway denial weapon KIA killed In action KlT killed in training kts knots, nautical miles per hour LAY laydown attack LFT loft attack LGB laser-guided bomb Lift vector force generated by air flowing over the wings Localiser left/right reference of ILS system Mach number aircraft speed expressed as a fraction or multiple of the local speed of sound MAN manual control or manual attack MFD multi function display MTOW maximum takeoff weight n.m. nautical mile NLT not later than OCU operational conversion unit package group of weapons designated for use against particular target Pitch bars lines drawn on HUD showing aircraft pitch and roll PLN flight plan tab display POL petrol, oil and lubricants POW prisoner of war RAF Royal Air Force Redout loss of consciousness due to negative g RET retarded bomb Ride height altitude seting selected when using terrain following engine revolutions per minute, corresponds to thrust if reheat not selected RWR radar warning receiver SAM surface to air missile SARH semi active radar homing Sec second SKYF HUD symbol for Sky Flash missile Sky Flash radar-guided air-to-air missile Slats leading edge aerofoils SMD stores management display SPILS spin prevention and incidence limiting system Spin stalled descent along a steep helical path Stall loss of control due to wings no longer generating lift Tab Multi purpose displays in rear cockpit TAS true airspeed Tasking order mission description TEL time early/late TF terrain following TFR terrain following radar THROT autothrottle Thrust reversers devices used to achieve a braking effect TfALD thermal imaging and laser designating system ToO target of opportunity TOT time on target Training area flying area used in simulator or flying training TRN terrain referenced navigation True airspeed speed relative to the air through which you are flying TTG time to go TV TAB large multi purpose displays in the rear cockpit TWCU Tornado Weapons Conversion Unit Unloading pushing the stick to reduce aerodynamic drag VSI vertical speed indicator Warzone combat flying area - choice of 3 Waypoint position stored by the navigation system Project manager - David Marshall Design team - Kevin Bezant, Nick Mascall, Tony Hosier, Robin Heydon Mathew Smith Manual writing - Nick Mascall, David Marshall Manual layout, graphics, artwork and package design - Kerry Le-Gray Wendy Hoskin Technical illustrations - Derrol Euling Beta testing - Rod Swift, Russell Alcock, Jeffrey Love Production - Rod Cobain, Stephanie Burnett Marketing - Debbie Durrant Ancillary support - Vicki McBurnie, Julie-Ann Merrit, Gill Niland Sound Effects - David Whittaker Music - David Punshon, Sound Images Acknowledgements Royal Air Force video and photograhic material British Aerospace Warton video and photograhic material, sound effects and for permission to use the Tornado logo Royal Aeronautical Society research and technical reports Janes Information Systems photographic material GKN Defence technical illustration of Warrior APC Julian Savarin (ex-RAF) technical information Spectrum HoloByte for their help in the final stages of the development. It has been a pleasure to work with a publisher as committed as ourselves to producing quality flight simulators. Our special thanks to RAF Honington, the pilots and navigators of XIII and XV squadrons, technicians, air traffic control, the Community Relations Officer and in particular the Flight Simulator Group. Their assistance and enthusiasm during this project was invaluable Suggested reading Panavia Tornado Dr. Alfred Price Fighter Combat Robert L Shaw The Ace Factor Mike Spick